Exploring Social Norms and Control Coercive on Intimate Partner Violence in the Young. Implications for Prevention.

This empirical work focuses on social norms as a way of transmitting psychological violence in young people, which could be affecting the effectiveness of preventive programs in dating violence. These programs are effective in changing beliefs, but new intervention approaches are in demand due to the former's limitations in achieving behavioral changes. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate that some dimensions of psychological violence are transmitted as a descriptive social norm, without any need of victimization. In a sample of 1,265 people (18-25 years old) and through two different studies, we explored the perception of prescriptive and descriptive social norms in situations of coercive control applied to three contexts (Study 1), isolation and domination (Study 2), under the hypothesis that coercive control is passed on as a descriptive social norm between peers. Characteristics describing diversity are taken into account. The results in frequency and Structural Equation Model analysis confirm the main hypothesis, because both perceptions are not correlated. Social norms no covariate with social characteristics. Same cannot be said of isolation and domination, leading to three conclusions for prevention. (1) Not all psychological violence works the same. Coercive control starts from a primary cognitive process that requires complementary actions, based for example on the cognitive hierarchy among social norms; (2) Preventive programs are often based on "prescribed" behaviors, related to the consequences they have on victims, whereas the descriptive social norm found in this study does not correlate with victimization, unless control is applied to specific contexts. Therefore, an additional effort in prevention could go deeper with more specific behaviors that show both the different types of psychological violence and the contexts of application; (3) Finally, at the policy level, results found call for the need for preventive efforts on psychological violence in the 18 to 25 age group and specific awareness campaigns.

Adaptation of the Beliefs about Well-Being Scale to the Spanish population / Adaptación de la Escala de Creencias sobre el Bienestar a la población española

The study of happiness and well-being is receiving increased attention in different fields. Recent research into well-being has focused on delving deeper into the individual's conception about the experience of well-being. McMahan and Estes (2011a) created a scale that assesses lay conceptions of well-being based on four dimensions: the experience of pleasure, avoidance of negative experience, self-development and contribution to others. The goal of this study was to adapt this scale, the Beliefs about Well-Being Scale (BWBS), to the Spanish population. The sample consisted of 1,024 participants from the general population ranging in age interval from 17 to 87 years old. The confirmatory factorial analysis results in a structure of four dimensions, similar to the original scale, although in the adaptation of the scale the items decrease from 16 to 12. The results of the reliability analysis reveal indexes similar to those of the original scale. These results confirm the validity of Beliefs about Well-Being Scale with general population in a cultural context different from the original study. This will allow cross-cultural studies to analyze the influence of culture in the perception of well-being

El estudio de la felicidad y el bienestar está recibiendo cada vez más atención en diferentes campos. Las investigaciones recientes sobre el bienestar se han centrado en profundizar en la concepción del individuo sobre la experiencia del bienestar. McMahan y Estes (2011a) crearon una escala que evalúa las concepciones legas del bienestar en base a cuatro dimensiones: la experiencia de placer, la evitación de la experiencia negativa, el autodesarrollo y la contribución a los demás. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar esta escala, Beliefs about Well-Being Scale (BWBS), a la población española. La muestra estuvo formada por 1.024 participantes de la población general con un intervalo de edad entre 17 y 87 años. El análisis factorial confirmatorio da como resultado una estructura de cuatro dimensiones, similar a la escala original, aunque en la adaptación de la escala los ítems disminuyen de 16 a 12. Los resultados del análisis de fiabilidad revelan índices similares a los de la escala original. Estos resultados confirman la validez de la Escala de Creencias sobre el Bienestar con población general en un contexto cultural diferente al del estudio original. Esto permitirá realizar estudios transculturales para analizar la influencia de la cultura en la percepción del bienestar

Exploring the Role of Aggressor's Social Class in Rape and Its Relation to Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance.

