Bead-extraction and heat-dissociation (BEHD): A novel way to overcome drug and matrix interference in immunogenicity testing.

Biological therapeutics are foreign antigens and can potentially induce immune response resulting in the formation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA), which in turn may lead to a wide range of side effects. Neutralizing Ab (NAb) is a subset of ADA that can bind to the pharmacological activity regions of therapeutic to inhibit or complete neutralize its clinical efficacy. A cell-based functional NAb assay is preferred to characterize its neutralization activity. However, cell-based NAb assays are often vulnerable to drug interference, as well as interference from numerous serum factors, including but not limited to growth factors and disease-related cytokines. Bead Extraction with Acid Dissociation (BEAD) has been successfully applied to remove circulating drug and/or other interfering factors from human serum samples, thereby enriching for ADA/NAb. However, the harsh acid used in the extraction procedure can cause irreversible denaturing of NAb and lead to underestimated NAb measurement. Herein we describe a new approach when acid-dissociation is not optimal for a PEGylated domain antibody (Ab). We further demonstrate that heating at 62 °C can not only dissociate drug/ADA/NAb immune complex but also selectively and irreversibly denature domain Ab drug due to much lower thermal stability of the domain Ab, when compared to that of full antibodies. The irreversible denaturing of the drug favors the formation of an immune complex between ADA/NAb and the added biotinylated drug thus increasing the recovery of ADA/NAb from samples. We call this new procedure Bead Extraction with Heat Dissociation (BEHD), which can potentially be applied to other NAb assays that have poor compatibility with acid dissociation.

Development and validation of a functional cell-based neutralizing antibody assay for ipilimumab.

Ipilimumab is the first US FDA-approved immune checkpoint-blocking antibody drug to harness the patient's own immune cells. One of the postmarketing requirements is to develop a cell-based neutralizing antibody assay. Here, we share some of the most challenging aspects encountered during the assay development: new cell line construction; an unexpected inhibition of T-cell activation by low concentrations of ipilimumab; and two issues caused by sample pretreatment with acid dissociation to overcome drug interference: instability of neutralizing antibody positive control at low pH, and incompatibility of commonly used acid dissociation buffers in the cell assay. After troubleshooting and optimization, we successfully validated the assay and used the assay to test clinical samples to date.

Development and characterization of a free therapeutic ligand binding assay with assistance from kinetics modeling.

Bioanalytical data from early human studies conducted in normal volunteers are often used for building pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models that can predict outcomes of future studies in diseased patients. Thus, it is important to develop and validate reliable and accurate bioanalytical assays that instill confidence that the intended therapeutic species (total or free) are being measured. Assays quantifying the free therapeutic species, the partially bound (for multivalent therapeutics) and unbound species, require much more characterization than assays that quantify the total therapeutic species. We have developed an immunoassay to measure free BMS-962476, an Adnectin protein therapeutic against soluble proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin (PCSK)-9, and performed an in-depth characterization of the accuracy of this assay with the assistance of modeling. The experimental data correlates with modeled data within 15% at all clinically relevant levels of PCSK9 in normal and diseased populations.