Assessment of luteolin isolated from Eclipta alba leaves in animal models of epilepsy.

CONTEXT: Eclipta alba (Linn) Hassk. (Asteraceae) has been reported to be a nerve tonic and has been used to treat epilepsy in folk medicine. OBJECTIVE: The present study isolates and characterizes luteolin from E. alba and evaluates its antiepileptic potential in chemically induced acute and chronic models in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The methanol extract (16.85% w/w) of E. alba leaves was subjected to fractionation for isolation of luteolin. In acute pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) model, luteolin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min prior to PTZ injection (100 mg/kg) in Swiss albino mice. Kindling was induced by chronic administration of PTZ (35 mg/kg) on every alternate day (48 days). Luteolin was investigated on the course of kindling development and oxidative stress markers [reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA)] in kindled mice. RESULTS: Single-dose pretreatment with luteolin (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) was found to be effective in an acute PTZ model (100% protection from mortality) and it did not exhibit any effect on motor coordination at the same doses. PTZ-induced kindling was significantly (p < 0.001) prevented by luteolin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg, i.p.) in a dose-dependent manner. Luteolin restored levels of reduced GSH (p < 0.001) and decreased the level of MDA (p < 0.001), a marker of lipid peroxidation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of the present study demonstrated that luteolin had an anticonvulsant effect in an acute PTZ model. Luteolin exhibited and inhibitory effect on the course of kindling and associated oxidative stress and hence could be a potential molecule in the treatment of epilepsy.

RETRACTED: Neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects of Apigenin and Luteolin in MPTP induced parkinsonism in mice.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. It has been highlighted that there is image manipulation. Fig. 6 b), e) ad f) are the same images from Fig 5 a), b), c) from Patil, S.P., Jain, P.D., Ghumatkar, P.J., Tambe, R., Sathaye, S., 2014. Neuroprotective effect of metformin in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease in mice. Neuroscience 277, 747­754 and used to describe different drug doses and treatments in the paper. Fig. 8 d), e) and f) are the same image manipulated to be results for different drug treatments. Fig. 10a), b) and h) are the same images as Fig. 7 B) in the paper Patil, S.P., Jain, P.D., Ghumatkar, P.J., Tambe, R., Sathaye, S., 2014. Neuroprotective effect of metformin in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease in mice. Neuroscience 277, 747­754 and used to describe different drug treatments. The authors acknowledge there are serious errors and agree with the retraction of this paper.

Characterization of anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic potential of thymol in various experimental models.

The present study was to investigate the anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic potential of thymol. Anticonvulsant activity of thymol (5-100 mg/kg i.p.) was studied using maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), strychnine and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) models. Thymol at the selected dose was also studied for its effect on locomotion. Antiepileptogenic property of thymol (5-25 mg/kg) was evaluated using PTZ-induced kindling model along with its effect on malondialdehyde and glutathione levels. Thymol (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) showed anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazole (66.66 and 83.33 % protection at 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) model but not against strychnine and 4-aminopyridine models. Thymol exhibited decreased locomotor activity in dose-dependent manner at the same dose range. Thymol at the dose of (25 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased the seizure score, increased glutathione levels and decreased malondialdehyde levels in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling model. Thymol exhibited significant anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic property.