Intensidades de actividad física en juegos estructurados y activos en niños entre 6 y 12 años / Intensities of Physical Activity in Structured and Active Games in Children between 6 and 12 Years / Intensidades de atividade física em jogos estruturados e ativos em crianças entre 6 e 12 anos

Resumen Introducción: Muchos niños no alcanzan las recomendaciones internacionales respecto a los niveles de actividad física (AF) relacionados con la salud. El juego estructurado y activo sería una gran estrategia para incrementar la AF. El objetivo fue describir intensidades de AF alcanzadas en juegos estructurados seleccionados, y su relación con la recomendación de AF para niños. Materiales y métodos: Participaron 30 niños normopeso (20 varones y 10 mujeres), de estos grupos etarios: 6-7, 8-9 y 10-12 años. Realizaron 32 juegos de 6 min 50 s (± 1 min 42 s) de duración cada uno, en seis sesiones, y con pausas de 5-6 min interjuegos. La intensidad de AF fue determinada por observación sistemática (SOFIT) y acelerometría, categorizando la intensidad de AF según puntos de corte en cuentas por minuto (CPM). Se calcularon medias y DS para variables de acelerometría, CPM y SOFIT. Se realizaron contrastes entre sexos y grupos etarios, considerando el grupo total y por cada juego. Se correlacionaron variables de acelerometría con las de SOFIT. La significancia fue p <0,05. Resultados: Diez juegos pertenecen a AF moderada y 22, al límite superior de ligera. Hubo diferencias significativas, para CPM, entre 8-9 y 6-7 años, y entre sexos, en cinco juegos. Se correlacionó AF moderada y vigorosa y CPM (r = 0,36; p = 0,04). Conclusiones: Estos juegos, respecto a intensidad de AF (10 en categoría moderada y 22 en límite superior de ligera), revelan un aporte sustantivo a las recomendaciones de AF para niños.

Abstract Introduction: Many children do not reach recommendations regarding physical activity (PA) levels related to health. Structured and active games would be a great strategy to increase PA levels. The aim was to describe intensities of PA reached in selected structured games and their relation with PA recommendations for children. Material and methods: Participants were thirty normal-weight children (twenty boys and ten girls). The age groups were 6-7, 8-9, and 10-12 years. They performed 32 games of 6 min 50 s (± 1 min 42 s of duration each), in 6 sessions, and with pauses of 5-6 min between them. PA intensity was determined by systematic observation (SOFIT) and accelerometry, categorizing PA intensity according to cut-off points in counts per minute (CPM). Means and DS were calculated for accelerometry variables, CPM, and SOFIT. The contrast was made between gender and age groups, considering the whole group and each game. Accelerometry variables were correlated with those of SOFIT. The significance was p <0.05. Results: Ten games belong to moderate PA, and 22 to the upper light limit. There were significant differences for CPM, between 8-9 and 6-7 years, and between gender, in five games. Moderate and vigorous PA and CPM were correlated (r = 0.36, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Regarding PA intensity, these games (ten in moderate category and 22 in the light upper limit), reveal a substantive contribution to the PA recommendations for children.

Resumo Introdução: Muitas crianças não alcançam as recomendações internacionais respeito aos níveis de atividade física (AF) relacionados com a saúde. O jogo estruturado e ativo seria uma grande estratégia para incrementar a AF. O objetivo foi descrever intensidades de AF alcançadas em jogos estruturados selecionados, e sua relação com a recomendação de AF para crianças. Materiais e métodos: Participaram 30 crianças com peso normal (20 homens e 10 mulheres), destes grupos etários: 6-7, 8-9 e 10-12 anos. Realizaram 32 jogos de 6 min 50 s (± 1 min 42 s) de duração cada um, em 6 sessões, e com pausas de 5-6 min interjogos. A intensidade de AF foi determinada por observação sistemática (SOFIT) e acelerometria, categorizando a intensidade de AF segundo pontos de corte em contas por minuto (CPM). Se realizaram contrastes entre sexos e grupos etários, considerando o grupo total e por cada jogo. Se correlacionaram variáveis de acelerometria com as de SOFIT. A significação foi p <0,05. Resultados: Dez jogos pertenecem a AF moderada, e 22 ao limite superior de ligeira. Houve diferenças significativas, para CPM, entre 8-9 e 6-7 anos, e entre sexos, em 5 jogos. Se correlacionou AF moderada e vigorosa e CPM (r = 0,36; p = 0,04). Conclusões: Estes jogos, respeito à intensidade de AF (10 em categoria moderada, e 22 em limite superior de ligeira), revelam um aporte substantivo às recomendações de AF para crianças.

