RESUMO
The excessive and irrational use of antibiotics to control bovine mastitis and the informal trade in milk with antibiotic residues are objects of great interest for public health, due to the problems associated with the consumption of milk with antibiotic residues on human, animal, and environmental health, and antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to understand the attitudes of dairy farmers towards the self-consumption of milk on the farm, the use of milk with antibiotic residues, and the formal and informal milk trade that generates risks for public health. Mixed methods: cross-sectional and grounded theory. Convergent triangulation design. The study was carried out in 9 dairy municipalities in the North of Antioquia, where 216 dairy farmers participated in the quantitative component; and 17 milk producers and 9 veterinarians took part in the qualitative component. A dairy farmer characterization survey was conducted, as well as a survey on the use and marketing of milk from cows with udder health problems and/or under antibiotic treatment. Semistructured interviews were conducted on the same subject. The variable "Intention to sell milk in the village when the dairy industry does not buy it due to high BTSCC" is associated with the BTSCC variable. The variable "Type of marketing reported" is associated with the CFU variable. 5 categories: self-consumption of milk, use of milk with antibiotics, informal milk trade, control of the dairy industry, and beliefs about the elimination of antibiotics in milk, were constructed to theorize about udder health and public health. Sociocultural, political, and economic factors affect decision making in dairy farmers regarding the use and marketing of milk from cows with mastitis and antibiotic residues. These attitudes and behaviors have public health implications.
RESUMO
Understanding trust between dairy farmers and other actors in the dairy chain, as well as the reciprocity norms among them are fundamental to encouraging collective action and decision-making to improve milk production and udder health. The objective of this study was to understand the relationships of trust between dairy farmers and other actors in the dairy chain related to udder health in the north of Antioquia. Mixed methods (cross-sectional and grounded theory) with a convergent triangulation design were used. A total of 216 dairy farmers participated in the quantitative component, and 17 dairy farmers and 9 veterinarians in the qualitative component, they were located in 9 milk-producing municipalities in the north of Antioquia. A characterization survey of the dairy farmers, a survey on reliability and udder health, an analysis of each farm's annual average BTSCC and CFU, and semi-structured interviews on the same topic were conducted. Problems were found in the biological indicators of udder health on the farms: BTSCC was poor for 67% of the dairy farmers, and CFU was poor for 22% of the dairy farmers. Veterinarians are the actors whom dairy farmers trust the most. Trust in dairy chain actors is complex, variable, and depends on many aspects. Trust representation, Socio-cultural Factors, Economic and Commercial Factors, Labor, Clinical and Laboratory Conditions of Milk, and Norms of Reciprocity constitute the categories of analysis when theorizing about trust and udder health. Each of the theoretical and emerging categories in this study describes actors, attitudes, behaviors, relationships between actors, and norms, allowing us to understand that trust between dairy farmers and other actors in the dairy chain in order to face the problems of udder health and milk production depends on technical processes, individual and collective human attitudes and behaviors, supply of services, political, regulative and economic determinants, the latter being transcendental in decision-making to invest in mastitis control and udder health care.
