Pseudo-Normalization of the T-wave During Stress and Its Relationship With Myocardial Ischemia: Evaluation by Myocardial Perfusion Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT).

Background The T-wave alterations are suggestive of ischemia, among them there is the pseudo-normalization (positivization of the T-wave, previously negative, during stress exercise). Myocardial single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) at rest and stress is usually performed with Technetium 99 (Tc-99), which has high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of ischemic heart disease. In this study, we decided to investigate the patients who pseudo-normalized the T-wave in the stress test to correlate with the existence of ischemia diagnosed by myocardial perfusion study, specifically myocardial SPECT in perfusion and rest with Tc-99. Methodology T - wave pseudo-normalization patients who underwent a myocardial perfusion SPECT between January 2018 and June 2019 were included in this retrospective study. We analyzed 81 patients: 50 patients with pseudo-normalization of T-waves and 31 patients, as a control group, without pseudo-normalization. A descriptive analysis of the quantitative variables was performed using Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, and for the qualitative variables, the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test was performed. Results The degree of ischemia according to the presence or absence of pseudo-normalization of the T-wave. The pseudo-normalization of the T-wave in the group without ischemia (48.4% vs. 36%), for the mild degree the proportions were the same (38.7% vs. 38%), the moderate degree it was slightly higher in the pseudo-normalization of the T-wave (9.7% vs. 18%) and severe (3.2% vs. 6%). Conclusions In this study, the relationship between pseudo-normalization of the T waveform and ischemia, predominantly moderate to severe, was demonstrated. However, it was not statistically significant due to the size of the sample studied.

In Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Helicobacter pylori Induces the Secretion of Soluble and Exosomal Cytokines Related to Carcinogenesis.

Helicobacter pylori promotes the secretion of cytokines that regulate inflammation and carcinogenesis. Immune cells secrete cytokines into the extracellular medium or packaged in exosomes. The objective of this study was to analyze the profile of soluble and exosomal cytokines that were secreted by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that were infected with H. pylori and to build a network of interaction between cytokines and cellular proteins. PBMCs were obtained by density gradient centrifugation and infected with H. pylori for 24 h. The infection was verified by immunofluorescence and Western blot for CagA. The exosomes were obtained from culture supernatant by ultracentrifugation and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and Western blot for CD9 and CD81. Cytokines were quantified using a multiplex immunoassay in the culture supernatant, intact exosomes, and lysed exosomes. H. pylori adheres to lymphocytes and translocates CagA. In PBMCs, H. pylori induces an increase in the soluble and exosomal IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-21, and IL-22. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network shows that soluble and exosomal cytokines interact with proteins that participate in signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, Jak-STAT, FoxO, and mTOR, that are related to carcinogenesis; moreover, TNF-α had the highest number of interactions. Cytokine-loaded exosomes represent another means of intercellular communication that is activated by H. pylori to stimulate inflammation, carcinogenesis, or cancer progression. Cytokine-loaded exosomes are likely to be associated with extragastrointestinal diseases of inflammatory origin.

miR-218-5p/RUNX2 Axis Positively Regulates Proliferation and Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Cervical Cancer.

The overexpression of miR-218-5p in cervical cancer (CC) cell lines decreases migration, invasion and proliferation. The objective was to identify target genes of miR-218-5p and the signaling pathways and cellular processes that they regulate. The relationship between the expression of miR-218-5p and RUNX2 and overall survival in CC as well as the effect of the exogenous overexpression of miR-218-5p on the level of RUNX2 were analyzed. The target gene prediction of miR-218-5p was performed in TargetScan, miRTarBase and miRDB. Predicted target genes were subjected to gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The miR-218-5p mimetic was transfected into C-33A and CaSki cells, and the miR-218-5p and RUNX2 levels were determined by RT-qPCR. Of the 118 predicted targets for miR-218-5p, 86 are involved in protein binding, and 10, including RUNX2, are involved in the upregulation of proliferation. Low miR-218-5p expression and a high level of RUNX2 are related to poor prognosis in CC. miR-218-5p overexpression is related to decreased RUNX2 expression in C-33A and CaSki cells. miR-218-5p may regulate RUNX2, and both molecules may be prognostic markers in CC.

