RESUMO
Fred Sanger was awarded the rare distinction of two Nobel Prizes for Chemistry, in 1958 and 1980. The first was for his work on the structure of proteins, particularly that of insulin, the latter for his contribution concerning the determination of nucleic acid sequences, the foundation work that ultimately led to The Human Genome Project.
Assuntos
Análise de Sequência de DNA/história , História do Século XX , Reino UnidoAssuntos
DNA Mitocondrial , Aminoácidos/análise , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Bovinos , Códon , Replicação do DNA , Genes , Humanos , RNA Ribossômico , RNA de TransferênciaRESUMO
The complete sequence of the 16,569-base pair human mitochondrial genome is presented. The genes for the 12S and 16S rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, cytochrome c oxidase subunits I, II and III, ATPase subunit 6, cytochrome b and eight other predicted protein coding genes have been located. The sequence shows extreme economy in that the genes have none or only a few noncoding bases between them, and in many cases the termination codons are not coded in the DNA but are created post-transcriptionally by polyadenylation of the mRNAs.
Assuntos
DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Sequência de Bases , Evolução Biológica , Códon , Replicação do DNA , Genes , Humanos , Precursores de Ácido Nucleico/metabolismo , Iniciação Traducional da Cadeia Peptídica , Terminação Traducional da Cadeia Peptídica , RNA Ribossômico/genética , RNA de Transferência/genética , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
Analysis of an almost complete mammalian mitochondrial DNA sequence has identified 23 possible tRNA genes and we speculate here that these are sufficient to translate all the codons of the mitochondrial genetic code. This number is much smaller than the minimum of 31 required by the wobble hypothesis. For each of the eight genetic code boxes with four codons for one amino acid we find a single specific tRNA gene with T in the first (wobble) position of the anticodon. We suggest that these tRNAs with U in the wobble position can recognize all four codons in these genetic code boxes either by a "two out of three" base interaction or by U.N wobble.
Assuntos
Anticódon/genética , Códon/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Código Genético , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA de Transferência/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Evolução Biológica , Bovinos , Computadores , DNA Mitocondrial/análise , Humanos , Mamíferos/genética , Mitocôndrias , Uridina/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
A new method for determining nucleotide sequences in DNA is described. It is similar to the "plus and minus" method [Sanger, F. & Coulson, A. R. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 94, 441-448] but makes use of the 2',3'-dideoxy and arabinonucleoside analogues of the normal deoxynucleoside triphosphates, which act as specific chain-terminating inhibitors of DNA polymerase. The technique has been applied to the DNA of bacteriophage varphiX174 and is more rapid and more accurate than either the plus or the minus method.
Assuntos
Sequência de Bases , DNA Viral , Colífagos/análise , DNA Polimerase I/antagonistas & inibidores , Enzimas de Restrição do DNA/metabolismo , Desoxirribonucleotídeos/farmacologia , MétodosRESUMO
A DNA sequence for the genome of bacteriophage phi X174 of approximately 5,375 nucleotides has been determined using the rapid and simple 'plus and minus' method. The sequence identifies many of the features responsible for the production of the proteins of the nine known genes of the organism, including initiation and termination sites for the proteins and RNAs. Two pairs of genes are coded by the same region of DNA using different reading frames.