RESUMO
The Earth's surface dynamics provide essential information for guiding environmental and agricultural policies. Uncovered and unprotected surfaces experience several undesirable effects, which can affect soil ecosystem functions. We developed a technique to identify global bare surface areas and their dynamics based on multitemporal remote sensing images to aid the spatiotemporal evaluation of anthropic and natural phenomena. The bare Earth's surface and its changes were recognized by Landsat image processing over a time range of 30 years using the Google Earth Engine platform. Two additional products were obtained with a similar technique: a) Earth's bare surface frequency, which represents where and how many times a single pixel was detected as bare surface, based on Landsat series, and b) Earth's bare soil tendency, which represents the tendency of bare surface to increase or decrease. This technique enabled the retrieval of bare surfaces on 32% of Earth's total land area and on 95% of land when considering only agricultural areas. From a multitemporal perspective, the technique found a 2.8% increase in bare surfaces during the period on a global scale. However, the rate of soil exposure decreased by ~4.8% in the same period. The increase in bare surfaces shows that agricultural areas are increasing worldwide. The decreasing rate of soil exposure indicates that, unlike popular opinion, more soils have been covered due to the adoption of conservation agriculture practices, which may reduce soil degradation.
RESUMO
Introducción. La neumología intervencionista es un campo que se impone cada vez más en el mundo, y necesita el concurso de la anestesia. Se pretende mostrar la experiencia reunida en un centro hospitalario durante un año en el manejo anestésico de este tipo de procedimientos. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo de serie de casos. Resultados. Durante un año se llevaron a cabo 16 procedimientos en 14 pacientes, en un mismo centro. Se practicaron biopsias transbronquiales, fotocoagulación y plastias neumáticas, con inserción de stents traqueales y bronquiales. Las técnicas anestésicas fueron diversas: desde la anestesia local y la sedación superficial hasta la anestesia general, con medicamentos de uso común en nuestro medio. No se presentaron complicaciones mayores. Discusión. Se discuten las técnicas anestésicas empleadas comparándolas con las reportadas en la literatura mundial, las complicaciones y las limitaciones del estudio. Conclusiones. La anestesia para procedimientos de neumología intervencionista es variable, adaptada a las condiciones del paciente, buscando mantener la seguridad de este, y concertada con el neumólogo tratante.
Introduction. Interventional pulmonology is an increasingly popular area around the world and requires anesthesia. The objective is to share theexperience accumulated at a hospital center in one year of anesthesia management for this type of procedures.Methods. Case series study. Results. 16 procedures were performed in 14patients in one year, at the same institution. The procedures included transbronchial biopsies, photocoagulation and pneumatic-plasty with insertion of tracheal and bronchial stents. The anesthetic techniques were varied and included local anesthesia and superficial sedation as well as general anesthesia with agents commonlyused in our environment. No serious complications occurred. Discussion. The anesthesia techniques used are discussed and compared against those reported in the world literature, as well as the complications and limitations of the study.