Factores asociados con amputación de miembros inferiores de pacientes con pie diabético en una cohorte / Factors associated with lower limb amputation of patients with diabetic foot in a cohort

Introducción: El desarrollo de ulceraciones en el Pie Diabético (PD) puede derivar en amputación de miembros inferiores e incluso impactar la morbi mortalidad de los pacientes diabéticos. Por lo anterior, este estudio pretende evaluar las características de los pacientes con PD hospitalizados y manejados en un hospital regional. Materiales y métodos: 121 pacientes son incluidos en el estudio de cohorte retrospectiva entre amputados y no amputados, tomados de la base de datos del hospital entre enero de 2013 y enero de 2018. Los datos demográficos, así como factores relacionados fueron analizados con regresión logística bi y multivariada en relación con la amputación de miembro inferior como variable de desenlace, calculando razón de probabilidades (OR) con intervalos de confianza del 95%. Dicha información fue analizada con el programa estadístico STATA. Resultados: 81 pacientes requirieron amputación de miembros inferiores. En la regresión logística bivariada hay 3 factores relacionados con amputación [nivel de Wagner (p < 0.05 CI 95%), la presencia de leucocitosis (p <0.05 CI 95%) y el compromiso vascular en Doppler arterial (p < 0.05 CI 95%)], sin embargo, la regresión multivariada sólo relaciona el compromiso vascular del Doppler arterial como estadísticamente significativo con amputación de miembros inferiores (p < 0.05 CI 95%). Conclusión: Se muestran 3 factores estadísticamente significativos con la amputación de miembros inferiores en PD (Wagner, leucocitosis y compromiso vascular), reflejando la importancia de un diagnóstico temprano y un manejo adecuado como parte clave en el manejo de esta patología.

Introduction: The development of ulcerations in the Diabetic Foot (DP) can lead to lower limb amputation and even impact the morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the characteristics of patients with PD hospitalized and managed in a regional hospital. Materials and methods: 121 patients are included in the retrospective cohort study between amputees and non-amputees, taken from the hospital database between January 2013 and January 2018. Demographic data, as well as related factors, were analyzed with logistic regression. bi and multivariate in relation to lower limb amputation as an outcome variable, calculating odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. This information was analyzed with the STATA statistical program. Results: 81 patients required lower limb amputation. In the bivariate logistic regression there are 3 factors related to amputation [Wagner level (p < 0.05 95% CI), the presence of leukocytosis (p < 0.05 95% CI) and vascular compromise on arterial Doppler (p < 0.05 95% CI). )], however, multivariate regression only relates vascular compromise on arterial Doppler as statistically significant to lower limb amputation (p < 0.05 95% CI). Conclusion: 3 statistically significant factors are shown with lower limb amputation in PD (Wagner, leukocytosis and vascular compromise), reflecting the importance of early diagnosis and adequate management as a key part in the management of this pathology.

Unraveling the relevance of the polyadenylation factor EhCFIm25 in Entamoeba histolytica through proteomic analysis.

We recently reported that silencing of the polyadenylation factor EhCFIm25 in Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan which causes human amoebiasis, affects trophozoite proliferation, death, and virulence, suggesting that EhCFIm25 may have potential as a new biochemical target. Here, we performed a shotgun proteomic analysis to identify modulated proteins that could explain this phenotype. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027784. Our results revealed changes in the abundance of 75 proteins. Interestingly, STRING analysis, functional GO-term annotations, KEGG analyses, and literature review showed that modulated proteins are mainly related to glycolysis and carbon metabolism, cytoskeleton dynamics, and parasite virulence, as well as gene expression and protein modifications. Further studies are needed to confirm the hypotheses emerging from this proteomic analysis, to thereby acquire a comprehensive view of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) 1082 promoter polymorphisms and plasma IL-10 levels in patients with bacterial sepsis.