Assuntos
Mastite Bovina , Capital Social , Médicos Veterinários , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Humanos , Fazendeiros , Glândulas Mamárias Animais , Confiança , Estudos Transversais , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Indústria de Laticínios/métodosRESUMO
Background and Aim: Udder health management is essential for the further development of milk production systems and public health. This process depends on the generation of knowledge regarding control, prevention, and promotion of health. In scientific literature, it is impossible to find a synthesis of the categories that would allow comprehension of the complex phenomenon udder health. Different research approaches have allowed this polysemic concept, described by some researchers as multifactorial and by philosophical perspectives as a social phenomenon, to be further studied. Thus, the objective of this systematic review was to systematize the conceptual categories of udder health and the use of the term in the original articles published in the scientific literature from the period 1962 to 2019. Materials and Methods: A systematic review with a broad approach was designed by applying the phases of identification, screening, selection, and inclusion criteria described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes guide. An exhaustive search of original articles by specificity was carried out in the Science Direct, PubMed, Scielo, LILACS, and Google Scholar databases. The investigation was carried out on November 22, 2019. According to the inclusion criteria established, articles needed to be original studies, to be publications on bovine livestock, written in English, Spanish and Portuguese. Furthermore, the articles considered needed to tackle the term udder health so that its conceptual categorization could be extracted. Google Scholar patents and citations and articles removed from databases or not available were excluded from the study and those that, based on the reading of the complete text, considered the farming of animal species other than bovine. A qualitative synthesis of the year of publication, continent, approach, type of study, and conceptual category of udder health was carried out by calculating frequencies (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 24). Results: In total, 165 articles were included in the study. Eight conceptual categories, consolidated over time, were systematized, showing that udder health is not a static problem, and that science has been responding through the generation of new knowledge around conceptual categories as different udder health problems emerge. Conclusion: Culture and politics were two categories, related to all the others, that stood out in the results. These two categories were of great interest in countries advanced in milk production and in the implementation of udder health policies, which acknowledge the producer and other actors of the production chain as fundamental political actors for policies, decision-making processes, and public health care to be effective. The lack of synonyms for the term udder health (e.g., mastitis) may have led to the exclusion of important articles in each category. However, the constriction to the term udder health was intentional and aimed at constructing the concept. Udder health is hereby understood as a health-disease process, different from the term mastitis, which from its semantic origin, refers only to the disease process. According to this study, the concept can be understood through the categories of traditional epidemiology based on risk factors and disease; microbiology; genetics, resistance, and immunity; animal welfare; nutrition; organic production; culture; and politics.
RESUMO
Resumen: La tripanosomiasis bovina es una enfermedad hemoparasitaria transmitida en Latinoamérica principalmente por moscas picadoras de la familia Tabanidae. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la infección por Trypanosoma vivax y Trypanosoma evansi en ganadería bovina especializada en producción de leche en una hacienda y sus potenciales vectores. Se realizó un estudio parasitológico y entomológico directo por técnicas de microscopia y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) con dos marcadores moleculares para diferenciar especies de Trypanosoma en muestras de sangre de bovinos y moscas. La frecuencia de infección por Trypanosoma vivax y Trypanosoma evansi en bovinos fue de 3,6 y 0 %, respectivamente. La caracterización de vectores muestra a Haematobia irritans como la mosca más frecuente en la zona de estudio (97,1 %), seguida de Stomoxys calcitrans (2,8 %). No se identificaron tabánidos. Se encontró T. vivax y T. evansi en probóscide y toráx-abdomen de las moscas picadoras Haematobia irritans y Stomoxys calcitrans, lo que representa un comportamiento epizoótico atípico al que sucede en países de Suramérica. Por su alta densidad poblacional, se sugiere la mosca Haematobia irritans como el principal potencial vector.
Abstract: Bovine trypanosomiasis is a hemoparasitic disease transmitted in Latin America mainly by biting flies of the family Tabanidae. The study aimed to evaluate infection by Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma evansi in cattle specialized in milk production on a farm and their potential vectors. A direct parasitological and entomological study was performed using microscopy techniques and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with two molecular markers to differentiate Trypanosoma species in blood samples of cattle and flies. Infection frequency with Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma evansi in cattle was 3.6 and 0%, respectively. Characterization of vectors shows Haematobia irritans as the most frequent fly in the study area (97.1%), followed by Stomoxys calcitrans (2.8%). No horseflies were identified. T. vivax and T. evansi were found in proboscis and thorax-abdomen of biting flies Haematobia irritans and Stomoxys calcitrans, representing an epizootic behavior, atypical in South American countries. Due to its high population density, it is suggested that the Haematobia irritans fly is the main potential vector.
