RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAr) encephalitis-associated syndrome includes neuropsychiatric symptoms, impaired consciousness, seizures, autonomic instability, and hypoventilation. The electroencephalographic (EEG) activity throughout the course of the disease has still not been well documented. We reviewed electroclinical data of patients with NMDAr encephalitis to characterize their EEG and its clinical correlation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 16 patients with NMDAr encephalitis from 8 Spanish medical centers, 15 of whom underwent video-EEG in the acute phase. RESULTS: In 15 patients (11 females, median age: 37.4, range: 14-87 years), seizures occurred in 9 (60%) and status epilepticus (SE) in 5 (33.3%). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was abnormal in 10 (66.6%), and CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) was normal in 3 and abnormal in 12, with positive PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1/15) and herpes simple virus (1/15). An ovarian teratoma was found in 1 patient and other malignancies (small cell lung carcinoma) in 1 patient. The EEG was abnormal in the acute phase in 14/15 (93.3%). Extreme delta brush (EDB) was observed in 5 (33.3%), and the presence of EDB was associated with SE in all cases. Rhythmic delta activity without EDB was observed in 5 (33.3%), while excessive beta activity was present in 4 (26.6%). Extreme delta brush can follow a pattern of well-characterized electroclinical seizures. CONCLUSIONS: Almost invariably, patients with NMDAr encephalitis had abnormal EEG. The presence of EDB, which can follow a pattern of well-characterized electroclinical seizures, in our patients was associated with seizures and SE. These findings suggest that EDB could be an evolutive pattern of an SE in NMDAr encephalitis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Status Epilepticus".
Assuntos
Encefalite Antirreceptor de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/fisiopatologia , Ritmo Delta , Eletroencefalografia , Convulsões/fisiopatologia , Estado Epiléptico/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Encefalite Antirreceptor de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/complicações , Encefalite Antirreceptor de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/etiologia , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Encefalite por Herpes Simples/complicações , Encefalite por Herpes Simples/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/complicações , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/complicações , Pneumonia por Mycoplasma/fisiopatologia , Recidiva , Estudos Retrospectivos , Convulsões/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Convulsões/etiologia , Estado Epiléptico/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Estado Epiléptico/etiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The scorpionic and ophidian envenomations are a serious public health problem in Tunisia especially in Southeastern regions. In these regions Artemisia campestris L is a plant well known which has a very important place in traditional medicine for its effectiveness against alleged venom of scorpions and snakes. In this work, we tested for the first time, the anti-venomous activity of Artemisia campestris L against the scorpion Androctonus australis garzonii and the viper Macrovipera lebetina venoms. Assays were conducted by fixing the dose of extract to3 mg/mouse while doses of venom are variable. The leaves of Artemisia campestris L were extracted by various organic solvents (Ether of oil, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol) and each extract was tested for its venom neutralizing capacity. For the ethanolic extract, a significant activity with respect to the venoms of scorpion Androctonus australis garzonii (Aag), was detected. Similarly, a significant neutralizing activity against the venom of a viper Macrovipera lebetina (Ml), was obtained with the dichloromethane extract. These results suggest the presence of two different type of chemical components in this plant: those neutralizing the venom of scorpion are soluble in ethanol whereas those neutralizing the venom of viper are soluble in dichloromethane.
Assuntos
Artemisia , Medicina Tradicional , Fitoterapia/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Venenos de Escorpião/antagonistas & inibidores , Venenos de Víboras/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Artemisia/química , Bioensaio , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Etanol , Humanos , Dose Letal Mediana , Metanol , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Folhas de Planta , Picadas de Escorpião/tratamento farmacológico , Picadas de Escorpião/epidemiologia , Escorpiões , Mordeduras de Serpentes/tratamento farmacológico , Mordeduras de Serpentes/epidemiologia , Solubilidade , Solventes , Tunísia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
On the basis of some reports, a double-blind experimental trial comparing the activity of cyclofenil, estradiol valerate and placebo in post-menopausal disturbances was carried out. 60 women among those attending the menopausal clinic and affected by climateric disorders have been treated. The objective criterium for the admission had been established on the basis of the value of plasma FSH (greater or equal to 800 ng/ml). Besides the gynecological examination (including objective and subjective examination, hormone dosage, endometrial biopsy) patients underwent psychological examination (individual interview and psychometric tests) before and after 28 days of therapy The statistical evaluation of the results obtained with the 3 drugs showed a statistically significant difference between the placebo and the active compounds: no significant difference between cyclofenil and estradiol valerate was observed.
