RESUMO
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), a disorder caused by mutations in cohesion proteins, is characterized by multisystem developmental abnormalities. PDS5, a cohesion protein, is important for proper chromosome segregation in lower organisms and has two homologues in vertebrates (PDS5A and PDS5B). Pds5B mutant mice have developmental abnormalities resembling CdLS; however the role of Pds5A in mammals and the association of PDS5 proteins with CdLS are unknown. To delineate genetic interactions between Pds5A and Pds5B and explore mechanisms underlying phenotypic variability, we generated Pds5A-deficient mice. Curiously, these mice exhibit multiple abnormalities that were previously observed in Pds5B-deficient mice, including cleft palate, skeletal patterning defects, growth retardation, congenital heart defects and delayed migration of enteric neuron precursors. They also frequently display renal agenesis, an abnormality not observed in Pds5B(-/-) mice. While Pds5A(-/-) and Pds5B(-/-) mice die at birth, embryos harboring 3 mutant Pds5 alleles die between E11.5 and E12.5 most likely of heart failure, indicating that total Pds5 gene dosage is critical for normal development. In addition, characterization of these compound homozygous-heterozygous mice revealed a severe abnormality in lens formation that does not occur in either Pds5A(-/-) or Pds5B(-/-) mice. We further identified a functional missense mutation (R1292Q) in the PDS5B DNA-binding domain in a familial case of CdLS, in which affected individuals also develop megacolon. This study shows that PDS5A and PDS5B functions other than those involving chromosomal dynamics are important for normal development, highlights the sensitivity of key developmental processes on PDS5 signaling, and provides mechanistic insights into how PDS5 mutations may lead to CdLS.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Síndrome de Cornélia de Lange/embriologia , Síndrome de Cornélia de Lange/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Primers do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/deficiência , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/fisiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/genética , Feminino , Dosagem de Genes , Heterozigoto , Homozigoto , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Gravidez , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Fatores de Transcrição/deficiência , Fatores de Transcrição/fisiologiaRESUMO
The 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Delta(5)-Delta(4) isomerase isoenzymes 1 and 2 (HSD3B1 and HSD3B2) are membrane-bound enzymes that play essential roles in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Therefore, variation in the HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 genes might play a role in the pathophysiology of steroid hormone-related disease. We set out to systematically identify common polymorphisms and haplotypes in human HSD3B1 and HSD3B2. We identified 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HSD3B1 and 9 in HSD3B2 - the majority of which were not present in public databases - by resequencing human HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 using 240 DNA samples from four different ethnic groups (60 samples per group). Functional genomic studies of the five non-synonymous cSNPs in HSD3B1 and the one observed in HSD3B2 showed that two of these polymorphisms resulted in significant decreases in the quantity of enzyme protein expressed. However, none of the three non-synonymous SNPs located in areas encoding putative membrane-binding domains altered subcellular localization of the enzyme as determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Finally, common variant haplotypes in the 5'-flanking regions of these genes showed significant cell line-dependent variation in their ability to drive transcription. In aggregate, these results provide a basis for study of the possible role in human disease of common genetic variation in HSD3B1 and HSD3B2.
Assuntos
3-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/genética , Variação Genética , 3-Hidroxiesteroide Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Região 5'-Flanqueadora , Animais , Células COS , Chlorocebus aethiops , Genes Reporter , Genômica , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Microscopia Confocal , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical phenotype and genetic basis of a family with autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia and parkinsonism from a Twinkle mutation. DESIGN: All coding exons of POLG1, Twinkle (aka C10ORF2, PEO1), and ANT1 (SLC25A4) were sequenced in the proband with targeted sequencing of the Twinkle gene in all additional subjects. SUBJECTS: Members of a 3-generation family followed up in a neuromuscular disease center for dominantly inherited progressive external ophthalmoplegia. RESULTS: We identified a heterozygous G1121A mutation (R374Q) in exon 1 of Twinkle that segregated with the disease phenotype in all affected family members. No pathogenic mutations were present in POLG1 or ANT1. CONCLUSION: This finding broadens the clinical spectrum of Twinkle gene mutations and further implicates loss of mitochondrial DNA integrity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease.
