Building national patient registries in Mexico: insights from the MexOMICS Consortium.

Objective: To introduce MexOMICS, a Mexican Consortium focused on establishing electronic databases to collect, cross-reference, and share health-related and omics data on the Mexican population. Methods: Since 2019, the MexOMICS Consortium has established three electronic-based registries: the Mexican Twin Registry (TwinsMX), Mexican Lupus Registry (LupusRGMX), and the Mexican Parkinson's Research Network (MEX-PD), designed and implemented using the Research Electronic Data Capture web-based application. Participants were enrolled through voluntary participation and on-site engagement with medical specialists. We also acquired DNA samples and Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans in subsets of participants. Results: The registries have successfully enrolled a large number of participants from a variety of regions within Mexico: TwinsMX (n = 2,915), LupusRGMX (n = 1,761) and MEX-PD (n = 750). In addition to sociodemographic, psychosocial, and clinical data, MexOMICS has collected DNA samples to study the genetic biomarkers across the three registries. Cognitive function has been assessed with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in a subset of 376 MEX-PD participants. Furthermore, a subset of 267 twins have participated in cognitive evaluations with the Creyos platform and in MRI sessions acquiring structural, functional, and spectroscopy brain imaging; comparable evaluations are planned for LupusRGMX and MEX-PD. Conclusions: The MexOMICS registries offer a valuable repository of information concerning the potential interplay of genetic and environmental factors in health conditions among the Mexican population.

MEX-PD: A National Network for the Epidemiological & Genetic Research of Parkinson's Disease.

Background: Parkinson's Disease (PD) has a complex etiology, involving genetic and environmental factors. Most of our current understanding of the disease comes from studies in populations with mostly European ancestry, representing challenges in generalizing findings to other populations with different genetic, social, and environmental contexts. There are scarce studies focused in Latin American populations. The Mexican population is genetically diverse because its admixture from Native American, European, and African ancestries, coupled with the unique environmental conditions, stressing the relevance of establishing genetic studies in this population. Thus, we have established the Mexican Parkinson's Research Network (MEX-PD), a consortium to research the clinical, genetical, environmental, and neurophysiological bases of the phenotypic diversity in Mexican PD patients. Objectives: Describing how MEX-PD was established, the methods and instruments and presenting the first results. Methods: Patients and controls were recruited from medical centers in 20 states of Mexico. Initial recruitment included neurological evaluation, cognitive assessment, and DNA collection. Results: MEX-PD has registered 302 controls and 262 PD patients with a mean age of diagnosis of 61 years (SD=10.86). There were 19.8% PD patients identified with early onset. Levodopa was the most common pharmacological treatment. Conclusions: MEX-PD contributes to understand PD nationally. The information gathered here will allow us to understand the prevalence of mental health, neurological symptoms, and cognitive function in the PD Mexican population and how genetical and environmental factors contributes to those outcomes. These will advocate for personalized treatments and improving quality of life in the Mexican population.

Falls in persons with Parkinson's disease: Do non-motor symptoms matter as much as motor symptoms?

INTRODUCTION: Falls are common among persons with Parkinson's disease (PD). On the other hand, predicting falls is complex as there are both generic and PD-specific contributors. In particular, the role of non-motor symptoms has been less studied. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the role of non-motor predictors of falling in persons with PD (PwP). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in PwP recruited from a movement disorders clinic. Clinical and demographical data were collected. All PwP were assessed using the Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) and the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS). Variables were assessed at the bivariate level. Significant variables were put into a logistic regression model. RESULTS: A total of 179 PwP were included. Overall, 16.8% of PwP had fallen in the past 12 months, with 53.3% of them being recurrent fallers. The mean number of monthly falls was 2.5 ± 3.3. Factors associated with falling in the bivariate analysis included the disease duration, Hoehn and Yahr stage, MDS-UPDRS part I and II, postural instability/gait disturbance (PIGD) subtype, NMSS urinary domain, NMSS miscellaneous domain, and non-motor severity burden (all p-values < 0.05). After multivariate analysis, only the disease duration (p = 0.03) and PIGD (p = 0.03) remained as independent risk factors. CONCLUSION: Disease duration and the PIGD subtype were identified as relevant risk factors for falls in PwP Non-motor symptoms appear to have a less important role as risk factors for falls.