Resumo: A tripanossomíase bovina é uma doença causada por hemoparasitas e transmitida na América Latina principalmente por moscas picadoras da família Tabanidae. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a infecção por Trypanosoma vivax e Trypanosoma evansi em gado bovino especializada em produção de leite em uma fazenda e seus potenciais vectores. Se realizou um estudo parasitológico e entomológico direto por técnicas de microscopia e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com dois marcadores moleculares para diferenciar espécies de Typanosoma em amostras de sangue de bovinos e moscas. A frequência de infecção por Trypanosoma vivax e Trypanosoma evansi em bovinos foi de 3,6 e 0 %, respectivamente. A caracterização de vetores mostra a Haematobia irritans como a mosca mais frequente na zona de estudo (97,1 %), seguida de Stomoxys calcitrans (2,8 %). Não se identificaram tabanídeos. Se encontrou T. vivax e T. evansi em proboscídea e tórax-abdômen das moscas picadoras Haematobia irritans e Stomoxys calcitrans, o que representa um comportamento epizoótico atípico ao que sucede em países da América do Sul. Por sua alta densidade populacional, se sugere a mosca Haematobia irritans como o principal potencial vetor.
RESUMO
La tripanosomiasis bovina es una enfermedad hemoparasitaria transmitida en Latinoamérica principalmente por moscas picadoras de la familia Tabanidae. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la infección por Trypanosoma vivax y Trypanosoma evansi en ganadería bovina especializada en producción de leche en una hacienda y sus potenciales vectores. Se realizó un estudio parasitológico y entomológico directo por técnicas de microscopia y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) con dos marcadores moleculares para diferenciar especies de Trypanosoma en muestras de sangre de bovinos y moscas. La frecuencia de infección por Trypanosoma vivax y Trypanosoma evansi en bovinos fue de 3,6 y 0 %, respectivamente. La caracterización de vectores muestra a Haematobia irritans como la mosca más frecuente en la zona de estudio (97,1 %), seguida de Stomoxys calcitrans (2,8 %). No se identificaron tabánidos. Se encontró T. vivax y T. evansi en probóscide y toráx-abdomen de las moscas picadoras Haematobia irritans y Stomoxys calcitrans, lo que representa un comportamiento epizoótico atípico al que sucede en países de Suramérica. Por su alta densidad poblacional, se sugiere la mosca Haematobia irritans como el principal potencial vector.
Bovine trypanosomiasis is a hemoparasitic disease transmitted in Latin America mainly by biting flies of the family Tabanidae. The study aimed to evaluate infection by Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma evansi in cattle specialized in milk production on a farm and their potential vectors. A direct parasitological and entomological study was performed using microscopy techniques and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with two molecular markers to differentiate Trypanosoma species in blood samples of cattle and flies. Infection frequency with Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma evansi in cattle was 3.6 and 0%, respectively. Characterization of vectors shows Haematobia irritans as the most frequent fly in the study area (97.1%), followed by Stomoxys calcitrans (2.8%). No horseflies were identified. T. vivax and T. evansi were found in proboscis and thorax-abdomen of biting flies Haematobia irritans and Stomoxys calcitrans, representing an epizootic behavior, atypical in South American countries. Due to its high population density, it is suggested that the Haematobia irritans fly is the main potential vector.
A tripanossomíase bovina é uma doença causada por hemoparasitas e transmitida na América Latina principalmente por moscas picadoras da família Tabanidae. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a infecção por Trypanosoma vivax e Trypanosoma evansi em gado bovino especializada em produção de leite em uma fazenda e seus potenciais vectores. Se realizou um estudo parasitológico e entomológico direto por técnicas de microscopia e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com dois marcadores moleculares para diferenciar espécies de Typanosoma em amostras de sangue de bovinos e moscas. A frequência de infecção por Trypanosoma vivax e Trypanosoma evansi em bovinos foi de 3,6 e 0 %, respectivamente. A caracterização de vetores mostra a Haematobia irritans como a mosca mais frequente na zona de estudo (97,1 %), seguida de Stomoxys calcitrans (2,8 %). Não se identificaram tabanídeos. Se encontrou T. vivax e T. evansi em proboscídea e tórax-abdômen das moscas picadoras Haematobia irritans e Stomoxys calcitrans, o que representa um comportamento epizoótico atípico ao que sucede em países da América do Sul. Por sua alta densidade populacional, se sugere a mosca Haematobia irritans como o principal potencial vetor.
