Investigation of interactions between binding residues and solubility of grafted humanized anti-VEGF IgG antibodies expressed as full-length format in the cytoplasm of a novel engineered E. coli SHuffle strain.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the fastest-growing areas of biopharmaceutical industry and have been widely used for a broad spectrum of diseases. Meanwhile, the immunogenicity of non-human derived antibodies can generate side effects by inducing the human immune response to produce human anti-mouse-immunoglobulin antibody (HAMA). In this work, we aim to reduce the immunogenicity of muMAb A.4.6.1 by substitute human sequences for murine sequences. Humanized antibodies are constructed by grafting, specificity determining residues (SDR), complementary determining regions (CDR), and chimeric region of muMAb A.4.6.1, onto variable domain of Trastuzumab (Herceptin). The interactions between grafted antibodies and their target, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were theoretically investigated by molecular dynamics simulation in order to evaluate the antibodies-antigen binding behavior. The obtained protein-protein interactions and calculated binding free energy suggested that the SDR-VEGF complex presented a significantly greater binding affinity, number of contact and total number of H-bonds compared to CDR and chimeric mAbs, significantly. Moreover, the Camsol program predicted that the solubility of SDR mAb exhibits the greatest solubility. This result was supported by performing a western blot analysis of the grafted mAbs with soluble and insoluble fractions in order to evaluate their solubility, in which SDR was found to have a much lower amount of insoluble proteins. Consequently, the enhanced binding affinity and solubility of the designed SDR was achieved by the single S106D mutation using computational methods. With the aim of low immunogenicity, high solubility, and high affinity, this SDR humanized antibody was expected to have greater efficacy than murine or chimeric antibodies for future use in humans.

Biological Evaluation and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Chalcone Derivatives as Epidermal Growth Factor-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors.

Targeted cancer therapy has become a high potential cancer treatment. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which plays an important role in cell signaling, enhanced cell survival and proliferation, has been suggested as molecular target for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. In this study, a series of chalcone derivatives was screened by in vitro cytotoxicity against the wild type (A431 and A549) and mutant EGFR (H1975 and H1650) cancer cell lines, and, subsequently, tested for EGFR-tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibition. From the experimental screening, all chalcones seemed to be more active against the A431 than the A549 cell line, with chalcones 1c, 2a, 3e, 4e, and 4t showing a more than 50% inhibitory activity against the EGFR-TK activity and a high cytotoxicity with IC50 values of < 10 µM against A431 cells. Moreover, these five chalcones showed more potent on H1975 (T790M/L858R mutation) than H1650 (exon 19 deletion E746-A750) cell lines. Only three chalcones (1c, 2a and 3e) had an inhibitory activity against EGFR-TK with a relative inhibition percentage that was close to the approved drug, erlotinib. Molecular dynamics studies on their complexes with EGFR-TK domain in aqueous solution affirmed that they were well-occupied within the ATP binding site and strongly interacted with seven hydrophobic residues, including the important hinge region residue M793. From the above information, as well as ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity) properties, all three chalcones could serve as lead compounds for the development of EGFR-TK inhibitors.

Computational screening of chalcones acting against topoisomerase IIα and their cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines.

Targeted cancer therapy has become one of the high potential cancer treatments. Human topoisomerase II (hTopoII), which catalyzes the cleavage and rejoining of double-stranded DNA, is an important molecular target for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. In order to diversify the pharmacological activity of chalcones and to extend the scaffold of topoisomerase inhibitors, a series of chalcones was screened against hTopoIIα by computational techniques, and subsequently tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity. From the experimental IC50 values, chalcone 3d showed a high cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 10.8, 3.2 and 21.1 µM against the HT-1376, HeLa and MCF-7 cancer-derived cell lines, respectively, and also exhibited an inhibitory activity against hTopoIIα-ATPase that was better than the known inhibitor, salvicine. The observed ligand-protein interactions from a molecular dynamics study affirmed that 3d strongly interacts with the ATP-binding pocket residues. Altogether, the newly synthesised chalcone 3d has a high potential to serve as a lead compound for topoisomerase inhibitors.

Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Inclusion Complexes of Pinostrobin and ß-Cyclodextrins.

Pinostrobin (PNS) belongs to the flavanone subclass of flavonoids which shows several biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerogenic, anti-viral and anti-oxidative effects. Similar to other flavonoids, PNS has a quite low water solubility. The purpose of this work is to improve the solubility and the biological activities of PNS by forming inclusion complexes with ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD) and its derivatives, heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-ß-cyclodextrin (2,6-DMßCD) and (2-hydroxypropyl)-ß-cyclodextrin (HPßCD). The AL-type diagram of the phase solubility studies of PNS exhibited the formed inclusion complexes with the 1:1 molar ratio. Inclusion complexes were prepared by the freeze-drying method and were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) and steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulation revealed two different binding modes of PNS, i.e., its phenyl- (P-PNS) and chromone- (C-PNS) rings preferably inserted into the cavity of ßCD derivatives whilst only one orientation of PNS, where the C-PNS ring is inside the cavity, was detected in the case of the parental ßCD. All PNS/ßCDs complexes had a higher dissolution rate than free PNS. Both PNS and its complexes significantly exerted a lowering effect on the IL-6 secretion in LPS-stimulated macrophages and showed a moderate cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 and HeLa cancer cell lines in vitro.