Synthesis of silver­bismuth oxide encapsulated hydrazone functionalized chitosan (AgBi2O3/FCS) nanocomposite for electrochemical sensing of glucose, H2O2 and Escherichia coli O157:H7.

In this work, silver­bismuth oxide encapsulated 1,3,5-triazine-bis(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-hydrazone functionalized chitosan (SBO/FCS) nanocomposite was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The amine (-NH2) group was functionalized by the addition of cyanuric acid chloride followed by 4-methylbenzenesulfonol hydrazide. The SBO/FCS has been characterized by FT-IR, X-ray diffraction, XPS, HR-SEM, HR-TEM, AFM, and thermogravimetry (TGA). Under the optimum conditions, the SBO/FCS sensor showed brilliant electrochemical accomplishment for the sensing of glucose and H2O2 by a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.057 µM and 0.006 µM. It also showed linearity for glucose 0.008-4.848 mM and for H2O2 of 0.01-6.848 mM. Similarly, the sensor exhibited a low sensitivity to glucose (32 µA mM-1 cm-2) and a good sensitivity to H2O2 (295 µA mM-1 cm-2). In addition, that the prepared electrode could be used to sense the glucose and H2O2 levels in real samples such as blood serum and HeLa cell lines. The screen printed electrode (SPE) immunosensor could sense the E. coli O157:H7 concurrently and quantitatively with a linear range of 1.0 × 101-1.0 × 109 CFU mL-1 and a LOD of 4 CFU mL-1. Likewise, the immunosensor efficiently detect spiked E. coli O157:H7 in milk, chicken, and pork samples, with recoveries ranging from 89.70 to 104.72 %, demonstrating that the immunosensor was accurate and reliable.

Silver-functionalized bismuth oxide (AgBi2O3) nanoparticles for the superior electrochemical detection of glucose, NO2- and H2O2.

In this study, silver-functionalized bismuth oxide (AgBi2O3) nanoparticles (SBO NPs) were successfully synthesized by a highly efficient hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized SBO nanoparticles were characterized using FT-IR, P-XRD, XPS, HR-SEM, and HR-TEM analytical methods. It was found that the NPs were in spherical shape and hexagonal crystal phase. The newly prepared SBO electrode was further utilized for the detection of glucose, NO2- and H2O2 by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric methods. The electrodes exhibited high sensitivity (2.153 µA mM-1 cm-2 for glucose, 22 µA mM-1 cm-2 for NO2- and 1.72 µA mM-1 cm-2 for H2O2), low LOD (0.87 µM for glucose, 2.8 µM for NO2- and 1.15 µM for H2O2) and quick response time (3 s for glucose, 2 s for both NO2- and H2O2 respectively). The sensor exhibited outstanding selectivity despite the presence of various interferences. The developed sensor exhibited good repeatability, reproducibility, and stability. In addition, the sensor was used to measure glucose, H2O2 in human serum, and NO2- in milk and river water samples, demonstrating its potential for use in the real sample.

Synthesis, antimycobacterial screening, molecular docking, ADMET prediction and pharmacological evaluation on novel pyran-4-one bearing hydrazone, triazole and isoxazole moieties: Potential inhibitors of SARS CoV-2.

The respiratory infection tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its unrelenting spread caused millions of deaths around the world. Hence, it is needed to explore potential and less toxic anti-tubercular drugs. In the present work, we report the synthesis and antitubercular activity of four different (hydrazones 7-12, O-ethynyl oximes 19-24, triazoles 25-30, and isoxazoles 31-36) hybrids. Among these hybrids 9, 10, 33, and 34, displayed high antitubercular activity at 3.12 g/mL with >90% of inhibitions. The hybrids also showed good docking energies between -6.8 and -7.8 kcal/mol. Further, most active molecules were assayed for their DNA gyrase reduction ability towards M. tuberculosis and E.coli DNA gyrase by the DNA supercoiling and ATPase gyrase assay methods. All four hybrids showed good IC50 values comparable to that of the reference drug. In addition, the targets were also predicted as a potential binder for papain-like protease (SARS CoV-2 PLpro) by molecular docking and a good interaction result was observed. Besides, all targets were predicted for their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion - toxicity (ADMET) profile and found a significant amount of ADMET and bioavailability.

Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnZrO2/chitosan (ZnZrO2/CS) nanocomposite for highly sensitive detection of glucose and hydrogen peroxide.

In this work, pure ZnZrO2 and chitosan supported (ZnZrO2/CS) nanocomposite have been synthesized at low coast by hydrothermal method. FT-IR, Micro Raman, PXRD, HR-SEM-EDAX, HR-TEM, AFM, BET and XPS were used to analyze the structural and morphological properties of the fabricated nanocomposites. The fabricated ZnZrO2 and ZnZrO2/CS nanocomposites were measured for their electrocatalytic activity towards glucose and hydrogen peroxide determinations. The ZnZrO2/CS sensor exhibited wide detection range (5 µM to 5.85 mM), high sensitivity (6.78 µA mM-1 cm-2), LOD (2.31 µM), and long-term stability for glucose detection in alkaline solution. Also, as a multifunctional electrochemical sensor, ZnZrO2/CS sensor exhibits excellent sensing ability towards hydrogen peroxide, with a wide dynamic range (20 µM to 6.85 mM), a high sensitivity (2.22 µA mM-1 cm-2), and a LOD (2.08 µM) (S/N = 3). The electrochemical measurement shows that the ZnZrO2/CS sensor has excellent catalytic activity and a much LOD than ZnZrO2. The modified electrode showed excellent anti interference nature. Furthermore, this ZnZrO2/CS electrode was used to detection of glucose and H2O2 in human blood serum and HeLa cells respectively.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activity and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) secretion in arsenically safe pigmented red rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its product.

Inhibition of DPP-4 and stimulation of GLP-1 secretion are therapeutic strategies for controlling glycaemia in type 2 diabetes. The present study assessed the DPP-4 inhibitory activity and GLP-1 secretory action of pigmented and non-pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.), along with an extruded food product. Cereal-based extruded food products, with or without passion fruit powder, were prepared from red rice using a twin extruder. Optimal extrusion conditions were determined using a CCD of response surface methodology resulting in optimal conditions to be 97.5 °C, a screw speed of 250 rpm, feed moisture of 25.2% and addition of 11.25% passion fruit powder. Samples were sequentially extracted in n-hexane, ethanol (50%) and water. Ethanol/water (50:50) extracts of rice bran significantly inhibited DPP-4 activity by 70.48 ± 1.06%, comparing favourably with RR (42.55 ± 0.84%), PRR (35.91 ± 1.27%) and PA (29.14 ± 1.23%). DPP-4 inhibitory activity was retained in both extruded products albeit at reduced levels. GLP-1 secretion was stimulated mostly by extruded products extracted with n-hexane or ethanol which upregulated basal secretion by 6.1-fold and 4.2-fold, respectively. ICP-MS results showed that extruded food items have a lower arsenic content. In conclusion, there are potential opportunities for the nutraceuticals and functional food products using pigmented red rice. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05444-x.

Sirolimus-Coated Balloon With a Microsphere-Based Technology for the Treatment of De Novo or Restenotic Coronary Lesions.

BACKGROUND: Non stent-based local drug delivery with drug-coated balloon (DCB) is an alternative to drug-eluting stent with favorable clinical applicability in the treatment of selected coronary lesions. Our purpose was to report the initial performance, safety and efficacy evaluations of a novel sirolimus-coated balloon in the treatment of coronary lesions. METHODS: This was a phase I (first-in-man), prospective, multicenter, single-arm trial evaluating the novel SELUTION SLR™ DCB (M.A. Med Alliance SA, Nyon, Switzerland), which incorporates a polymeric microsphere-based technology for controlled and continuous release of sirolimus, in the treatment of de novo or restenotic lesions. RESULTS: A total of 56 patients/lesions were enrolled between November/2018 and March/2019. Diabetes was found in 46.6 %, and de novo lesions represented 79.6 % of cases. Device and procedural/clinical success were 100 % and 96.4 %, respectively. There was only one major adverse cardiac event (target lesion revascularization) reported at late follow-up. By quantitative coronary angiography analysis, mean % diameter stenosis was 30.5 ± 16.7 %, late lumen loss was 0.26 ± 0.45 mm and angiographic binary restenosis occurred in 4 of 45 cases at 6-month angiographic follow-up. CONCLUSION: The novel SELUTION sirolimus-coated balloon demonstrated safety and efficacy in the treatment of diseased coronary vessels, including absence of mortality and relatively low late lumen loss at late follow-up.