RESUMO
Los nematodos gastrointestinales son los parásitos más frecuentes en los rumiantes del mundo. Estas parasitosis causan gastroenteritis parasitaria con un impacto negativo sobre la productividad. El control de nematodos se ha basado en el uso de antihelmínticos químicos -ante los cuales los nematodos han desarrollado cierto grado de resistencia- que se han valorado como sustancias residuales en productos de la cabra que pueden desencadenar efectos nocivos en el consumidor final. Por tanto, el estudio de componentes de plantas se ha propuesto como una alternativa sostenible para el control de la nematodosis caprina. En este trabajo se evaluó in vitro el potencial antihelmíntico de extractos acuosos de Nicotiana tabacum y de extractos oleosos de Azadirachta indica sobre nematodos gastrointestinales que afectan la cadena caprina. Se realizaron ensayos de actividad nematicida sobre muestras de materia fecal de caprinos con alta carga parasitaria (trichostrongilidos), mediante la realización de curvas dosis/respuesta. El porcentaje de inhibición en la eclosión de huevos para el extracto acuoso de N. tabacum y el extracto oleoso de A. indica fue de 99% y 80%, respectivamente. Los extractos presentaron efecto sobre larva 3 (estadio infectante), con un tiempo letal medio para extractos de N. tabacum de 8 ± 1 minutos, y para el extracto A. indica de 8 ± 1 minutos. Los resultados de la actividad nematicida a nivel in vitro muestran que los extractos de N. tabacum y A. indica pueden ser una alternativa promisoria para el control de nematodos en rumiantes.
Gastrointestinal nematodes are the most common parasites found in ruminants in the world. These parasites cause parasitic gastroenteritis and have a negative effect on productivity. Nematode control has been based on the use of anthelmintic chemicals-against which nematodes have developed a certain degree of resistance-which have been rated as residual substances in goat products that may cause adverse effects on the final consumer. As a result, the study of plant components has been proposed as a sustainable alternative to control nematodosis in goats. The anthelmintic potential of aqueous extracts of Nicotiana tabacum and oily extracts of Azadirachta indica on gastrointestinal nematodes affecting the goat chain was evaluated in vitro in this study. Nematicidal activity tests were performed on stool samples from goats with a high parasite load (trichostrongyles), by performing dose/ response curves. Percent inhibition in egg hatch for the aqueous extract of N. tabacum and the oily extract of A. indica was 99% and 80%, respectively. Extracts showed an effect on larva 3 (infective stage), with a mean lethal time of 8 ± 1 minutes for extracts of N. Tabacum, and of 8 ± 1 minutes for extract of A. indica. The in vitro results of the nematicidal activity show that N. tabacum and A. indica extracts can be a promising alternative for controlling nematodes in ruminants.
Os nematoides gastrointestinais são os parasitas mais frequentes nos ruminantes do mundo. Estas parasitoses causam gastroenterite parasitária e influem negativamente na produtividade. O controle de nematoides tem se baseado no uso de anti-helmínticos químicos - perante os quais os nematoides têm desenvolvido certo grau de resistência - que têm se valorado como substâncias residuais em produtos da cabra que podem desencadear efeitos nocivos no consumidor final. Por tanto, se propôs o estudo de componentes de plantas como uma alternativa sustentável para o controle de nematódeos em caprinos. Neste trabalho se avaliou in vitro o potencial anti-helmíntico de extratos aquosos de Nicotiana tabacum e de extratos oleosos de Azadirachta indica sobre nematoides gastrointestinais que afetam a cadeia caprina. Realizaram-se ensaios de atividade nematicida sobre amostras de fezes de caprinos com alta carga parasitária (tricostrongilídeos), mediante a realização de curvas dose/resposta. A porcentagem de inibição na eclosão de ovos para o extrato aquoso de N. tabacum e o extrato oleoso de A. indica fue de 99% e 80%, respectivamente. Os extratos apresentaram efeito sobre larva 3 (estado infectante), com um tempo letal médio para extratos de N. tabacum de 8 ± 1 minutos, e para o extrato A. indica de 8 ± 1 minutos. Os resultados in vitro da atividade nematicida mostram que os extratos de N. tabacum e A. indica podem ser uma alternativa promissória para o controle de nematoides em ruminantes.
