Estudio de los cambios de gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea realizados mediante la colaboración del equipo de digestivo y el equipo de soporte de atención domiciliaria de atención primaria: una experiencia eficiente y segura / Replacing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with the collaboration of the endoscopy and the primary care home care support teams. An efficient and safe experience

Introducción. El objetivo del estudio es medir los resultados de un programa de recambio de sondas de gastrostomías en domicilio, realizado por atención primaria. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Incluyó a todos los pacientes (n = 44) del Sector III de Zaragoza portadores de gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea (GEP) a los que se les realizó el recambio de la misma en su domicilio, por el equipo de soporte de atención domiciliaria (ESAD), desde septiembre de 2008 hasta diciembre de 2010. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, número de recambios de GEP que se realizaron a cada paciente, si existió alguna incidencia en cada uno de los recambios, tanto en el servicio de endoscopias digestivas como en el domicilio y el tiempo que transcurrió hasta el siguiente recambio. Resultados. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 74,02 años; el 65% residían en zona rural. La causa principal de disfagia fueron las demencias (56,82%). El ESAD realizó 136 cambios de GEP (media de 3,09; DE: 2,37). Surgieron 17 complicaciones leves, resolviéndose en el domicilio del paciente, y una complicación grave, una peritonitis, que se solucionó en el hospital. Se realizaron 138 viajes (53,62% en medio rural). A cada paciente se le evitó viajar una media de 43,13 km en total, en medio rural 75,24. Conclusiones. El cambio de GEP es un método sencillo que puede realizarse en domicilio, con un riesgo de complicación bajo si precede una eficaz selección del paciente. Esto conlleva un aumento del bienestar de los pacientes y familiares y una reducción de gasto sanitario (AU)

Introduction: The objective of the study is to assess the outcome of a Primary Care programme of replacing the Percutaneous Endoscopy Gastrostomy at home. Material and methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on all patients (n = 44), of Zaragoza Health Sector III, carriers of a percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy (PEG), who had a replacement at home by the Home Care Service (HCS), during the period from September 2008 to December 2010. Socio-demographic data, the number of PEG replacements performed on each patient, any incidents occurring with each replacement either by the Endoscopy Department or the HCS, as well as the time elapsed until the next replacement, were all recorded. Results: The mean age of the patients was 74.02 years, and up to a 65% lived in rural areas. The main causes of dysphagia were dementia (56.82%). A total of 136 PEG replacements were performed by the HCS (mean 3.09, SD: 2.37). There were 18 cases in which complications arose. Of these, 17 were minor complications and resolved in the patients’ homes. The only major complication, a peritonitis, was resolved in the hospital. The HCS made 138 trips (53.62% of them in rural areas). Each patient avoided travelling a total mean of 43.13 km, and 75.24 km in rural areas. Conclusions: The replacement of PEG is a simple method that can be performed at home with a low risk of complications, provided there is an effective selection of patients. This leads to increased patient and family comfort, and reduces health care costs without detriment of performance (AU)

[Dyspnoea in a schizophrenic patient: an unexpected diagnosis]. / Disnea en paciente esquizofrénico. Diagnóstico inesperado.

Dyspnoea is mainly of cardio-respiratory origin. A diagnosis of psychogenic origin should not be made without having undertaken the necessary complementary tests to rule out any underlying organic cause, even if the patient has a psychiatric history. We present a clinical case with a clinical picture of dyspnoea, in a 30 year-old male of African origin with a history of schizophrenia. Oedemas can also be associated with dyspnoea. Cardiomegaly and hypertrophy of the left ventricle were established, using additional basic tests. The diagnostic confirmation of dilated cardiomyopathy was obtained from the echocardiogram. He was diagnosed in D phase, with decompensated heart failure, which was refractory to treatment, and after several incidents of malignant arrhythmias, the patient died. According to the ACC/AHA classification, the definitive treatment in this phase is the heart transplant. In the present case, urgent intervention was not considered, due to the worsening of the psychiatric pathology and active drug-taking.