Sirolimus-coated balloon with a microsphere-based technology for the treatment of de novo or restenotic coronary lesions

BACKGROUND: Non stent-based local drug delivery with drug-coated balloon (DCB) is an alternative to drug-eluting stent with favorable clinical applicability in the treatment of selected coronary lesions. Our purpose was to report the initial performance, safety and efficacy evaluations of a novel sirolimus-coated balloon in the treatment of coronary lesions. METHODS: This was a phase I (first-in-man), prospective, multicenter, single-arm trial evaluating the novel SELUTION SLR™ DCB (M.A. Med Alliance SA, Nyon, Switzerland), which incorporates a polymeric microsphere-based technology for controlled and continuous release of sirolimus, in the treatment of de novo or restenotic lesions. RESULTS: A total of 56 patients/lesions were enrolled between November/2018 and March/2019. Diabetes was found in 46.6 %, and de novo lesions represented 79.6 % of cases. Device and procedural/clinical success were 100 % and 96.4 %, respectively. There was only one major adverse cardiac event (target lesion revascularization) reported at late follow-up. By quantitative coronary angiography analysis, mean % diameter stenosis was 30.5 ± 16.7 %, late lumen loss was 0.26 ± 0.45 mm and angiographic binary restenosis occurred in 4 of 45 cases at 6-month angiographic follow-up. CONCLUSION: The novel SELUTION sirolimus-coated balloon demonstrated safety and efficacy in the treatment of diseased coronary vessels, including absence of mortality and relatively low late lumen loss at late follow-up.

Effect of dual modification sequence on physicochemical, pasting, rheological and digestibility properties of cassava starch modified by acetic acid and ultrasound.

Dual modification of cassava starch was carried out using ultrasonication and acetylation by acetic acid by altering the sequence. The results revealed that the type of modification and sequence of modification for dual modified starches significantly affected the properties of starch. The swelling decreased for all the modified starches whereas solubility decreased for ultrasonicated starches but increased for acetylated starch and dual modified starch where acetylation was done after ultrasonication. The paste viscosities of all the modified starches were found to be significantly lower compared to native starch and the lowest viscosities were observed for dual modified starch where ultrasonication was done after acetylation. The resistant starch and slowly digestible starch content of the modified starches were significantly higher than in native starch, and the type of modification and sequence of modification for dual modified starches seemed to affect the digestibility of starches.

A Multicenter Randomized Trial to Determine the Effect of an Environmental Disinfection Intervention on the Incidence of Healthcare-Associated Clostridium difficile Infection.

OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of an environmental disinfection intervention on the incidence of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). DESIGN A multicenter randomized trial. SETTING In total,16 acute-care hospitals in northeastern Ohio participated in the study. INTERVENTION We conducted a 12-month randomized trial to compare standard cleaning to enhanced cleaning that included monitoring of environmental services (EVS) personnel performance with feedback to EVS and infection control staff. We assessed the thoroughness of cleaning based on fluorescent marker removal from high-touch surfaces and the effectiveness of disinfection based on environmental cultures for C. difficile. A linear mixed model was used to compare CDI rates in the intervention and postintervention periods for control and intervention hospitals. The primary outcome was the incidence of healthcare-associated CDI. RESULTS Overall, 7 intervention hospitals and 8 control hospitals completed the study. The intervention resulted in significantly increased fluorescent marker removal in CDI and non-CDI rooms and decreased recovery of C. difficile from high-touch surfaces in CDI rooms. However, no reduction was observed in the incidence of healthcare-associated CDI in the intervention hospitals during the intervention and postintervention periods. Moreover, there was no correlation between the percentage of positive cultures after cleaning of CDI or non-CDI rooms and the incidence of healthcare-associated CDI. CONCLUSIONS An environmental disinfection intervention improved the thoroughness and effectiveness of cleaning but did not reduce the incidence of healthcare-associated CDI. Thus, interventions that focus only on improving cleaning may not be sufficient to control healthcare-associated CDI. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:777-783.