RESUMO
PURPOSE: Surgical resection of midface neoplasms and subsequent reconstruction have been shown to have significant negative effects on quality of life (QOL). The purpose of this pilot study was to assess individuals' health-related QOL after maxillectomy and reconstruction with a prosthetic obturator. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The QOL of 25 of 43 patients who underwent maxillectomy and prosthetic obturator reconstruction at the University of California-San Francisco was assessed using 3 questionnaires: University of Washington Quality of Life version 4 (UWQOL), Obturator Functioning Scale (OFS), and Mental Health Inventory (MHI). RESULTS: The response rate to the QOL questionnaires was 92% (23 of 25 patients). Time elapsed from maxillectomy and prosthetic obturator reconstruction to the QOL survey response ranged from 0.3 to 6.6 years (mean, 2.7 years; standard deviation [SD], 1.9 years). The post-treatment mean QOL scores were 77.3 (SD, 13.6) for UWQOL, 72.0 (SD, 12.6) for OFS, and 4.5 (SD, 0.9) for Mental Health Inventory. Individuals who received adjuvant radiation scored lower for speech and appearance (OFS, P = .05, P = .03, respectively) as well as for saliva and overall QOL (UWQOL, P = .02, P = .08, respectively). There was a strong correlation between QOL scores in OFS and UWQOL questionnaires (r = 0.78, P < .001). CONCLUSION: The results of this pilot study suggest that postoperative radiation therapy was the strongest variable affecting QOL in patients with maxillectomy and prosthetic obturator reconstruction. There is further need for a multicenter trial with a larger sample to identify how factors affecting QOL of patients after maxillectomy might influence the choice of reconstruction.
Assuntos
Maxila/cirurgia , Obturadores Palatinos/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias Maxilares/psicologia , Neoplasias Maxilares/cirurgia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Radioterapia Adjuvante/psicologia , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/psicologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Las especies más frecuentes de hemoparásitos en ovinos y caprinos son el Anaplasma ovis, la Babesia ovis y el Trypanosoma vivax. Entre febrero y junio de 2011 se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en seis apriscos de cinco municipios del norte y nororiente de Antioquia para determinar la infección por hemoparásitos en caprinos y ovinos. Un total de 95 animales de diferentes razas y edades fueron evaluados. Se emplearon dos métodos de diagnóstico directo parasitológico, por observación en extendido de sangre periférica coloreados con la técnica Hemacolor y por la técnica de Woo modificada. Se observó una frecuencia de infección por Anaplasma sp del 73,7%. No se hallaron parásitos de los géneros Babesia sp. y Trypanosoma sp. Aunque se observó alta frecuencia de infección por Anaplasma sp., no se observaron animales sintomáticos y el nivel de parasitemia fue inferior al 1%. Los animales menores de nueve meses de edad presentaron 69,2% de infección. Adicionalmente, se estableció una asociación entre infección por Anaplasma sp. y estado fisiológico de los animales, observándose que el 64,3% de la población positiva a este hemoparásito correspondió a hembras gestantes y lactantes. Los niveles más bajos de infección se encontraron en apriscos donde los animales eran tratados con triclorfon, producto utilizado para el control de ectoparásitos. Se concluye que existe alta frecuencia de Anaplasma sp. infectando ovinos y caprinos de los apriscos estudiados.
