Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infections.

BACKGROUND: Bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) are the main causes of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). This research aims to investigate the isolation of etiologic agents from patients with UTIs. In addition, it tries to investigate the incidence of ESBL genes in an etiologic agent. METHODS: This study included 1,000 positive growth isolates. Accordingly, the predominant pathogens associated with urinary tract infections, i.e., Gram-negative, were the main isolates from UTI patients, including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. RESULTS: Among suspicious cases of urinary tract infections, the results showed that 15.2% of the patients had UTIs, with female patients in the childbearing age group being more affected. E. coli (644; 64.4%) and K. pneumoniae (322; 32.2%) were shown to be more isolated. Among 936 (93.6%) ESBL producing bacteria, 614 (61.4 %) were E. coli, and 32.2% were K. In addition, high resistance was recorded for antibiotics Cefotaxime (85.7 %), Cefepime (85.7%), Ciprofloxacin (83.1%), and Kanamycin (77.9%). Most ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Besides, nitrofurantoin, gentamycin, and imipenem were the most effective antibiotics against ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. CONCLUSION: Research shows that high rates of MDR Escherichia coli infections in our hospital were the frequent causes of UTIs. Nitrofurantoin and aminoglycosides were the most beneficial first-line drugs to be prescribed in UTI cases. It is recommended that regular investigations should be carried out on drug resistance in all isolates to formulate helpful antibiotic treatment policies in Iraq. Thus, it is important to determine ESBL prevalence in urine E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates as it has a great impact on the selection of suitable antibacterial agents. In short, more than half of ESBL producers have Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR).

ZnO, TiO2 and Ag nanoparticles impact against some species of pathogenic bacteria and yeast.

The economic approaches for manufacturing the nanoparticles with physical and chemical effects and limited resistance to antibiotics have been progressed recently due to the rise of microbial resistance to antibiotics. This research aimed to study the antimicrobial efficacy of silver nanoparticles Ag, ZnO, and Tio2 nanoparticles against Salmonella typhimurium and Brucella abortus and Candida albicans. Two isolates of Salmonella and two isolates of Brucella abortus were isolated from food spastically meat and blood specimens, respectively. Candida albicans were isolated from the patient's mouth with oral candidiasis (oral thrush) and confirmed diagnosis by API 20C test. The antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella typhimurium and B. abortus isolates were performed against nine different antibiotics. Silver nanoparticles consisting of AgNPs size (90) nm, ZnO NPs size (20, 50) nm as well as TiO2 NPs size (10, 50) nm, were used. UV-Visible spectrophotometer was used to characterize silver nanoparticles. The highest resistance of Candida albicans was seen for fluconazole, Clotrimazole and Itraconazole. The results of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of nanoparticles against Salmonella typhimurium showed the average MIC of Tio2-10nm and Tio2-50nm were 5000 and 2500 µg\ml for S1 and S2 isolates, respectively. The isolated Brucella abortus (B1 and B2) showed sensitivity to NPs with different MIC. The average MIC for Ag-90nm was 5000 and 2500 µg/ml for B1 and B2 isolates, respectively. The findings suggest NP solution has fungicidal and bactericidal impacts on the tested microorganisms so they can be suitable for multiple applications of the biomedical field such as developing new antimicrobial agents.