Synthesis, identification and in vitro biological evaluation of some novel quinoline incorporated 1,3-thiazinan-4-one derivatives.

The present study describes the synthesis of two new series of 3-hydroxy-N-(4-oxo-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazinan-3-yl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline-2-carboxamide derivatives (4a-j) and 3-((7-chloroquinolin-4-ylamino)methyl)-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazinan-4-one derivatives (5a-7j). All the compounds were synthesized in moderate to good yield by one-pot three component cyclo-condensation reaction. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1H, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against a panel of pathogenic bacterial strains, antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and also for their in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Among the synthesized compounds two of them (4f and 5f) showed excellent antibacterial activity against C. tetani at 15.6µg/mL. Some of them exhibited excellent antitubercular (4f &5f) and good antimalarial (4f, 5f &6f) activity compared with the first line drugs.

Learning from Bees: An Approach for Influence Maximization on Viral Campaigns.

Maximisation of influence propagation is a key ingredient to any viral marketing or socio-political campaigns. However, it is an NP-hard problem, and various approximate algorithms have been suggested to address the issue, though not largely successful. In this paper, we propose a bio-inspired approach to select the initial set of nodes which is significant in rapid convergence towards a sub-optimal solution in minimal runtime. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using the re-tweet network of the hashtag #KissofLove on Twitter associated with the non-violent protest against the moral policing spread to many parts of India. Comparison with existing centrality based node ranking process the proposed method significant improvement on influence propagation. The proposed algorithm is one of the hardly few bio-inspired algorithms in network theory. We also report the results of the exploratory analysis of the network kiss of love campaign.

A Cumulative Spore Killing Approach: Synergistic Sporicidal Activity of Dilute Peracetic Acid and Ethanol at Low pH Against Clostridium difficile and Bacillus subtilis Spores.

Background. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are the primary method of hand hygiene in healthcare settings, but they lack activity against bacterial spores produced by pathogens such as Clostridium difficile and Bacillus anthracis. We previously demonstrated that acidification of ethanol induced rapid sporicidal activity, resulting in ethanol formulations with pH 1.5-2 that were as effective as soap and water washing in reducing levels of C difficile spores on hands. We hypothesized that the addition of dilute peracetic acid (PAA) to acidified ethanol would enhance sporicidal activity while allowing elevation of the pH to a level likely to be well tolerated on skin (ie, >3). Methods. We tested the efficacy of acidified ethanol solutions alone or in combination with PAA against C difficile and Bacillus subtilis spores in vitro and against nontoxigenic C difficile spores on hands of volunteers. Results. Acidification of ethanol induced rapid sporicidal activity against C difficile and to a lesser extent B subtilis. The addition of dilute PAA to acidified ethanol resulted in synergistic enhancement of sporicidal activity in a dose-dependent fashion in vitro. On hands, the addition of 1200-2000 ppm PAA enhanced the effectiveness of acidified ethanol formulations, resulting in formulations with pH >3 that were as effective as soap and water washing. Conclusions. Acidification and the addition of dilute PAA induced rapid sporicidal activity in ethanol. Our findings suggest that it may be feasible to develop effective sporicidal ethanol formulations that are safe and tolerable on skin.

Evaluation of a low-intensity ultraviolet-C radiation device for decontamination of computer keyboards.

Computer keyboards are a potential source for dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms. We demonstrated that a low-intensity ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation device was effective in reducing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli, and Clostridium difficile spores on steel carriers and significantly reduced bacterial counts on in-use keyboards.

Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from culinary banana peel using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical treatment.