Anaplasma ovis, Babesia ovis, and Trypanosoma vivax are the most frequent species of blood parasites in sheep and goats. A cross sectional study was conducted in six farms from five municipalities in the north and northeast of Antioquia between February through June 2011 to determine infection by blood parasites in goats and sheep. A total of 95 animals of different breeds and ages were evaluated. We used two direct parasitological methods to evaluate blood smears stained with Hemacolor and the modified Woo technique. The infection by Anaplasma sp. was 73.7%. No parasites of Babesia sp. and Trypanosoma sp. genus were detected. high infection frequency by Anaplasma sp. was detected, symptomatic animals were not observed and parasitemia levels were less than 1%. Infection levels of animals less than nine months of age reached 69.2%. An association between infection with Anaplasma sp. and the physiological status of the animals was also established, with 64.3% of the population positive to this hemoparasite corresponding to pregnant and lactating females. The lowest infection levels were found in farms where animals were treated with trichlorfon, a product used for ectoparasite control. We conclude there is a high frequency of Anaplasma sp. infecting sheep and goats in the studied farms.
Em ovinos e caprinos as espécies mais frequentes de hemoparasitas são: Anaplasma ovis, a Babesia ovis e o Trypanosoma vivax. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo transversal entre os meses de fevereiro e junho de 2011 em seis granjas com o objetivo de determinar a infecção por hemoparasitas em caprinos e ovinos de cinco municípios do norte e nordeste de Antioquia. Avaliaram-se 95 animais de diferentes raças e idades. Empregaram-se dois métodos de diagnostico direto parasitológico; por observação em estendido de sangue periférica corados com a técnica Hemacolor e pela técnica de Woo modificada. A frequência encontrada de infecção por Anaplasma sp foi de 73.7%. Não se encontraram parasitas dos gêneros Babesia sp e Trypanosoma sp. Ainda que se encontrou uma alta frequência de infecção por Anaplasma sp, não se observaram animais sintomáticos e as porcentagens de parasitemia foram inferiores ao 1%. Os animais menores de nove meses apresentaram uma porcentagem de infecção de 69.2%. Adicionalmente, estabeleceu-se a associação entre a infecção por Anaplasma sp e o estado fisiológico dos animais, onde o 64.3% da população positiva para esta hemoparasita correspondeu a fêmeas gestantes e lactantes. Os menores valores de infecção encontraram-se em granjas onde os animais foram tratados com triclorfon, produto utilizado para o controle de ectoparasitas. Concluiu-se que o Anaplasma sp se encontra numa alta frequência infetando ovinos e caprinos das granjas estudadas nos municípios do norte e nordeste de Antioquia.
RESUMO
Traditionally, ruminal ciliate protozoa have been studied with respect to the metabolism of dietary nutrients. Their role has focused on their predatory behavior, the paradigm of its retention in the rumen, and its apparent limited flow to the duodenum. On the other hand, Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) and Vaccenic Acid (VA) are important because of their nutritional value. This review aims to characterize the biological alternatives used by rumen ciliate protozoa for the production of CLA, highlighting three aspects: 1) rumen protozoa are involved only in the initial stage of biohydrogenation to produce CLA isomers, 2) desaturation by protozoa has not been reported, while endogen synthesis by desaturation of VA in mammary glands and fatty tissues has been demonstrated as the main route of CLA in ruminants, 3) even though incorporation of VA and cis9, trans11-CLA in protozoa structure is related with CLA production, this is only important when protozoa flow from rumen to duodenum, producing 30 to 43% of CLA and a 40% of VA, respectively. It is concluded that rumen protozoa are fundamental in the lipid metabolism of ruminants.
Tradicionalmente, los protozoos ciliados ruminales han sido estudiados en relación con el metabolismo de nutrientes de la dieta suministrada al rumiante. Particularmente, su papel ha sido cuestionado debido a sus características predadoras, aunado al paradigma de la retención de los protozoos en el rumen y el aparente limitado flujo al duodeno por reciclaje de la proteína microbiana. De otro lado, los ácidos linoleico conjugado (CLA) y vacénico (VA) son dos productos de gran interés nutricional. Estas dos situaciones han generado interés en la investigación de esta representativa población de la microbiota ruminal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar, a partir de la literatura científica, las alternativas biológicas utilizadas por los protozoos ciliados del rumen para la producción de CLA. Nosotros encontramos que: 1) los protozoos ruminales sólo participan en la parte inicial de la biohidrogenación, la “isomerización de ácidos grasos insaturados”, generando isómeros de CLA, 2) la desaturación en protozoos, no se demostró en estudios, y queda claro que la síntesis endógena por desaturación de VA, en glándula mamaria y tejidos grasos se establece como el mayor recurso de CLA en el rumiante, 3) aun cuando la incorporación de VA y cis9, trans11-CLA en la estructura de los protozoos está relacionada con la producción de CLA, esta sólo es importante hasta cuando se da el flujo de protozoos del rumen a duodeno donde son responsables del 30 al 43% del CLA y 40% del VA. Se concluye, que los protozoos ruminales son trascendentales en el metabolismo lipídico de rumiantes.
