Arabidopsis thaliana cold-regulated 47 gene 5'-untranslated region enables stable high-level expression of transgenes.

Transgene expression is regulated through several steps, this study focuses on the mRNA translation step. The expression level of transgenes can be increased by 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) sequences in certain genes which act as translational enhancers. On the other hand, translation in most mRNA species is repressed by growth, development, and stress events. There is a possibility that transgene mRNA is also repressed in these conditions, despite the use of a translational enhancer. Therefore, a consistently efficient translational enhancer is needed to develop a reliable transgene expression system. Herein we searched for mRNAs translated stably under different growth, development and environmental conditions using data sets of polysome fraction assays and microarray analysis. Correct 5'UTR sequences of candidate genes were determined by cap analysis of gene expression and we tested translational ability of the candidate 5'UTRs by reporter assays. We found the 5'UTR of cold-regulated 47 gene to be an effective translational enhancer, contributing to stable high-level expression under various conditions.

Efficient transgene expression by alleviation of translational repression in plant cells.

Global translational repression under abiotic stress influences translation of both endogenous and transgene mRNAs. Even in plant cell culture, hypoxia and nutrient deficient stress arise during the growth process. In this study, we first demonstrated the existence of global translational repression in Arabidopsis T87 cultured cells over a time course following inoculation. Next, we performed genome-wide analysis, which revealed that the translational states of endogenous mRNAs differed significantly between growth and stationary phase cells. This analysis showed that translation from most mRNAs was repressed upon stationary phase. Otherwise, a part of mRNA including alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene was recalcitrant to the repression. Furthermore, by polysome analysis and followed quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis of transformants having 5'untranslated regions (UTRs) of ADH or translationally repressed At3g47610 mRNA fused to reporter gene, we demonstrated that polysomal associations of reporter mRNAs were in accordance with those the mRNAs from which their 5'UTR derived, suggesting that the 5'UTR is an important determinant of the translational state of mRNAs in stationary phase cells. Finally, we demonstrated the effectiveness of 5'UTR of ADH mRNA in transformants derived from the BY-2 tobacco cell line. These results suggested that 5'UTR of ADH mRNA would be a useful element for efficient transgene expression upon stationary phase.