Factores asociados con deterioro cognitivo en una cohorte mexicana multicéntrica de Parkinson: estudio transversal comparativo.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive impairment is common in Parkinson's disease and represents a risk for dementia. Identifying associated factors will help implement early interventions and study its progression. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with cognitive impairment. METHOD: Cross-sectional study of 306 subjects with Parkinson's disease who were assessed for 12 months. Demographics and clinical variables were analyzed as explanatory variables, and cognitive impairment as outcome variable. Significant variables were used to construct a cognitive impairment predictive model. RESULTS: Cognitive impairment was reported in 43.8%. Female gender (p = 0.001, odds ratio [OR] = 1.77), age at diagnosis (p < 0.001, mean deviation [MD] = 5.7), level of education (p < 0.001, MD = -2.9), disease duration (p = 0.003, MD = 1.7), MDS-UPDRS part III score (p < 0.001, MD = 9.7), presence of anxiety (p = 0.007, OR = 2.11), hallucinations (p = 0.029, OR = 2.27) and freezing of gait (p = 0.048, OR = 1.91) were predictors for cognitive impairment. The use of type B monoamine oxidase inhibitors was associated with less cognitive impairment (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Predictive factors that were consistent with those previously reported were identified. Prospective studies are required in order to clarify the effect of type B monoamine oxidase inhibitors on cognition.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El deterioro cognitivo en Parkinson es común y representa un riesgo para demencia. Identificar los factores asociados ayudará a implementar intervenciones tempranas y estudiar la progresión del deterioro cognitivo. OBJETIVO: Identificar factores asociados con deterioro cognitivo. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal de 306 sujetos con Parkinson evaluados durante los últimos 12 meses. Se estudiaron variables demográficas y clínicas como explicativas y el deterioro cognitivo como desenlace. Las variables significativas se utilizaron para construir un modelo predictor de deterioro cognitivo. RESULTADOS: El 43.8 % reportó deterioro cognitivo. El sexo femenino (p = 0.001, RM = 1.77), edad al diagnóstico (p < 0.001, desviación media [DM] 5.7), escolaridad (p < 0.001, DM −2.9), duración de enfermedad (p = 0.003, DM 1.7), puntuación en MDS-UPDRS parte III (p < 0.001, DM 9.7), presencia de ansiedad (p = 0.007, RM = 2.11), de alucinaciones (p = 0.029, RM = 2.27) y congelamientos de la marcha (p = 0.048, RM = 1.91) fueron predictores para deterioro cognitivo. El uso de inhibidores ­monoamina-oxidasa tipo B se asoció con menor deterioro cognitivo (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: Se identificaron factores predictores consistentes con lo reportado previamente. Se requieren estudios prospectivos para aclarar el efecto de los inhibidores monoamina-oxidasa tipo B en la cognición.

Falls in persons with Parkinson's disease: Do non-motor symptoms matter as much as motor symptoms? / Caídas en personas con enfermedad de Parkinson: ¿Los síntomas no motores importan tanto como los síntomas motores?

ABSTRACT Falls are common among persons with Parkinson's disease (PD). On the other hand, predicting falls is complex as there are both generic and PD-specific contributors. In particular, the role of non-motor symptoms has been less studied. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the role of non-motor predictors of falling in persons with PD (PwP). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in PwP recruited from a movement disorders clinic. Clinical and demographical data were collected. All PwP were assessed using the Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) and the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS). Variables were assessed at the bivariate level. Significant variables were put into a logistic regression model. Results: A total of 179 PwP were included. Overall, 16.8% of PwP had fallen in the past 12 months, with 53.3% of them being recurrent fallers. The mean number of monthly falls was 2.5 ± 3.3. Factors associated with falling in the bivariate analysis included the disease duration, Hoehn and Yahr stage, MDS-UPDRS part I and II, postural instability/gait disturbance (PIGD) subtype, NMSS urinary domain, NMSS miscellaneous domain, and non-motor severity burden (all p-values < 0.05). After multivariate analysis, only the disease duration (p = 0.03) and PIGD (p = 0.03) remained as independent risk factors. Conclusion: Disease duration and the PIGD subtype were identified as relevant risk factors for falls in PwP Non-motor symptoms appear to have a less important role as risk factors for falls.

RESUMEN Las caídas son frecuentes entre las personas con Parkinson (EP). La predicción de caídas es compleja ya que existen contribuyentes genéricos y específicos. El papel de los síntomas no motores ha sido menos estudiado. Objetivo: Identificar el papel de los factores no motores en caídas en personas con EP (PcP). Métodos: Estudio transversal en PcP reclutadas en una clínica de trastornos del movimiento. Se incluyeron datos clínicos y demográficos. Todos los PcP se evaluaron con la Escala Unificada de Enfermedad de Parkinson modificada por la Sociedad Internacional de Trastornos del Movimiento (MDS-UPDRS) y la Escala de Síntomas No Motores (NMSS). Se incluyeron variables significativas en un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 179 PcP El 16.8% había presentado una caída en los últimos doce meses y el 53.3% de forma recurrente. El número medio de caídas mensuales fue de 2.5 ± 3.3. Los factores asociados con la caída en el análisis bivariado fueron la duración de la enfermedad, Hoehn e Yahr, MDS-UPDRS parte I y II, subtipo de alteración de la marcha/inestabilidad postural (PIGD), dominio urinario del NMSS, dominio misceláneo del NMSS y carga de severidad no motora (todos los valores de p < 0.05). Después del análisis multivariado, solo la duración de la enfermedad (p = 0.03) y PIGD (p = 0.03) permanecieron como un factor de riesgo independiente. Conclusión: La duración de la enfermedad y PIGD se identificaron como factores de riesgo para caídas. Los síntomas no motores parecen tener un papel menos relevante en las caídas.