Hypertensive Heart Disease and Obesity: A Review.

Metabolic syndrome is an increasingly prevalent constellation of disease processes among the global population. Hypertension and obesity are among the contributing etiologies, and obesity increases the likelihood of hypertensive heart disease by creating a proinflammatory state, as well as increasing sympathetic tone and formation of reactive oxygen species. Hypertensive heart disease is characterized by myocardial fibrosis, which portends higher risk of developing reduced ejection fraction, diastolic dysfunction, ischemia, and arrhythmias, making early diagnosis and treatment essential to the prevention of cardiac events.

Understanding patient choices regarding breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer.

PURPOSE: In Australia, about 40% of patients undergo mastectomy to treat breast cancer, with negative impacts on body image, sexual function and quality of life. Whilst breast reconstruction is associated with increased patient self-esteem and a greater sense of wholeness and well-being, the national reconstruction rate is low at 18%. This study aimed to compare demographics, treatment factors and information provision about breast reconstruction in women who had and did not have breast reconstruction following mastectomy treatment and identify goals and concerns underpinning women's reconstruction decisions. METHODS: Female patients who had a mastectomy to treat breast cancer between 2010 and 2014 in a culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) and socially disadvantaged region participated in a cross-sectional study, completing a questionnaire in their language of choice (English, Vietnamese, Chinese or Arabic). RESULTS: Completed surveys were returned by 168 women (42% response rate; 77% English-speaking), of whom only 19.0% (n = 32) reported having had breast reconstruction. Reconstruction rates were significantly lower in women who reported speaking a language other than English at home versus only English (37.5% vs 62.5%, p = 0.03). However, all women expressed a desire for more information about breast reconstruction and more support to make their decision about breast reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Patients identified a need for greater information provision on breast reconstruction, highlighting an urgent need for resources specifically about breast reconstruction, particularly for non-English-speaking patients. Greater provision of information prior to mastectomy is critical to underpin breast cancer patients' decisions about breast reconstruction, especially for non-English speaking patients.

Percutaneous treatment of sciatica caused by a herniated disc: an exploratory study on the use of gaseous discography and Discogel(®) in 79 patients.

OBJECTIVES: Sciatica is a common disease; between 13% and 40% of the general population will experience at least one episode of sciatica due to spinal disc herniation and nerve root irritation. In some specialist centres, percutaneous intradiscal techniques can be applied as an intermediate measure between conservative treatment and surgery, with a view to avoiding the adverse events associated with surgical discectomy. Discogel(®) is a percutaneously implanted medical device for the treatment of lumbar sciatica due to a herniated disc. We performed an open, prospective, observational study in order to (a) determine whether the prior use of air disc manometry could limit the risk of nerve root irritation reportedly associated with nucleolysis and administration of Discogel(®) and (b) investigate the technique's efficacy and safety. METHOD: A total of 79 Discogel(®)-treated patients were systematically reviewed. A nurse anaesthetist evaluated each patient's pain levels during the procedure itself. The therapist assessed the patient on inclusion and 8weeks after the Discogel(®) procedure. A third assessment was based on a telephone interview (by an independent assessor) at least 4months after the procedure. RESULTS: Pain levels immediately after the Discogel(®) procedure (1.7±2.0) were markedly lower than before the procedure (5.5±2.3). There were no complications. Two months after Discogel(®) administration, the initial pain level had fallen by an average of 74±34%. The outcome was quite stable over time (mean follow-up: 8months). At the end of the follow-up period, 60.7% of the patients were free of pain, 76% considered the treatment outcome to be good or very good, 74% had returned to work and 76% would recommend the treatment to a friend. CONCLUSION: The favourable outcomes associated with the procedure should now be confirmed in a controlled trial.

Isokinetic strength related to jumping but not kicking performance of Australian footballers.

The relationships between lower limb strength and two Australian football (AF) skills were assessed for 19 sub-elite AF players. Knee extension (KE) and knee flexion (KF) strength were assessed using a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer at angular velocities of 60, 240 and 360 degrees/sec. The two AF skills evaluated were running vertical jump (VJ) and kicking performance (KP). VJ performance was defined as the maximal jump height measured with a Yardstick device. KP was gauged through video analysis, as the post-contact resultant ball velocity (BV) during maximal effort drop punt kicking. Strength was measured as the isokinetic peak torque (PT value. No significant correlations were detected between the isokinetic knee strength values and maximal kicking velocity. Low to moderate significant correlations (r = 0.55 - 0.69, p < 0.05) were detected between the isokinetic measures and VJ height. It may be inferred that additional strengthening of the knee musculature may enhance running VJ performance, but not necessarily kicking velocity for this group of sub-elite AF players.

Normal saline wound dressing--is it really normal?

Gauze swabs soaked in normal saline are frequently used as dressing on open wounds. Their exact mechanism of action is not known. This study was designed to assess the hypothesis that normal saline dressings act in part as an osmotic dressing. Ten patients had skin ulcers (n = 10) dressed with normal saline soaked sponges. Acting as controls (n = 10) identical sponges were placed upon intact skin. The sponge fluid osmolarity and electrolyte concentrations were serially assayed to test our hypothesis. In the control group, the osmolarity, sodium and chloride concentrations increased with time as a result of evaporation, altering it from an isotonic to a hypertonic dressing. However, in the ulcer group, the osmolarity, sodium and chloride concentrations in the sponge fluid remained relatively isotonic with time. This result is statistically significant (P< 0.05). We postulate that, as a result of evaporation, the sponge dressing increases its tonicity. This draws fluid from the wound into the dressing so that a dynamic equilibrium occurs and the sponge dressing regains isotonicity. The dressing remains functional provided that the wound fluid is absorbed freely from the wound. This process is terminated when either the dressing completely absorbs the wound fluid or the dressing dries out. The latter often occurs prematurely in a contaminated wound or in a wound where exudate forms a non-permeable barrier which prevents osmosis and allows the remaining water in the dressing to evaporate completely. This correlates with the observation in clinical practice that for maximum efficacy the dressing should be changed regularly.

Health risks associated with pollution of coastal bathing waters.

A number of bacterial, viral and other diseases can be contracted by man through exposure to sewage-polluted bathing-water or beach sand. The increasing use of the sea for recreation has led to major concern regarding health hazards to both local and tourist populations. Epidemiological studies attempting to correlate microbiological water quality with health effects have produced different results, leading to a wide variation in recreational water quality criteria and standards applied, and to considerable controversy regarding their implementation. The Mediterranean provides a good example of a problem region where health risks are accentuated as a result of high utilization of bathing areas coupled with long exposure periods. Coastal pollution by sewage is still a major concern and control measures vary considerably. A number of microbiological/epidemiological studies have been carried out since 1953 in an attempt to define the levels of risk following exposure to different concentrations of bacteria in bathing waters. Most of these have been prospective studies whose design involved subject recruitment on the beach itself, classification of swimmers on the basis of immersion of the head in the water, and follow-up interviews after 7-10 days, together with a system for validation of gastrointestinal symptomatology. Practically all studies showed higher morbidity among bathers as compared to non-bathers, but correlation between specific symptoms and bacterial indicator concentrations varied considerably. On the basis of the 1972-1978 Cabelli Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) study in the United States of America, later developed by EPA into a recommended health-effects criterion for marine recreational waters, one would expect 25-40 gastrointestinal cases per 1,000 persons exposed to seawater containing 100 enterococci per 100 ml. Extrapolation of these figures to annual bathing populations indicates the potential magnitude of the problem. Much more work is needed however before a satisfactory dose-response relationship is obtained, principally because of confounding factors inherent in all studies carried out so far, which still require a solution.