In the present study, culinary banana peel was explored as a source of raw material for production of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). For isolation of CNFs, first the peel flour was subjected to different chemical treatments to eliminate non-cellulosic compounds. The obtained chemically treated cellulose fibers were then mechanically tailored and separated into nanofibers using high-intensity ultrasonication at different output power ranging from 0 to 1000 W. The presences of nanofibers in all samples were confirmed by TEM. Increasing output power of ultrasonication reduced size of CNFs and generated more thinner and needle-like structure. SEM, FT-IR and XRD results indicated chemical treatment employed was effective in removing compounds other than cellulose fibers. Thermal analyses evinced the developed CNFs enhanced thermal properties which serve the purpose as an effective reinforcing material to be used as bionanocomposites. Hence, the production of CNFs from this underutilized agro-waste has potential application in commercial field that can add high value to culinary banana.

Influence of bamboo shoot powder fortification on physico-chemical, textural and organoleptic characteristics of biscuits.

Bamboo shoot has attracted significant research and a commercial interest due to its many health-promoting bioactive compounds as well as its effectiveness in decreasing blood pressure, cholesterol and increasing appetite. As availability of fresh shoot is limited due to its seasonality there is need of incorporation of nutrients of shoot to any common food product which is easily available throughout year. Shoots of Bambusa balcooa variety were taken and edible parts were separated. Slices of shoot were boiled, dried, powdered, sieved, analysed for nutritional status and used for biscuit making. Bamboo shoot powder (BSP) was added in 0 % (control), 5, 10, and 15 % level in dry ingredients by replacing wheat flour and other ingredients were kept constant. Dough prepared are firstly analysed for basic characteristics. Then biscuits were prepared and analyzed for moisture, water activity, protein, fiber, fat, ash, phenolics, antioxidant activity, dimension, hardness, color and sensory acceptability. Variations were observed for fiber, antioxidant activity and phenolics from 1.08 to 1.97 %, 3.50 to 17.85 % and 0.45 to 4.19 mg/100 g respectively. Results showed that up to 10 % fortification level the biscuits were acceptable with improved functional and neutraceutical properties compared to the control.

Pectinase production by Aspergillus niger using banana (Musa balbisiana) peel as substrate and its effect on clarification of banana juice.

Optimization of substrate concentration, time of incubation and temperature for crude pectinase production from A. niger was carried out using Bhimkol banana (Musa balbisiana) peel as substrate. The crude pectinase produced was partially purified using ethanol and effectiveness of crude and partially purified pectinase was studied for banana juice clarification. The optimum substrate concentration, incubation time and temperature of incubation were 8.07 %, 65.82 h and 32.37 °C respectively, and the polygalacturonase (PG) activity achieved was 6.6 U/ml for crude pectinase. The partially purified enzyme showed more than 3 times of polygalacturonase activity as compared to the crude enzyme. The SDS-PAGE profile showed that the molecular weight of proteins present in the different pectinases varied from 34 to 42 kDa. The study further revealed that highest clarification was achieved when raw banana juice was incubated for 60 min with 2 % concentration of partially purified pectinase and the absorbance obtained was 0.10.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of vasicine acetate synthesized from vasicine isolated from Adhatoda vasica L.

Adhatoda vasica (L.) (Acanthaceae) is used in the indigenous system of medicine in India. The alkaloid Vasicine was isolated from ethanolic extract of the leaves of A. vasica using column chromatography. Vasicine acetate was obtained by acetylation of Vasicine. Vasicine acetate exhibited good zone of inhibition against bacteria: 10 mm against E. aerogenes, 10 mm against S. epidermidis, and 10 mm against P. aeruginosa. Vasicine acetate showed minimum inhibitory concentration values against bacteria: M. luteus (125 µg/mL), E. aerogenes (125 µg/mL), S. epidermidis (125 µg/mL), and P. aeruginosa (125 µg/mL). The radical scavenging activity of Vasicine acetate was the maximum at 1000 µg/mL (66.15%). The compound showed prominent cytotoxic activity in vitro against A549 lung adenocarcinoma cancer cell line. Quantification of Vasicine and Vasicine acetate by HPLC-DAD analysis showed their contents to be 0.2293% and 0.0156%, respectively, on dry weight basis of the leaves. Vasicine acetate could be probed further in drug discovery programme.