Background. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional cytokine which has been seen to play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. We examined the association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in IL-10-1082G/A in patients with sepsis in Cali city.Methods. A total of 100 patients with sepsis and 50 control subjects were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were collected from all patients in EDTA containing tubes. IL-10-1082G/A gene promoter polymorphism was analyzed by Sequence Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (SS-PCR), while levels of serum IL-10 were measured by Enzyme Linked Immunoassay Assay (ELISA) in patients with sepsis and healthy controls.Results. AA homozygous genotype was found more frequently in patients (32%), compared with controls (18%). AA homozygous patients showed an increased risk of developing infection by Gram-negative bacteria (OR = 2,875; 95% CI = 1.162-7.113; p = 0.020), and significantly high plasma levels of IL-10 (OR = 4.800, 95% CI 1.652-13.944; p = 0.002). AA homozygous patients high plasma IL-10 levels have greater risk of developing sepsis (63.6%; OR = 4,894; 95% CI: 1,337-17,909; p = 0.002). In this group, Afro-Colombian individuals were overrepresented among the sepsis patients with high plasma IL-10 levels (OR = 1.661; 95% CI: 1.408-1.959; p = 0.036).Conclusion. Our study concluded that AA genotype of IL-10-1082G/A polymorphism is a risk factor for high IL-10 production and development of sepsis by Gram negative bacteria, especially in Afro-Colombian patients.

MiR-23b-3p reduces the proliferation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cell lines via the reduction of c-Met expression.

Malignant transformation and progression in cancer is associated with the altered expression of multiple miRNAs, which are considered as post-transcriptional regulators of genes participating in various cellular processes. Although, it has been proposed that miR-23b-3p acts as a tumor suppressor in cervical cancer (CC), not all the pathways through which it alters the cellular processes have been described. The present study examines whether miR-23b-3p directly represses the c-Met expression and that consequently modifies the proliferation, migration and invasion of C33A and CaSki cells. c-Met has five microRNA response elements (MREs) for miR-23b-3p in the 3'-UTR region. The ectopic overexpression of miR-23b-3p significantly reduces c-Met expression in C33A and CaSki cells. The overexpression of miR-23b-3p reduces proliferation, migration and invasion of CaSki cells and the proliferation and invasion in C33A cells. In CaSki cells, the activation of Gab1 and Fak, downstream of c-Met, is reduced in response to the overexpression of miR-23b-3p. Together, the results in the present study indicate that miR-23b-3p is a tumor suppressor that modulates the progression of CC via post-transcriptional regulation of the c-Met oncogene.

Women with chronic follicular gastritis positive for Helicobacter pylori express lower levels of GKN1.

In women, serum levels of CTSB, GKN2, LIPF, LIPFG, AZGP1, TOP2A and PGA4 are proposed as predictive markers of gastric cancer. It is unknown whether GKN1 expression varies with the sex of patients with chronic gastritis or gastric cancer. We studied 36 patients with histopathological diagnosis of chronic gastritis from the state of Guerrero, Mexico. PCR was performed for H. pylori detection and GKN1 expression was determined by RT-qPCR and western blot. GKN1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in patients with chronic follicular gastritis than in those with chronic chemical gastritis (p = 0.00071). The mRNA and protein level of expression of GKN1 were significantly lower in women with chronic follicular gastritis than in men with the same condition (p = 0.0279 and p = 0.0014, respectively); the lowest levels of GKN1 were detected in women with H. pylori-positive follicular gastritis (p = 0.0175 and p = 0.0111, respectively). Through a bioinformatic analysis, estrogen response elements were identified in the GKN1 promoter.

Multiple infections by EBV, HCMV and Helicobacter pylori are highly frequent in patients with chronic gastritis and gastric cancer from Southwest Mexico: An observational study.