Tradicionalmente, os protozoários ciliados no rúmen têm sido estudados em relação ao metabolismo dos nutrientes na dieta fornecida ao ruminante. Em particular, o seu papel tem sido questionado devido às suas características predatórias, combinado com o paradigma da retenção de protozoários no rúmem e ao aparente fluxo limitado para o duodeno através da reciclagem da proteína microbiana. Por outro lado, o ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) e o vacenico (VA) são dois produtos de grande interesse nutricional. Estas duas situações têm gerado interesse na investigação dessa representativa população da microbiota ruminal. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as alternativas biológicas utilizadas pelos protozoários ciliados do rúmem para a produção de CLA a partir da literatura científica. Nós encontramos que: 1) os protozoários ruminais só participam na parte inicial da biohidrogenação: a isomerização “de ácidos graxos insaturados”, gerando isômeros do CLA. 2) até hoje, não tem sido demonstrado a desaturação em protozoários e fica claro que a síntese endógena por desaturação do VA na glândula mamária e tecido adiposo se estabelece como a maior fonte de CLA no ruminante. 3) embora a incorporação de VA e cis9, trans11-CLA na estrutura do protozoário está relacionada com a produção de CLA, ésta só é importante ate quando há fluxo de protozoários do rúmem para o duodeno onde são responsáveis do 30 ate 43% do CLA e 40% do VA. A conclusão é que os protozoários ruminais são transcendentais no metabolismo lipídico dos ruminantes.
RESUMO
La babesiosis es una enfermedad del ganado bovino transmitida por la garrapata Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus y causada por los parásitos protozoarios Babesia bovis y B. bigemina. Una zona se considera epizootiológicamente estable frente a Babesia spp, cuando el 75% de los bovinos entre las edades de 3 a 9 meses son serorreactivos (IgG) frente a Babesia bovis y Babesia bigemina y no hay evidencia de signos clínicos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la seroprevalencia de Babesia bovis y Babesia bigemina en el ganado bovino de la hacienda Vegas de la Clara (Universidad de Antioquia, Gómez Plata, Antioquia), por medio de inmunofluorescencia indirecta. Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo con análisis de corte transversal. Fue evaluada toda la población bovina de la hacienda Vegas de la Clara (n = 118). Las muestras fueron evaluadas por inmunofluorescencia indirecta para la detección de anticuerpos tipo IgG específicos contra Babesia bovis y B. bigemina. La serorreactividad obtenida en los bovinos evaluados, para al menos una especie de Babesia fue del 89,8%, para Babesia bovis del 83,8%, mientras que para B. bigemina del 61%. Se obtuvo una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la serorreactividad para B. bigemina y la frecuencia del tratamiento garrapaticida. La serorreactividad indica estabilidad enzoótica en el hato para B. bovis, mientras que para B. bigemina se encontró que la frecuencia del tratamiento garrapaticida interrumpe su ciclo de transmisión.
