Analysis of Candida auris candidemia cases in an Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary hospital.

Candida auris is a multi-resistant emerging fungus. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the relationship between colonization by C. auris and the appearance of invasive candidiasis. Description of the sample of colonized patients, risk factors for colonization and/or infection, and calculation of mortality rates. METHODOLOGY: Longitudinal observational study in an anesthesia intensive care unit in 2018. RESULTS: 2130 patients were admitted. Surveillance studies were positive in 124 patients; 118 cases involved skin colonization and 52 were pharyngeal. Patients with a positive blood culture were identified. A statistically significant association was found between pharyngeal colonization and the appearance of a positive blood culture. There were significant differences between patients with a high Candida Score as a risk factor for candidemia. In total, 67% of pharyngeal carriers negativized at 1 month compared to 21% of cutaneous carriers, who negativized after 3-4 months. Of the patients with positive blood cultures, 70% of non-survivors received only monotherapy, although this difference was not statistically significant due to the small sample size. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of C. auris, a multi-resistant pathogen that is difficult to diagnose, treat and eradicate, is steadily increasing among critically ill patients. Its status as an emerging threat to global health calls for the urgent implementation of early in-hospital detection systems.

[Gastrostomy tubes: indications and infectious complications in a tertiary hospital]. / Sondas de gastrostomía: indicaciones y complicaciones infecciosas en un hospital terciario.

OBJECTIVE: Gastrostomy tube is the best option for long-term enteral nutrition. Among its limitations, infections represent the most frequent minor complication. Our aim is the knowledge of the number and type of gastrostomy tubes and its main indication in our hospital. In addition, prevalence of infectious complications was studied paying attention to the main etiologic agents and their antibiotic susceptibility. METHODS: Observational retrospective study from January 2010 to July 2015 through the electronic clinical history and the clinical microbiology laboratory software. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of clinically significant isolates from patients with suspicion of gastrostomy tube infection have been analysed. RESULTS: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was performed in 203 patients (70.5%) and surgical gastrostomy in 85 (29.5%). The main reason identified for starting enteral nutrition through gastrostomy tube was malignant neoplasy, above all, lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancer (11.8%) and that from digestive organs (8.7%). Global prevalence of gastrostomy tube infection was 16.6%. The most common bacterial pathogens isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (21.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.1%), and Escherichia coli (9.8%). The percentage of multi resistant isolates was 3.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Gastrostomy tube indications and type, and also, prevalence and microorganisms isolated from culture in infectious complications are similar to those described previously in the literature. The study allows the adaptation of the antibiotic prophylaxis and empirical antibiotic treatment thanks to the knowledge of the etiologic agents and their antibiotic susceptibility.

Etiología de bronquiolitis en niños hospitalizados en el sureste de España / Aetiology of bronchiolitis in hospitalised children in South-East Spain

Introducción: La bronquiolitis es una de las infecciones respiratorias más comunes en niños menores de 2 años y una de las principales causas de ingreso en niños pequeños, especialmente durante el invierno. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia y etiología de bronquiolitis en el sureste de España. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo durante la temporada de bronquiolitis (diciembre-abril). En el estudio se incluyeron niños menores de 18 meses ingresados en el hospital con motivo del primer episodio de bronquiolitis. Se analizaron aspirados nasofaríngeos mediante una técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (múltiple), precedida de transcripción inversa del ARN viral (RT-PCR). Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 235 niños, de cada uno de los cuales se obtuvo una muestra de aspirado nasofaríngeo. Se detectaron virus respiratorios en muestras de 204 niños (en total 287 virus). El virus respiratorio sincitial se detectó con mayor frecuencia seguido del rinovirus. Se observaron infecciones virales mixtas en el 36% de los niños en los que se detectó algún virus respiratorio. La asociación más frecuente fue el virus respiratorio sincitial A con rinovirus. Conclusiones: Se detectaron virus respiratorios en la mayoría de los niños menores de 18 meses hospitalizados por bronquiolitis, en forma de infección mixta en el 36% de aquellos con infección viral(AU)

Background: Bronchiolitis is the most common respiratory disease in children under 2 years-old and a major cause of hospitalization in young children, especially during the winter. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and etiology of bronchiolitis in south-east of Spain. Study design: A prospective study was conducted during the bronchiolitis season (December-April). Children below 18 months-old admitted to the hospital for a first bronchiolitis episode were included. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respiratory syncytial virus. Results: A total of 235 children were included during this period, and 235 RT-PCR were performed. A total of 287 viruses were detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 204 infants. Respiratory syncytial virus was the virus detected more frequently, followed by rhinovirus. Co-infections were found in the 36% of children. Conclusions: Respiratory viruses were detected in most of the children below 18 months-old hospitalised with bronchiolitis, and 36% of them showed a mixed infection(AU)

Características epidemiológicas, clínicas y terapéuticas de lactantes hospitalizados por bronquiolitis / Epidemiology, clinical features and medical interventions in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis

Objetivos: Describir los datos epidemiológicos, clínicos y actitud terapéutica empleada en los lactantes hospitalizados por bronquiolitis en nuestro medio. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo de lactantes menores de 18 meses ingresados en Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (Murcia) con el diagnóstico de bronquiolitis, durante el periodo de máxima incidencia (diciembre 2008-abril 2009). Resultados: Ingresaron 235 lactantes, de los que el 78,7% tenía una edad menor o igual a 5 meses de vida. Había una correlación positiva entre el número de cigarrillos consumidos por la madre en la gestación y el número de días de oxigenoterapia y los días de estancia. Los niños cuya madre era fumadora en el momento de su ingreso fueron tratados con oxígeno un mayor número de días. Los lactantes que no habían recibido lactancia materna precisaron oxígeno durante más tiempo. El 23,8% tenía patología de base, siendo la prematuridad la más frecuente, la cual fue un factor de riesgo para la prolongación del tratamiento con oxígeno y de la estancia hospitalaria. La utilización de exploraciones complementarias y el uso de broncodilatadores, corticoides y antibióticos fueron elevados. La aparición de fiebre se asoció a un mayor uso de antibióticos en el medio extra e intrahospitalario y lo mismo sucedía si la radiografía de tórax era patológica o existía una elevación de la proteína C reactiva (PCR). El VRS fue el principal agente etiológico, seguido por rinovirus, bocavirus, adenovirus y metapneumovirus. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los ingresos por bronquiolitis ocurrieron en los primeros meses de la vida. La exposición al tabaco durante la gestación se asoció a una peor evolución clínica. A pesar de las indicaciones de las guías de práctica clínica, en nuestro medio, el uso de exploraciones complementarias y de tratamientos farmacológicos fue elevado(AU)

Objectives: To describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatments prescribed in children with bronchiolitis admitted to our hospital. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive and prospective study of children younger than 18 months, admitted to Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca of Murcia (Spain), with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis, during the season of maximum incidence (December 2008-April 2009). Results: A total of 235 infants were admitted, of whom 78.7% of them were aged 5 months or less. We found a positive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked by their mothers during pregnancy and the number of hospitalization and oxygen therapy days. Children whose mothers were smokers at the time of their admission needed a greater number of oxygen therapy days. Also infants who were not breastfed needed oxygen therapy during more days. Just under one quarter (23.8%) of them had underlying diseases, with prematurity being the most frequent and a risk factor for the ongoing of oxygen therapy and hospital stay. The use of diagnostic tests, bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antibiotics was high. The onset of high temperature was associated with an increased use of antibiotics in outside and inside the hospital setting. An abnormal chest X-ray or a raised C-reactive protein was associated with a higher use of antibiotics. Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) was the main aetiological agent, followed by Rhinovirus, Bocavirus, Adenovirus and Metapneumovirus. Conclusions: The majority of hospital admissions due to bronchiolitis took place during the first months of life. Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had a worse clinical outcome. Despite the availability of clinical practice guidelines in our area, the use of diagnostic tests and pharmacological treatment was high(AU)

[Epidemiology, clinical features and medical interventions in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis]. / Características epidemiológicas, clínicas y terapéuticas de lactantes hospitalizados por bronquiolitis.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatments prescribed in children with bronchiolitis admitted to our hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive and prospective study of children younger than 18 months, admitted to Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca of Murcia (Spain), with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis, during the season of maximum incidence (December 2008-April 2009). RESULTS: A total of 235 infants were admitted, of whom 78.7% of them were aged 5 months or less. We found a positive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked by their mothers during pregnancy and the number of hospitalization and oxygen therapy days. Children whose mothers were smokers at the time of their admission needed a greater number of oxygen therapy days. Also infants who were not breastfed needed oxygen therapy during more days. Just under one quarter (23.8%) of them had underlying diseases, with prematurity being the most frequent and a risk factor for the ongoing of oxygen therapy and hospital stay. The use of diagnostic tests, bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antibiotics was high. The onset of high temperature was associated with an increased use of antibiotics in outside and inside the hospital setting. An abnormal chest X-ray or a raised C-reactive protein was associated with a higher use of antibiotics. Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) was the main aetiological agent, followed by Rhinovirus, Bocavirus, Adenovirus and Metapneumovirus CONCLUSIONS: The majority of hospital admissions due to bronchiolitis took place during the first months of life. Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had a worse clinical outcome. Despite the availability of clinical practice guidelines in our area, the use of diagnostic tests and pharmacological treatment was high.

[Aetiology of bronchiolitis in hospitalised children in South-East Spain]. / Etiología de bronquiolitis en niños hospitalizados en el sureste de España.

BACKGROUND: Bronchiolitis is the most common respiratory disease in children under 2 years-old and a major cause of hospitalization in young children, especially during the winter. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and etiology of bronchiolitis in south-east of Spain. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study was conducted during the bronchiolitis season (December-April). Children below 18 months-old admitted to the hospital for a first bronchiolitis episode were included. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respiratory syncytial virus. RESULTS: A total of 235 children were included during this period, and 235 RT-PCR were performed. A total of 287 viruses were detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 204 infants. Respiratory syncytial virus was the virus detected more frequently, followed by rhinovirus. Co-infections were found in the 36% of children. CONCLUSIONS: Respiratory viruses were detected in most of the children below 18 months-old hospitalised with bronchiolitis, and 36% of them showed a mixed infection.