The chronic inflammation and damage to the gastric epithelium induced by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are the main risk factors for gastric cancer development. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) induce chronic inflammation and have been found in gastric tumors. The objectives this observational study were to determine the frequency of multiple infections by Helicobacter pylori, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and to relate the infection by EBV and HCMV with H. pylori vacA/cagA genotypes in patients with chronic gastritis or gastric cancer. DNA from H. pylori, EBV and HCMV was detected by PCR in biopsies from 106 Mexican patients with chronic gastritis and 32 from gastric cancer. The cagA status and the vacA genotypes of H. pylori were determined by PCR. In chronic gastritis and gastric cancer EBV was found in 69.8% and 87.5%, HCMV in 52.8% and 53.1%, and H. pylori in 48.1% and 40.6%, respectively. In chronic gastritis, 53% of H. pylori patients were EBV and 33% were both EBV/HCMV; in gastric cancer, 92.3% of H. pylori-infected individuals were EBV and 46.1% were EVB/HCMV. All the intestinal- and mixed-type tumors and the 83.3% of diffuse-type tumors were EBV. No significant differences were found between single infections or coinfections with the diagnosis or the cancer type. The H. pylori genotypes were not related to EBV or HCMV infection. The frequency of dual infections by H. pylori, EBV and HCMV is higher in patients from southwest Mexico than other populations. It is likely that these pathogens act synergistically to induce inflammation and gastric cancer.

Identification of the gene encoding the TATA box-binding protein-associated factor 1 (TAF1) and its putative role in the heat shock response in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica.

Transcription factor IID (TFIID) is a cornerstone in the transcription initiation in eukaryotes. It is composed of TBP and approximately 14 different subunits named TBP-associated factors (TAFs). TFIID has a key role in transcription of many genes involved in cell proliferation, cell growth, cell cycle, cell cycle checkpoint, and various other processes as well. Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite responsible for human amoebiasis, represents a major global health concern. Our research group has previously reported the genes coding the TATA box-binding protein (EhTBP) and TBP-related factor 1 (EhTRF1), which displayed different mRNA levels in trophozoites under different stress conditions. In this work, we identified the TBP-associated factor 1 (Ehtaf1) gene in the E. histolytica genome, which possess a well-conserved DUF domain and a Bromo domain located in the middle and C-terminus of the protein, respectively. The EhTAF1-DUF domain tertiary structure is similar to the corresponding HsTAF1 DUF domain. RT-qPCR experiments with RNA isolated from trophozoites harvested at different time points of the growth curve and under different stress conditions revealed that the Ehtaf1 gene was found slightly upregulated in the death phase of growth curve, but under heat shock stress, it was found upregulated 10 times, suggesting that Ehtaf1 might have an important role in the heat shock stress response. We also found that EhTAF1 is expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm at 37 °C, but under heat shock stress, it is overexpressed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, and partially colocalized with EhHSP70 in cytoplasm.

The Entamoeba histolytica TBP and TRF1 transcription factors are GAAC-box binding proteins, which display differential gene expression under different stress stimuli and during the interaction with mammalian cells.

BACKGROUND: Entamoeba histolytica is the protozoan parasite responsible for human amebiasis. It causes up to 100,000 deaths worldwide each year. This parasite has two closely related basal transcription factors, the TATA-box binding protein (EhTBP) and the TBP-related factor 1 (EhTRF1). TBP binds to the canonical TATTTAAA-box, as well as to different TATA variants. TRF1 also binds to the TATTTAAA-box. However, their binding capacity to diverse core promoter elements, including the GAAC-element, and their role in gene regulation in this parasite remains unknown. METHODS: EMSA experiments were performed to determine the binding capacity of recombinant TBP and TRF1 to TATA variants, GAAC and GAAC-like boxes. For the functional analysis under different stress stimuli (e.g. growth curve, serum depletion, heat-shock, and UV-irradiation) and during the interaction with mammalian cells (erythrocytes, MDCK cell monolayers, and hepatocytes of hamsters), RT-qPCR, and gene knockdown were performed. RESULTS: Both transcription factors bound to the different TATA variants tested, as well as to the GAAC-boxes, suggesting that they are GAAC-box-binding proteins. The K D values determined for TBP and TRF1 for the different TATA variants and GAAC-box were in the range of 10-12 M to 10-11 M. During the death phase of growth or in serum depletion, Ehtbp mRNA levels significantly increased, whereas the mRNA level of Ehtrf1 did not change under these conditions. Ehtrf1 gene expression was negatively regulated by UV-irradiation and heat-shock stress, with no changes in Ehtbp gene expression. Moreover, Ehtrf1 gene also showed a negative regulation during erythrophagocytosis, liver abscess formation, and a transient expression level increase at the initial phase of MDCK cell destruction. Finally, the Ehtbp gene knockdown displayed a drastic decrease in the efficiency of erythrophagocytosis in G3 trophozoites. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study reveals that these basal transcription factors are able to bind multiple core promoter elements. However, their immediate change in gene expression level in response to different stimuli, as well as during the interaction with mammalian cells, and the diminishing of erythrophagocytosis by silencing the Ehtbp gene indicate the different physiological roles of these transcription factors in E. histolytica.