[Replacing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with the collaboration of the endoscopy and the primary care home care support teams. An efficient and safe experience]. / Estudio de los cambios de gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea realizados mediante la colaboración del equipo de digestivo y el equipo de soporte de atención domiciliaria de atención primaria: una experiencia eficiente y segura.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study is to assess the outcome of a Primary Care programme of replacing the Percutaneous Endoscopy Gastrostomy at home. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on all patients (n=44), of Zaragoza Health Sector III, carriers of a percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy (PEG), who had a replacement at home by the Home Care Service (HCS), during the period from September 2008 to December 2010. Socio-demographic data, the number of PEG replacements performed on each patient, any incidents occurring with each replacement either by the Endoscopy Department or the HCS, as well as the time elapsed until the next replacement, were all recorded. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 74.02 years, and up to a 65% lived in rural areas. The main causes of dysphagia were dementia (56.82%). A total of 136 PEG replacements were performed by the HCS (mean 3.09, SD: 2.37). There were 18 cases in which complications arose. Of these, 17 were minor complications and resolved in the patients' homes. The only major complication, a peritonitis, was resolved in the hospital. The HCS made 138 trips (53.62% of them in rural areas). Each patient avoided travelling a total mean of 43.13 km, and 75.24 km in rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: The replacement of PEG is a simple method that can be performed at home with a low risk of complications, provided there is an effective selection of patients. This leads to increased patient and family comfort, and reduces health care costs without detriment of performance.

Disnea en paciente esquizofrénico. Diagnóstico inesperado / Dyspnoea in a schizophrenic patient: an unexpected diagnosis

Presentamos un caso clínico cuyos síntomas guías son disnea y edemas en un varón de raza negra de 30 años de edad, con antecedentes de esquizofrenia. Se encontraron cardiomegalia e hipertrofia ventricular izquierda en pruebas complementarias básicas. La confirmación diagnóstica de miocardiopatía dilatada se realizó mediante ecocardiograma. Nuestro paciente se diagnosticó en estadio D, con descompensación de insuficiencia cardíaca resistente al tratamiento y tras varios episodios de arritmias malignas falleció. Según la clasificación de la ACC/AHA, el tratamiento definitivo en dicho estadio es el trasplante cardíaco. En este caso fue desestimada su realización urgente, por agudización de enfermedad psiquiátrica y consumo activo de tóxicos. La etiología más frecuente de disnea es de origen cardiorrespiratorio. No debemos tipificar el origen psicógeno de la misma, aunque el paciente tenga antecedentes psiquiátricos, sin haber realizado las pruebas complementarias necesarias para descartar una causa orgánica (AU)

Dyspnoea is mainly of cardio-respiratory origin. A diagnosis of psychogenic origin should not be made without having undertaken the necessary complementary tests to rule out any underlying organic cause, even if the patient has a psychiatric history. We present a clinical case with a clinical picture of dyspnoea, in a 30 year-old male of African origin with a history of schizophrenia. Oedemas can also be associated with dyspnoea. Cardiomegaly and hypertrophy of the left ventricle were established, using additional basic tests. The diagnostic confirmation of dilated cardiomyopathy was obtained from the echocardiogram. He was diagnosed in D phase, with decompensated heart failure, which was refractory to treatment, and after several incidents of malignant arrhythmias, the patient died. According to the ACC/AHA classification, the definitive treatment in this phase is the heart transplant. In the present case, urgent intervention was not considered, due to the worsening of the psychiatric pathology and active drug-taking (AU)

[Analysis of the control of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease]. / Análisis del control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica.

INTRODUCTION: The objective was to determine the percentage of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) with good control of their cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) (LDL cholesterol, blood pressure and smoke cessation). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional multicentre study. The location was Primary Care and other clinics that typically treat patients with peripheral arterial disease (Internal Medicine, Vascular Surgery, Cardiology, Endocrinology and Nephrology). The first 10 patients with peripheral arterial disease were systematically selected by 440 researchers from all regions. RESULTS: The study included 4087 patients. Blood pressure was controlled in 29.5% of the cases. The frequency of patients with optimal control was significantly better in primary care (p<.01). There was an optimal control of LDL-C levels in 30.4% of patients. Factors associated with optimal control of LDL-C was, being diabetic, stage I of La Fontaine, and being seen by a doctor that was not the primary care physician. Control was worse in women and in smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Primary care physicians better manage patients with hypertension. Patients seen in by a specialist as opposed to primary care are more likely to achieve optimal control of CVRF. The situation is far from the ideal, only 6% achieved optimal control of all CVRF.

Análisis del control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica / Analysis of the control of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with peripheral arterial disease

Introducción. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el porcentaje de pacientes con enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) con un control óptimo de sus factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) (colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de baja densidad [c-LDL], presión arterial [PA] y abandono de tabaco). Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal multicéntrico, realizado en consultas de atención primaria (AP) y de otras especialidades que habitualmente atienden a pacientes con EAP, medicina interna, cirugía vascular (CV), cardiología, endocrinología y nefrología. Selección sistemática de los 10 primeros pacientes con EAP de las consultas de 440 investigadores pertenecientes a todas las comunidades autónomas. Resultados. Se incluyeron en el estudio a 4.087 pacientes. Tenían controlada la PA el 29,5% de los pacientes. La frecuencia de pacientes con control de la PA fue significativamente mejor en consultas de AP (p<0,01). Se observó un control óptimo de los niveles de c-LDL en un 30,4% de los pacientes. Los factores asociados con un control óptimo de este factor fueron el hecho de ser diabético, el encontrarse en estadio I de La Fontaine y el ser atendido por un médico que no fuese de AP, y se controlaba peor en mujeres y en fumadores activos. Conclusiones. Los médicos de AP manejan mejor al paciente hipertenso. Sin embargo, los pacientes atendidos en especialidad frente a AP tienen mayor probabilidad de conseguir un control óptimo de los FRCV. La situación dista de ser la idónea, ya que solo en un 6% se consiguió el control óptimo de todos los FRCV(AU)

