RESUMO
Many animals, including humans, have evolved to live and move in groups. In humans, disrupted social interactions are a fundamental feature of many psychiatric disorders. However, we know little about how genes regulate social behavior. Zebrafish may serve as a powerful model to explore this question. By comparing the behavior of wild-type fish with 90 mutant lines, we show that mutations of genes associated with human psychiatric disorders can alter the collective behavior of adult zebrafish. We identify three categories of behavioral variation across mutants: "scattered," in which fish show reduced cohesion; "coordinated," in which fish swim more in aligned schools; and "huddled," in which fish form dense but disordered groups. Changes in individual interaction rules can explain these differences. This work demonstrates how emergent patterns in animal groups can be altered by genetic changes in individuals and establishes a framework for understanding the fundamentals of social information processing.
RESUMO
The hormone αKlotho regulates lifespan in mice, as knockouts die early of what appears to be accelerated aging due to hyperphosphatemia and soft tissue calcification. In contrast, the overexpression of αKlotho increases lifespan. Given the severe mouse phenotype, we generated zebrafish mutants for αklotho as well as its binding partner fibroblast growth factor-23 (fgf23). Both mutations cause shortened lifespan in zebrafish, with abrupt onset of behavioral and degenerative physical changes at around 5 months of age. There is a calcification of vessels throughout the body, most dramatically in the outflow tract of the heart, the bulbus arteriosus (BA). This calcification is associated with an ectopic activation of osteoclast differentiation pathways. These findings suggest that the gradual loss of αKlotho found in normal aging might give rise to ectopic calcification.
Assuntos
Glucuronidase/metabolismo , Longevidade/genética , Osteogênese/genética , Calcificação Vascular/metabolismo , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Fator de Crescimento de Fibroblastos 23 , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/genética , Fatores de Crescimento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Glucuronidase/genética , Coração , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/metabolismo , Rim/metabolismo , Proteínas Klotho , Masculino , Mutação , Miocárdio/metabolismo , RNA-Seq , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Calcificação Vascular/genética , Calcificação Vascular/mortalidade , Peixe-Zebra/genéticaRESUMO
The Expect Respect Project, a violence prevention program, was developed to reduce the incidence of bullying and sexual harassment by creating a positive school climate in which inappropriate behaviors are not tolerated and staff members respond consistently to incidents. The project implemented an educational intervention for students, parents, and staff members on expecting respect in student relationships and strategies for responding to inappropriate student behaviors. This article describes the educational intervention and evaluation of the project. Findings from the project showed a significant increase in awareness of bullying following the educational intervention. Bullying was reported to have occurred in areas with less adult supervision such as the playground, cafeteria, hallway, and buses. Students thought staff would respond to inappropriate behaviors by telling students to ignore verbal bullying or sexual harassment. In contrast, staff at the elementary schools thought adults would respond to inappropriate behaviors by telling the bully to stop, calling his or her parents, or giving a specific punishment.