NOD2: Activation During Bacterial and Viral Infections, Polymorphisms and Potential as Therapeutic Target.

Nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing receptors or NLRs are a family of receptors that detect both, molecules associated to pathogens and alarmins, and are located mainly in the cytoplasm. NOD2 belongs to the NLR family and is a dynamic receptor capable of interacting with multiple proteins and modulate immune responses in a stimuli-dependent manner. The experimental evidence shows that interaction between NOD2 structural domains and the effector proteins shape the overall response against bacterial or viral infections. Other reports have focused on the importance of NOD2 not only in infection but also in maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, not only protein interactions relate to function but also certain polymorphisms in the gene that encodes NOD2 have been associated with inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn's disease. Here, we review the importance and general characteristics of NOD2, discussing its participation in infections caused by bacteria and viruses as well as its interaction with other pathogen recognition receptors or effectors to induce antibacterial and antiviral responses. Finally, the role of NOD2 in chronic inflammatory conditions and its potential to be targeted therapeutically are examined.

Current Status of Fellowship Programs for Advanced Practice Registered Nurses in the Nurse Practitioner Role.

Students completing an advanced practice RN program for practice as a nurse practitioner may seek options for further advancement. Although postgraduate clinical fellowship programs exist, information about such programs is not readily available. This article offers a resource for faculty to assist graduate students in finding advanced practice RN nurse practitioner fellowship programs in the United States.

Helicobacter pylori vacA s1m1 genotype but not cagA or babA2 increase the risk of ulcer and gastric cancer in patients from Southern Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The vacA, cagA and babA2 genotypes of Helicobacter pylori are associated with gastric pathology. The objectives were to determine the frequency of infection and distribution of the vacA, cagA and babA2 genotypes of H. pylori in patients with gastric ulcer, chronic gastritis and gastric cancer, and to evaluate the association of virulent genotypes with diagnosis. METHODS: We studied 921 patients with symptoms of dyspepsia or with presumptive diagnosis of gastric cancer. The DNA of H. pylori and the vacA, cagA and babA2 genes was detected by PCR in total DNA from gastric biopsies. The association of H. pylori and of its cagA, vacA and babA2 genotypes with diagnosis was determined by calculating the odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: Chronic gastritis was confirmed in 767 patients, gastric ulcer in 115 and cancer in 39. The prevalence of H. pylori was 47.8, 49.6 and 61.5% in those groups, respectively. H. pylori was more frequent in the surrounding tissue (69.2%) than in the tumor (53.8%). The vacA s1m1 genotype predominated in the three groups (45.2, 61.4 and 83.3%, respectively). H. pylori was associated with cancer (ORadjusted = 2.08; 95% CI 1.05-4.13; p = 0.035) but not with ulcer (ORadjusted = 1.07; 95% CI 0.71-1.61; p = 0.728). The s1m1 genotype was associated with ulcer and cancer (ORadjusted = 2.02; 95% CI 1.12-3.62; p = 0.019 and ORadjusted = 6.58; 95% CI 2.15-20.08; p = 0.001, respectively). babA2 was associated with gastric cancer, and cagA was not associated with the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: In population from Southern Mexico, H. pylori and the s1m1 genotype were associated with gastric cancer and the s1m1/cagA+/babA2+ strains predominated in tumor and adjacent tissue.