The purpose of this research was to analyze whether the social class of the aggressor and the degree of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance influence the blaming of the victim in a case of rape suffered by a woman. Participating in the study was a sample of 216 university students (82 men and 136 women). The participants read a rape scenario in which the aggressor's social class was manipulated (high social class vs. low social class) and responded to a questionnaire about the blame of the victim, a questionnaire about right-wing authoritarianism, and a questionnaire about social dominance. The results show that the victim was blamed more when the aggressor was from a low social class and when the participants had high scores in right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance. They also reflect an interaction between the social class of the aggressor and social dominance: Participants who scored high in social dominance blamed the victim more when the aggressor was from a low social class.

Prejudice and Feeling of Threat towards Syrian Refugees: The Moderating Effects of Precarious Employment and Perceived Low Outgroup Morality.

Refugees frequently experience traumatic situations that result in the deterioration of their psychological well-being. In addition, perceived prejudice and discrimination against them by the host society can worsen their mental health. In this research study, using a Spanish sample, prejudice towards Syrian refugees is analyzed taking into account feeling of threat (realistic or symbolic), precarious employment, and perceived outgroup morality. Using a total of 365 participants, our results reveal that individuals feel more prejudice towards refugees when the former scored higher in realistic threat and symbolic threat, were in a highly precarious situation of employment and perceived refugees as being more immoral. Furthermore, it was found that persons who scored high in realistic threat and at the same time were in a situation of precarious employment, were those who displayed greater prejudice. The results likewise pointed to individuals who scored high in symbolic threat and in outgroup morality as being those who felt greater rejection towards the refugees. Accordingly, our results confirm the importance of feeling of threat in relation to prejudice, and highlight two important moderating factors: precarious employment and perceived outgroup morality.

Satisfacción laboral y Burnout en trabajos poco cualificados: diferencias entre sexos en población inmigrante / Job satisfaction and Burnout in low-skilled jobs: sex differences on the immigrant population

El objetivo de este estudio es profundizar en el análisis de la satisfacción laboral en trabajos de escasa cualificación realizados por personas inmigrantes, buscando posibles diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Se analiza una muestra de 250 inmigrantes en España procedentes de diferentes culturas. Las variables evaluadas son: satisfacción laboral, burnout y diferentes características laborales. No se han encontrado diferencias entre hombres y mujeres respecto al burnout ni a la satisfacción laboral. Cinismo y agotamiento correlacionan negativamente con la satisfacción laboral. Los resultados del análisis de regresión muestran modelos predictivos diferentes según el sexo: en los hombres la eficacia profesional y el cinismo son más relevantes que en las mujeres, y entre ellas el agotamiento y el control estricto predicen de forma negativa la satisfacción laboral. Además, la satisfacción con el tiempo de libre y la estabilidad laboral predicen la satisfacción laboral en ambos grupos de inmigrantes(AU)

The principal aim of this study tries to analyze the job satisfaction into low-skilled jobs realized by immigrants, looking for differences between women and men. Is analyzed a sample of 250 immigrants who live in Spain proceeding from different cultures. The variables evaluated across written questionnaire are: job satisfaction, burnout and some job characteristics. No differences were found between men and women in burnout or job satisfaction. So much cynicism as the depletion negatively correlated with job satisfaction. The results of the regression analysis showed predictive models differ according to sex: in men, the professional effectiveness and cynicism are more important than women; in women the exhaustion is negatively predicted job satisfaction. In addition, satisfaction with free time and job security predicts job satisfaction in both groups of immigrants(AU)

Valoración de un juzgado de familia / Valuation of a family court

Se pregunta a los usuarios de un juzgado de familia de Málaga por la valoración de su experiencia en dicho juzgado. Para ello se ha adaptado a este ámbito la escala SERVQUAL, desarrollada para evaluar la prestación de servicios. Asimismo se analiza la influencia sobre la valoración de cuatro variables: experiencia previa con el juzgado, satisfacción con la experiencia, tener una resolución judicial anterior y satisfacción con la resolución. Los resultados muestran la influencia de la satisfacción con la experiencia anterior y con la resolución previa sobre una mejor valoración del funcionamiento del juzgado. Por último, señalar la idoneidad del SERVQUAL a la hora de adaptarlo al contexto legal (AU)