Introduction. The objective was to determine the percentage of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) with good control of their cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) (LDL cholesterol, blood pressure and smoke cessation). Material and methods. Cross-sectional multicentre study. The location was Primary Care and other clinics that typically treat patients with peripheral arterial disease (Internal Medicine, Vascular Surgery, Cardiology, Endocrinology and Nephrology). The first 10 patients with peripheral arterial disease were systematically selected by 440 researchers from all regions. Results. The study included 4087 patients. Blood pressure was controlled in 29.5% of the cases. The frequency of patients with optimal control was significantly better in primary care (p<.01). There was an optimal control of LDL-C levels in 30.4% of patients. Factors associated with optimal control of LDL-C was, being diabetic, stage I of La Fontaine, and being seen by a doctor that was not the primary care physician. Control was worse in women and in smokers. Conclusions. Primary care physicians better manage patients with hypertension. Patients seen in by a specialist as opposed to primary care are more likely to achieve optimal control of CVRF. The situation is far from the ideal, only 6% achieved optimal control of all CVRF(AU)

[Contraceptive methods used by immigrant populations and conditions that influence the choice in a health area in Zaragoza]. / Métodos anticonceptivos utilizados por población inmigrante y condicionantes que influyen en su elección en un área sanitaria de Zaragoza.

BACKGROUND: The percentage of women immigrants in Spain has increased in these last years, resulting in the emergence of specific needs related to sexual and reproductive health. The objective of this article was to define the contraceptive methods used by immigrant women and the determining factors that influence their choice. To estimate the use of emergency post-coital contraception and prevalence of abortion. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study using a survey was carried out in the first quarter of 2011 at the "Centro de Salud Delicias Sur" in Zaragoza, Spain. The target population were immigrant women of childbearing age between 15 and 45 years who attended the clinic. Non probability sampling was used. RESULTS: The mean age was 29.35 years (95% confidence interval (CI) = 27.95 to 30.75 years). The majority country of origin was Ecuador. Almost half the women were single and worked in paid employment. The educational level was considered as average. The average duration of residence in Spain was 5.68 years (95% CI = 4.99 to 6.37 years) and 42% of them (95% CI = 32.62 to 51.83) did not use any contraceptive method. The most used contraceptive method was the condom, followed by oral hormonal contraceptives. More than half of the women had been informed in Primary Care. Almost one third (32%) (95% CI = 23.42 to 41.60) of the women had a history of abortion. More than 19% of women (95% CI = 12.46 to 28.10) had used the emergency contraceptive method. CONCLUSION: Contraceptive methods were not used by 42% of women. The alert indicators on the failure of preventive measures in sexual health are still too high.

Métodos anticonceptivos utilizados por población inmigrante y condicionantes que influyen en su elección en un área sanitaria de Zaragoza / Contraceptive methods used by immigrant populations and conditions that influence the choice in a health area in Zaragoza

Introducción. En los últimos años el porcentaje de mujeres inmigrantes ha aumentado provocando el surgimiento de necesidades específicas referentes a su salud sexual y reproductiva. El objetivo fue conocer los métodos anticonceptivos utilizados por ellas y los condicionantes que influyen en su elección. Estimar como indicadores de alerta: uso de píldora poscoital y prevalencia de abortos. Material y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal, mediante encuesta realizada en el primer trimestre del año 2011 en el Centro de Salud Delicias Sur (Zaragoza). La población diana fueron mujeres inmigrantes en edad fértil (15-45 años) que acudieron al centro, previo consentimiento informado. Muestreo accidental por cuotas. Resultados. La edad media fue de 29,35 años (IC al 95% = 27,95-30,75 años). El país de origen mayoritario fue Ecuador. Casi la mitad de las mujeres estaban solteras y trabajaban por cuenta ajena, y su nivel de instrucción era medio. La media de años de residencia en España fue de 5,68 años (IC al 95% = 4,99-6,37 años). Un 42% de las mujeres (IC al 95% = 32,62-51,83) no utilizaba ningún método anticonceptivo. El método más utilizado fue el preservativo, seguido de la píldora. Más de la mitad de las mujeres habían sido informadas en atención primaria. Un 32% (IC al 95% = 23,42-41,60) de ellas tenían un antecedente de aborto. Respecto al uso de la píldora poscoital (PPC), había recurrido a ella el 19,39% (IC al 95% = 12,46-28,10). Conclusiones. El 42% no utilizaba ningún método anticonceptivo y los indicadores de alerta sobre el fracaso de medidas preventivas en salud reproductiva son elevados (AU)