Distribución de genes de adhesión y regulación de biofilm en Staphylococcus aureus / Distribution of adhesion and biofilm regulation genes in Staphylococcus aureus / Distribuição dos genes de adesão e regulação de biofilme em Staphylococcus aureus

La formación de biofilms es un importante factor de virulencia que contribuye en la cronicidad de los procesos infecciosos producidos por Staphylococcus aureus. Las proteínas presentes en su superficie pueden promover la formación de biofilm. En este estudio se comparó la distribución de genes que codifican para proteínas de adhesión asociadas con la formación de biofilm en cepas resistentes (MRSA) y sensibles a meticilina (MSSA). Al analizar un total de 106 aislados obtenidos de muestras sólidas y líquidas recuperados de un hospital de México, se determinó que la formación de biofilm está asociada de manera significativa a cepas MRSA (83%). Mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), se buscó la presencia de nueve genes de adhesinas (eno, ebps, fnbA, fnbB, fib, clfA, clfB, bbp, y cna) y dos de regulación del biofilm (icaA, icaD). Los resultados mostraron que los genes icaA, icaD, eno, ebps, clfA, clfB se amplificaron en todas las cepas mientras que los genes fnbA, fnbB, fib, y bbp tuvieron una distribución variable. Los datos obtenidos muestran por primera vez que la presencia del gen cna se encuentra asociada a cepas MSSA y no productoras de biofilm (p<0,05).

Biofilm formation is an important virulence factor that contributes to the chronicity of the infectious processes caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The proteins on the surface of this bacterium can promote the formation of a biofilm. The distribution of genes encoding adhesion proteins associated with biofilm formation in methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains was compared in this study. The analysis of a total of 106 isolates obtained from solid and liquid samples collected from a hospital in Mexico showed that biofilm formation was significantly associated with MRSA strains (83%). The presence of nine adhesine genes (eno, ebps, fnbA, fnbB, fib, clfA, clfB, bbp, cna) and two biofilm regulatory genes (icaA, icaD) was looked for by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results evidenced that icaA, icaD, eno, ebps, clfA, and clfB genes were amplified from all strains, while fnbA, fnbB, fib, and bbp genes were non-uniformly distributed among them. Notably, the results showed for the first time that the presence of the cna gene is associated with biofilm non-producing MSSA strains (p<0.05).

A formação de biofilmes é um fator de virulência importante que contribui para a cronicidade dos processos infecciosos produzidos por Staphylococcus aureus. As proteínas presentes em superfície podem promover a formação de biofilme. Neste estudo, comparou-se a distribuição de genes que codificam para proteínas de adesão associadas com a formação de biofilmes em cepas resistentes (MRSA) e sensíveis à meticilina (MSSA). A análise de um total de 106 isolados obtidos a partir de amostras sólidas e líquidas coletadas em um hospital no México mostrou que a formação de biofilme é associada significativamente a cepas MRSA (83%). A técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para verificar a presença de nove genes de adesinas (eno, ebps, fnbA, fnbB, fib, clfA, clfB, bbp, cna) e dois genes reguladores do biofilme (icaA, icaD). Os resultados mostraram que os genes icaA, icaD, eno, ebps, clfA, clfB foram amplificados em todas as cepas, enquanto que os genes fnbA, fnbB, fib, e bbp tiveram uma distribuição variável. Os dados obtidos mostram pela primeira vez que a presença do gene cna está associada a cepas MSSA e não produtoras de biofilme (p<0,05).

Clarithromycin resistance and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori virulent genotypes in patients from Southern México with chronic gastritis.

