CitrusUAT: A dataset of orange Citrus sinensis leaves for abnormality detection using image analysis techniques.

Around the world, citrus production and quality are threatened by diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Citrus growers are currently demanding technological solutions to reduce the economic losses caused by citrus diseases. In this context, image analysis techniques have been widely used to detect citrus diseases, extracting discriminant features from an input image to distinguish between healthy and abnormal cases. The dataset presented in this article is helpful for training, validating, and comparing citrus abnormality detection algorithms. The data collection comprises 953 color images taken from the orange leaves of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck species. There are 12 nutritional deficiencies and diseases supporting the development of automatic detection methods that can reduce economic losses in citrus production.

Absence of Neuroplastic Changes in the Bilateral H-Reflex Amplitude following Spinal Manipulation with Activator IV.

Background and Objectives: Chiropractic spinal manipulation is an alternative medical procedure for treating various spinal dysfunctions. Great interest exists in investigating its neuroplastic effects on the central nervous system. Previous studies have found contradictory results in relation to the neuroplastic changes in the H-reflex amplitude as a response to manual spinal manipulation. The discrepancies could be partly due to differences in the unilateral nature of these recordings and/or the variable force exerted in manual techniques applied by distinct chiropractors. Concerning the latter point, the variability in the performance of manual interventions may bias the determination of the significance of changes in H-reflex responses derived from spinal manipulation. To investigate such responses, a chiropractic device can be used to provide more precise and reproducible results. The current contribution aimed to examine whether spinal manipulation with an Activator IV instrument generates neuroplastic effects on the bilateral H-reflex amplitude in dancers and non-dancers. Materials and Methods: A radiograph verified spinal dysfunction in both groups of participants. Since there were significant differences between groups in the mean Hmax values of the H-reflex amplitude before spinal intervention, an assessment was made of the possible dependence of the effects of spinal manipulation with Activator IV on the basal conditions. Results: Ten sessions of spinal manipulation with Activator IV did not cause statistically significant changes in the bilateral H-reflex amplitude (measured as the Hmax/Mmax ratio) in either group. Furthermore, no significant difference was detected in the effects of spinal manipulation between groups, despite their distinct basal H-reflex amplitude. Conclusions: Regarding the therapeutic benefits of a chiropractic adjustment, herein carried out with Activator IV, the present findings suggest that the mechanism of action is not on the monosynaptic H-reflex pathway. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms involved.

Métodos para la detección presuntiva de Huanglongbing (HLB) en cítricos / Methods for presumtive detection of Huanglongbing (HLB) in Citrus

RESUMEN Huanglongbing (HLB) es considerada mundialmente como la enfermedad más amenazadora para la citricultura, y ha impactado principalmente en Asia, Sudáfrica y Brasil. A la fecha, no se cuenta con un tratamiento efectivo para la detección de esta enfermedad, que pueda ayudar a disminuir su propagación y la consecuente eliminación de árboles infectados. El método más confiable hasta ahora, para la identificación del HLB, es la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (qrt-PCR), la cual es costosa y tardada. Esta es la primera revisión de los diferentes métodos existentes o en desarrollo para la detección e identificación del HLB; clasificados en métodos de análisis y reconocimiento de patrones en imágenes, espectrofotométricos, cromatográficos y moleculares a través del insecto vector. Algunos de estos métodos representan alternativas innovadoras con diferente nivel de eficiencia en tiempo, costo y confiabilidad en la detección de árboles enfermos de HLB o en el manejo de la enfermedad, con relación a los tradicionalmente utilizados.

ABSTRACT Huanglongbing (HLB) is considered worldwide as the most threatening disease for citrus and has impacted mainly in Asia, South Africa and Brazil. Until now, no effective treatment for the detection of this disease (is available, which can help diminish its spread and the consequent removal of infected trees). The most reliable identification HLB test method to date is the polyme-rase chain reaction (qrt-PCR), which is costly and time-consuming. This is the first review of the different existing or developing methods for HLB detection and identification, classified into analysis and patternrecognition in images, spectrophotometric, chromatographic and molecular through the insect vector. Some of these methods represent innovative alternatives with different levels of efficiency in time, cost and reliability in detecting diseased trees or in managing the disease, compared to those traditionally used.

Entrenando a los cazadores de microbios de la república: la domesticación de la microbiología en Mexico / Training those who search for microbes in the republic: domesticating microbiology in México

It deals with the case of Mexico in which the teaching of Bacteriology in the Medical School began very early in 1888. This distinctiveness can be explained through several social and scientific particulars such as the scientific modernization launched since 1867 (new scientific institutions of research and imporvement of science teaching); the development of an ideology deeply based on science's achievements and methods; the absence of practical applications (in therapy or diagnosis) of Microbiology among others. But it remains that in a diferent way to industrialized countries in Mexico this paradigm was not used for research and development in agriculture, industry or sanitation. Science by its own sake gives the impression that it was the objective of its teaching.(AU)

De amateurs a profesionales. Las sociedades cientificas en Mexico en el siglo XIX / From amateurs to professionals. The scientifical societies in Mexico on the nineteenth century

"During the XIXth century, Mexican scientists underwent a thorough process of change involving the transition from amateurism to professionalization. A crucial role was played by scientific societies in their interaction with national state and its projects of modernization, specially during the last quarter of the century. Through their successful participation in the accomplishment of several official scientific projects, scientists acquired social recognition and found themselves empowered to negotiate the creation of scientific institutions. Professionalization of scientific practice followed, and Mexican scientists obtained a precise social profile."(AU)