Background. The percentage of women immigrants in Spain has increased in these last years, resulting in the emergence of specific needs related to sexual and reproductive health. The objective of this article was to define the contraceptive methods used by immigrant women and the determining factors that influence their choice. To estimate the use of emergency post-coital contraception and prevalence of abortion. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study using a survey was carried out in the first quarter of 2011 at the "Centro de Salud Delicias Sur" in Zaragoza, Spain. The target population were immigrant women of childbearing age between 15 and 45 years who attended the clinic. Non probability sampling was used. Results. The mean age was 29.35 years (95% confidence interval (CI) = 27.95 to 30.75 years). The majority country of origin was Ecuador. Almost half the women were single and worked in paid employment. The educational level was considered as average. The average duration of residence in Spain was 5.68 years (95% CI = 4.99 to 6.37 years) and 42% of them (95% CI = 32.62 to 51.83) did not use any contraceptive method. The most used contraceptive method was the condom, followed by oral hormonal contraceptives. More than half of the women had been informed in Primary Care. Almost one third (32%) (95% CI = 23.42 to 41.60) of the women had a history of abortion. More than 19% of women (95% CI = 12.46 to 28.10) had used the emergency contraceptive method. Conclusion. Contraceptive methods were not used by 42% of women. The alert indicators on the failure of preventive measures in sexual health are still too high (AU)

El tabaco en los establecimientos de hostelería de Zaragoza tras cuatro años de la Ley 28/2005 / The smoking ban in the hospitality sector in Zaragoza, four years after the new legislation 28/2005

Fundamento y objetivo. Estimar el grado de cumplimiento de la Ley 28/2005 en locales de restauración y hostelería de Zaragoza. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo de prevalencia, realizado durante el primer trimestre del año 2010. Muestreo aleatorio simple. Muestra: 801 locales clasificados en tres categorías: restaurantes, bares —tabernas, cafeterías y comida rápida— y locales de ocio. Las variables: superficie del local, local con o sin humo, separaciones de acuerdo con la ley y cartel visible. Análisis estadístico: prevalencias y sus intervalos de confianza poblacionales; para detectar diferencias entre proporciones se empleó la prueba de la X2. Resultados. En Zaragoza, se permitía fumar en el 92,63% (IC del 95%, 90,66-94,29) de los establecimientos, estaba prohibido el consumo de tabaco en un 4,24% (IC del 95%, 3-5,9), y en un 2,62% (IC del 95%, 1,67-3,91) existían zonas compartimentadas entre fumadores y no fumadores. En los locales de más de 100 m, en los bares en el 74% estaba permitido fumar. Los restaurantes representan el tipo de local en el que más se han compartimentado los espacios. No se encontró ningún local de ocio nocturno libre de humo, y sólo en un 3,4% de estos había zonas totalmente compartimentadas. Conclusiones. Tras 5 años de la ley 28/2005, no existe una protección efectiva de los fumadores pasivos que deciden acudir a estos establecimientos, ni del fumador pasivo laboral, ya que en el 92,63% de los establecimientos está permitido el consumo de tabaco (AU)

Background and objective. To estimate the level of compliance of the new smoke-free legislation in the hospitality sector in Zaragoza. Methods. We performed a descriptive prevalence study, carried out during the first trimester of 2010. Simple random sampling based on 801 premises, classified into three types: restaurants, bars —including taverns, coffee shops, fast food restaurants— and night clubs. Variables: area, smoking or non-smoking establishment, separation between areas following the current regulations and visible sign-posting. Statistical analysis: Prevalence and confidence intervals; ÷2 test was used to detect the differences between proportions. Results. In Zaragoza, smoking was allowed in 92.63% (95% CI, 90.66-94.29) of all establishments and was forbidden in 4.24% (95% CI, 3.00-5.9), and 2.62% (95% CI, 1.67-3.91) had separated smoking areas. In those places with an area exceeding 100 m2, 74% were allowed to smoke in bars. The restaurants had more separated areas. There are no night clubs for non-smokers and only 3.4% had separated areas. Conclusions. Four years after the introduction of the current law 28/2005, there is still no effective protection for those passive smokers who decide to visit these places, including passive-smoker employees, as 93.63% of the establishments allow smoking (AU)