In developing countries, clarithromycin resistance and frequency of re-infection are factors that contribute to high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. The aim of this research was determine the prevalence of clarithromycin resistance and its relation with A2142G, A2142C and A2143G mutations in the domain V of the 23S rRNA gene of H. pylori isolates in patients from Southern Mexico with chronic gastritis. Another purpose of this work was to study the prevalence of virulent genotypes and distribution of resistant strains according to the vacA/cagA/babA2 H. pylori genotypes. One hundred forty-four patients with chronic gastritis were studied. Forty-five H. pylori strains were isolated and clarithromycin susceptibility was determined by the disk-diffusion method. The 82.2% of the strains had the combination of alleles vacA s1 m1 and the cagA gene was detected in 77.8% and 40% of the strains were babA2 positive. The vacA s1 m1 genotype was detected more frequently in cagA(+) strains, vacA s1m1/cagA(+)/babA2(-) genotype was more frequent than vacA s1m1/cagA(+)/babA2(+), 37.8% and 33.3%, respectively. Eight strains were clarithromycin resistant, in three of these, point mutations were identified, but only in one strain the A2143G mutation associated with clarithromycin resistance was found. Other point mutations (A1821G, G1826A, T1830C, A2089G, T1600C, C1601T, C1602T, T1610C, A1611C and T1633G) that have not been associated with clarithromycin resistance were identified. The highest proportion of resistant strains was vacA s1m1/cagA(+) (62.5%). In patients from southern Mexico with chronic gastritis, the prevalence of clarithromycin resistance is within internationally accepted range (17.8%) and allows continued use of triple therapy for H. pylori eradication. However, it is necessary to monitor the evolution of clarithromycin resistance in this area. The largest proportion of resistant H. pylori strains is not harboring the A2142G, A2142C and A2143G mutations in the 23S rRNA gene (87.5%). The vacA s1m1/cagA(+) genotype was the most prevalent and among clarithromycin-resistant strains, this was the predominant.

Presentación de un caso de Síndrome de Menkes / Menkes Syndrome, a Case Presentation

En este trabajo se presenta un caso del paciente con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Menkes, perteneciente al municipio Colombia de la provincia Las Tunas. El mismo manifestó síntomas como vómitos, convulsiones, decaimiento, inapetencia y retardo del desarrollo psicomotor, que son similares a otros casos diagnosticados con esta enfermedad. Los otros síntomas asociados a este caso están dados por la presencia de otras enfermedades y malformaciones que desplegó, como el síndrome de West, malformación respiratoria, dada por hipoplasia pulmonar derecha, reflujo gastroesofágico y atopia respiratoria, que hicieron más marcados los síntomas de la enfermedad. Al exámen físico presentó piel seca, redundante, con el pelo fino y quebradizo, con abombamiento frontal y micrognatia. No se han encontraron antecedentes familiares que permitieran definir con claridad un patrón de herencia. Los complementarios, como la determinación de ceruloplasmina, arrojan déficit de cobre, no así el seguimiento por rayos x. Se inició tratamiento con Histidinato de Cobre (Cu) (500mg/ml) a dosis 0,5 ml (sc) en días alternos, mejorando los síntomas (AU)

This paper presents the case of a patient with a diagnosis of Menkes disease, from the municipality of Colombia in the province of Las Tunas. The patient had symptoms such as vomiting, convulsions, weakness, lack of appetite and delayed psychomotor development, which are similar to other cases diagnosed with this disease. The other symptoms were associated with other diseases and malformations as Wests syndrome, respiratory malformation resulted from right pulmonary hypoplasia, gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory atopy, which made the symptoms of the disease be more evident. On physical examination his skin was dry, with fine and brittle hair, with frontal bulging and micrognathia. His family history did not show antecedents which helped define clearly a pattern of heredity. Investigations, which included determining ceruloplasmin, showed a copper deficit, but not the x-ray monitoring. Treatment began with copper histidinate (Cu) (500mg/ml) in doses of 0.5 ml (sc) on alternate days, improving symptoms (AU)

Malaria congénita: estudio rertrospectivo 2000-2011. Hospital "Menca de Leoni", ciudad guayana estado bolívar / Congenital malaria: a retrospective study from 2000 to 2011. Hospital