Evaluation of a pulsed xenon ultraviolet disinfection system for reduction of healthcare-associated pathogens in hospital rooms.

OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of a pulsed xenon ultraviolet (PX-UV) disinfection device for reduction in recovery of healthcare-associated pathogens. SETTING Two acute-care hospitals. METHODS We examined the effectiveness of PX-UV for killing of Clostridium difficile spores, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) on glass carriers and evaluated the impact of pathogen concentration, distance from the device, organic load, and shading from the direct field of radiation on killing efficacy. We compared the effectiveness of PX-UV and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation, each delivered for 10 minutes at 4 feet. In hospital rooms, the frequency of native pathogen contamination on high-touch surfaces was assessed before and after 10 minutes of PX-UV irradiation. RESULTS On carriers, irradiation delivered for 10 minutes at 4 feet from the PX-UV device reduced recovery of C. difficile spores, MRSA, and VRE by 0.55±0.34, 1.85±0.49, and 0.6±0.25 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/cm2, respectively. Increasing distance from the PX-UV device dramatically reduced killing efficacy, whereas pathogen concentration, organic load, and shading did not. Continuous UV-C achieved significantly greater log10CFU reductions than PX-UV irradiation on glass carriers. On frequently touched surfaces, PX-UV significantly reduced the frequency of positive C. difficile, VRE, and MRSA culture results. CONCLUSIONS The PX-UV device reduced recovery of MRSA, C. difficile, and VRE on glass carriers and on frequently touched surfaces in hospital rooms with a 10-minute UV exposure time. PX-UV was not more effective than continuous UV-C in reducing pathogen recovery on glass slides, suggesting that both forms of UV have some effectiveness at relatively short exposure times.

Production and purification of anti-bacterial biometabolite from wild-type Lactobacillus, isolated from fermented bamboo shoot: future suggestions and a proposed system for secondary metabolite onsite recovery during continuous fermentation.

Wild-type lactobacillus isolated form Khorisa, a fermented bamboo shoot product of Assam, India were evaluated for production anti-bacterial secondary biometabolites, against Staphylococcus aureus. Submerged fermentation technique was used for the production of secondary anti-microbial biometabolite by a single wild-type lactobacillus strain, which tested positive for the release of anti-bacterial factor(s). Crude cell-free supernatant was obtained, followed by extraction in water-immiscible solvents viz., chloroform, hexane, petroleum ether. Chloroform extract of cell-free crude supernatant showed maximum yield (0.054 g/ml) and inhibited all indicator bacterial strains viz., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. Yields of hexane and petroleum ether extract were 0.052 and 0.026 g/ml, respectively. Minimum lethal dose concentration assay of the chloroform extract showed LDmin values at 27, 1.68, and 1.68 mg/ml for E. coli, S. aureus, and B. cereus, respectively. Kill time for all the indicator bacterial strains were less than 12 h. The efficacy of the anti-bacterial substance seemed to depend on the presence of organic acids, particularly lactic acid. Conceptual-based suggestion for the development of an onsite secondary metabolites recovery system during continuous fermentation has also been attempted.

Effect of enzyme concentration, addition of water and incubation time on increase in yield of starch from potato.

Enzymatic treatment process for starch extraction from potato was investigated using cellulase enzyme and compared with conventional process. The effects of three parameters, cellulase enzyme concentration, incubation time and addition of water were evaluated for increase in starch yield as compared to the conventional process i.e., without using enzyme. A two-level full factorial design was used to study the process. The results indicated that all the main parameters and their interactions are statistically significant. Enzyme concentration and incubation time had a positive effect on the increase in starch yield while addition of water had a negative effect. The increase in starch yield ranged from 1.9% at low enzyme concentration and incubation time and high addition of water to a maximum of 70% increase from conventional process in starch yield was achieved when enzyme concentration and incubation time were high and addition of water was low suggesting water present in the ground potato meal is sufficient for access to the enzyme with in the slurry ensuring adequate contact with the substrate.