Babesiosis is a cattle disease transmitted by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks and caused by protozoan parasites Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. An area is considered as epizootiologically stable to Babesia spp when 75% of the cattle between the ages of 3 to 9 months are seroreactive (IgG) against Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina, and there is no clinical evidence. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in cattle at the Vegas de la Clara Farm (Antioquia University, Gómez Plata, Antioquia) through indirect immunofluorescence. A prospective descriptive study with cross-sectional analysis was designed and the entire bovine population of the Clara Vegas Farm (n = 118) was evaluated. All samples were evaluated through indirect immunofluorescence in order to detect specific IgG antibodies against B. bovis and B. bigemina. The seroreactivity obtained in the evaluated bovines for at least one species of Babesia was of 89.8%, of 83.8% for Babesia bovis and of 61% for B. bigemina. A statistically significant relationship was obtained between the seroreactivity for B. bigemina and the frequency of acaricide treatment. Seroreactivity indicates enzootic stability in the herd for B. bovis, whereas for B. bigemina it was found that the frequency of acaricide treatment interrupts its transmission cycle.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Acaricidas , Babesiose , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Carrapatos , BovinosRESUMO
En los últimos años la aparición de animales silvestres en lugares como zoológicosy parques ecológicos se ha hecho común. La introducción de especies salvajes incorporadas en un proceso de rehabilitación, debe contar con una evaluación microbiológica que permita el control de especies microbianas que representen riesgo antropozoonótico para los seres humanos que trabajan o visitan estos lugares de reserva y cuidado de fauna exótica y silvestre (1,2).
Assuntos
Animais , Animais de Zoológico , Enteropatias Parasitárias , ParasitosRESUMO
En Colombia, la industria ganadera representa el tercer renglón de importancia económica después de la explotación petrolera y la agricultura. Este recurso económico se encuentra afectado por enfermedades hemoparasitarias como la babesiosis bovina. Su transmisión se encuentra determinada por la relación vector-parásito- hospedador y está condicionada por factores bióticos y abióticos. El estado de equilibrio entre el proceso infeccioso y la adquisición de inmunidad por parte de los hospedadores bovinos es conocido como estabilidad enzoótica. Para la determinación de la estabilidad enzoótica en la babesiosis bovina se ha utilizado como indicador anticuerpos tipo IgG específicos para cada especie de Babesia en bovinos entre 3 y 9 meses de edad. Así, una zona es estable para babesiosis cuando al menos 75% de los bovinos entre 3 y 9 meses de edad son serorreactivos para Babesia spp. Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo de corte transversal, con una n de 282 bovinos, para evaluar el nivel de estabilidad enzoótica en nueve hatos ganaderos de la región de Puerto Berrío, a través de un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, estratificado por género y pareado por edad. Se utilizó la técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI) para la detección de anticuerpos tipo IgG específicos contra Babesia bovis y Babesia bigemina. Se obtuvo un nivel de serorreactividad por hato para B. bovis superior al 75% en la población estudiada en cuatro de los nueve hatos. En los hatos con estabilidad enzoótica se encontró una relación positiva entre la frecuencia del tratamiento garrapaticida y la serorreactividad. En particular, cuando la frecuencia de baños es de 90 días o más, el nivel de serorreactividad es el doble frente a la frecuencia de baños de 60 días o menos.
In Colombia, cattle industry is the third level of economic importance after oil and agriculture exploitation systems. This economic resource is affected by hemoparasitic diseases like bovine babesiosis. Transmission of babesiosis is determined by the vector-parasitic-host relation and biotic and abiotic conditional factors. Equilibrium between infection and acquired immunity on bovine hosts is called enzootic stability. To determine enzootic stability levels of bovine babesiosis it has been used the detection of IgG specific antibodies for bovine babesias in calves between 3 and 9 months of age. Thus, a geographic region has enzootic stability when 75% or more of calves between 3 and 9 months of age are seroreactive for Babesia spp. A descriptive prospective cross sectional study was carried out. A sample of 282 calves was tested to determine enzootic stability level in cattle ranches of Puerto Berrio Region. A simple random probabilistic sampling was designed, stratified by sex and age. The sample was distributed in nine cattle ranches and was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence antibodies technique to detection of IgG specific antibodies against Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. A level of seroreactivity higher than 75% to B. bovis in four of nine cattle farms was obtained. In the cattle farms with enzootic stability, a positive relation between acaricide treatment frequency and seroreactivity was found. Specifically, 90 days or more of acaricide treatment frequency induce a double level of seroreactivity than 60 days or less frequency.