La Malaria denominada fiebre palúdica o paludismo constituye un problema de salud en gran parte de los países tropicales y subtropicales. El paludismo congénito es transmitido verticalmente desde la madre al niño durante el embarazo o en el momento delparto. Con la presente investigación se pretende actualizar el estudio literario sobre la malaria congénita y demostrar la incidencia de casos en la población Guayacitana. Se revisaron 8 casos con diagnostico de malaria congénita que ingresaron al Hospital “Menca de Leoni” en el periodo comprendido entre 2000 y 2011. Se estudiaron las variables sexo, edad, procedencia, intervalo entre elinicio de síntomas y el diagnóstico, manifestaciones clínicas, agente etológico, edad en el momento del diagnóstico, tiempo de gestaciónde la madre al momento de adquirir la infección, hallazgos hematológicos y tratamiento. El sexo mayormente afectado fue el masculino, todos los casos se presentaron en menores de 1 mes. La edad de gestación más frecuente al momento de adquirir lainfección fue el tercer trimestre. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron fiebre y palidez cutánea. La forma parasitaria más frecuente fue el Plasmodium vivax. La mayoría de los niños recibió tratamiento con monoterapia antipalúdica a base de Cloroquina, con evolución clínica satisfactoria. La frecuencia del paludismo congénito se ha incrementado recientemente en nuestro país.La forma parasitaria más frecuente es la del Plasmodium vivax, por lo que el tratamiento indicado es la Cloroquina, con la cual se obtiene una respuesta favorable en la mayoría de los casos

Malaria is a major health problem in many of the tropical and subtropical countries. Congenital malaria is transmitted vertically frommother to child during pregnancy or at delivery. The objectives of the present study are to update the literature study on congenital malaria and to show the incidence of cases in the population of Ciudad Guayana, Bolívar, Venezuela. Eight children who were admitted to the Hospital “Menca de Leoni” during 2000 to 2011 were included. Variables studied were: gender, age, interval between the beginning of de symptoms and diagnosis, clinical findings, etiologic agent, age at diagnosis, gestation age at the moment of acquiring the infection,hematologic findings and treatment. Boys were affected more frequently, all cases presented during the first month of age. The gestation age most frequent at the moment of acquiring the infection was the third trimester. Most frequent clinical findings were fever and skin pallor. The most frequent parasitic form was Plasmodium vivax. Treatment with chloroquine was indicated in most of children with good clinical outcome. Conclusions: The predominant symptom of congenital malaria in the studied children was fever and the highest percentage presented parasitaemia by Plasmodium vivax. Most patients received treatment with antimalarial monotherapy based on chloroquine, with satisfactory clinical outcome

Entamoeba histolytica: a unicellular organism containing two active genes encoding for members of the TBP family.

Entamoeba histolytica is the protozoan parasite which causes human amoebiasis. In this parasite, few encoding genes for transcription factors have been cloned and characterized. The E. histolytica TATA-box binding protein (EhTBP) is the first basal transcription factor that has been studied. To continue with the identification of other members of the basal transcription machinery, we performed an in silico analysis of the E. histolytica genome and found three loci encoding for polypeptides with similarity to EhTBP. One locus has a 100% identity to the previously Ehtbp gene reported by our group. The second locus encodes for a 212 aa polypeptide that is 100% identical to residues 23-234 from EhTBP. The third one encodes for a 216 aa polypeptide of 24kDa that showed 42.6% identity and 73.7% similarity to EhTBP. This protein was named E. histolytica TBP-related factor 1 (EhTRF1). Ehtrf1 gene was expressed in bacteria and the purified 28kDa recombinant polypeptide showed the capacity to bind to TATTTAAA-box by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. K(D) values for rEhTBP and rEhTRF1 were (1.71+/-2.90)x10(-12)M and (1.12+/-0.160)x10(-11)M, respectively. Homology modeling of EhTRF1 and EhTBP revealed that, although they were very similar, they showed some differences on their surfaces. Thus, E. histolytica is a unicellular organism having two members of the TBP family.

Contribution a la mise au point D'aciers au manganese a haute limite elastique

Contenido: Introduction. Chapitre 1: Materiaux et methodes experimentales Chapitre 2: TRansformations de L'Austenite des alliages fer-manganese a bas carbone Chapitre 3: Traitements thermomecaniques et proprietes mecaniques Chapitre 4: Nitruration ionique des aciers Au Mn. conclusions generales.