Neuroprotective effects of crude extracts, compounds, and isolated molecules obtained from plants in the central nervous system injuries: a systematic review.

The number of people with central nervous system (CNS) injuries increases worldwide and only a few therapies are used to mitigate neurological damage. Crude extracts, compounds, and isolated molecules obtained from plants have neuroprotective effects; however, their actions on the central nervous system are still not fully understood. This systematic review investigated the neuroprotective effects of crude extracts, compound, and isolated molecules obtained from plants in different CNS lesions. This PICO (Population/Problem, Intervention, Control, Outcome) systematic review included in vivo and in vitro studies that used small rodents as experimental models of CNS injuries (P) treated with crude extracts, compounds, and/or isolated molecules obtained from plants (I), compared to non-intervention conditions (C), and that showed a neuroprotective effect (O). Fourteen out of 5,521 studies were selected for qualitative analysis. Several neuroprotective effects (improvement of antioxidant activity, modulation of the inflammatory response, tissue preservation, motor and cognitive recovery) in the brain and spinal cord were reported after treatment with different doses of crude extracts (10 studies), compounds (2 studies), and isolated molecules (2 studies). Crude extracts, compounds, or isolated molecules obtained from plants showed promising neuroprotective effects against several CNS injuries in both the brain and spinal cord, regardless of gender and age, through the modulation of inflammatory activity and oxidative biochemistry, tissue preservation, and recovery of motor and cognitive activity.

Toxicity of fatty acids on ECV-304 endothelial cells.

The effects of stearic (saturated) or oleic (monounsaturated) acids and their combination with ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on death of endothelial cells (ECV-304 cell line) were investigated. We examined: loss of plasma membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation, accumulation of neutral lipids (NL) and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The fatty acids studied were: stearic (SA), oleic (OA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), linoleic (LA) and gamma-linolenic (γA) acids. SA at 150 µM induced cell death, did not lead to accumulation of NL and raised the release of ROS. ω-3 PUFA decreased ROS production, increased NL content but did not protect against ECV-304 cell death induced by SA. ω-6 PUFA inhibited SA-induced cell death, increased NL content and decreased ROS production. OA caused cell death but did not increase NL content and ROS production even at 300 µM. ω-3 and ω-6 FA associated with OA further increased cell death with no change in ROS production and NL content. Concluding, ω-6 PUFA had a greater protective effect than ω-3 PUFA on the deleterious effects caused by SA whereas OA had low cytotoxicity but, when associated with PUFA, presented marked toxic effects on ECV-304 endothelial cells.

Influência da terapia com exercícios supervisionados na pressão arterial de pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares / Influence of supervised exercise therapy on blood pressure of patients with cardiovascular diseases

Objetivo: Comparar o comportamento da pressão arterial em pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares, durante sessões de exercícios físicos supervisionados. Métodos: Coorte de 62 pacientes, divididos em: Grupo I - portadores de doença coronariana e hipertensão (DACHAS; n igual a 38); Grupo II - portadores de insuficiência cardíaca (IC; n igual a 13); Grupo III - portadores de hipertensão (HAS; n igual a 11). Os pacientes foram submetidos a sessões de exercícios, predominantemente aeróbicos. A pressão arterial foi verificado no início, no meio e ao final dos exercícios. A análise estatística foi feita através dos testes t de Student, qui-quadrado e ANOVA, considerando significativo menor que 0,05. Resultados: Observou-se redução da pressão arterial entre o início e o final das sessões, em todos os grupos, porém demonstrando desempenho diferenciado. Em relação à pressão arterial sistólica, os pacientes do Grupo I apresentaram diminuição de 125,17 maior ou menor que 14,36mmHg para 116,20 maior ou menor que 13,57mmHg (p igual a 0,001); do Grupo II de 112,57 maior ou menor que 20,67mmHg para 107,23 maior ou menor que 16,76mmHg (p igual a 0,003); e do Grupo III de 126,85 maior ou menor que 12,76mmHg para 115,64 maior ou menor que 9,78mmHg (p igual a 0,001). Também foi constatada redução da pressão arterial diastólica...