Evaluación de la capacidad de salto y estado ponderal en estudiantes de danza clásica de la escuela del Teatro Colón en Buenos Aires / Assessment of jumping ability and weight status in students of the Teatro Colón classical dance school in Buenos Aires

Introducción: El objetivo fue estudiar la capacidad de salto, el peso corporal y la talla, en estudiantes de la escuela de danza clásica del Teatro Colón de Buenos Aires. Material y métodos: Cincuenta estudiantes femeninos (10 a 21 años) y 16 masculinos (10 a 26 años). Variables: estatura (m), peso (kg), índice de masa corporal, altura (cm) del squat jump (SJ) y countermouvement jump (CMJ), índice de elasticidad (IE) (%). Resultados: Bajo peso 38% de mujeres y 6,3% de varones. En mujeres, se ejecutó t-test para grupos independientes según categorías de edad, entre categorías de estado nutricional, para los saltos SJ, CMJ, IE, sin diferencias significativas. Se ejecutó ANOVA one-way entre categorías de edad para SJ, CMJ, IE, sin diferencias significativas para SJ (F = 0,8; p = 0,46), CMJ (F = 0,28; p = 0,76), IE (F = 0,61; p = 0,55). En varones la prueba ANOVA one-way entre categorías de edad mostró significación en SJ (F = 9,97; p = 0,002) y CMJ (F = 17,58; p = 0,00). La diferencia estuvo entre categoría 1 con 2 y 3, que tendieron a agruparse (testpost hoc de Scheffé, p < 0,05). IE: prueba de Kruskal-Wallis, sin diferencias significativas entre categorías de edad (X2 = 2,17; p = 0,34). Calidad del salto: 68% de los varones y 42% de las mujeres lograron un IE ≥ 6%, indicando buena relación CMJ/SJ. Conclusiones: Se sugieren controles de salud dado el elevado número de bailarinas con bajo peso. En lo que respecta al salto, el grupo de mujeres podría mejorar su capacidad

Introduction: The aim of the study was to assess the jumping ability, body weight and height in classical dance students of the Teatro Colón school in Buenos Aires. Material and methods: The study included 50 female (10-21 years) and 16 male (10-26 years) students. Variables: height (m), weight (kg), body mass index, height (cm) of squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ), elasticity index (IE) (%). Results: Underweight was found in 38% of females and 6.3% of males. In females, t-test for independent groups was implemented according to age categories between categories of nutritional status for SJ, CMJ, IE, with no significant differences. One-way ANOVA was implemented between age categories for SJ, CMJ, IE, with no significant differences for SJ (F = 0.8; p = .46), CMJ (F = 0.28; p = .76), IE (F = 0.61; p=.55). In the males one-way ANOVA test between age categories, SJ showed significance (F = 9.97; p = .002) and CMJ (F = 17.58; p = .00). Difference was between category 1 with 2 and 3, which tended to cluster (Scheffe post hoc test, p < .05). IE: Kruskal-Wallis test, showed no significant differences between age groups (X2 = 2.17; p=.34). Quality jump: 68% of males and 42% of females achieved an IE of 6%, indicating good CMJ/SJ ratio. Conclusions: Health checks are suggested, given the high number of underweight dancers. As regards the jump, the female group could improve its capacity

Actividad física, comportamiento sedentario y estado nutricional en escolares de la ciudad de Buenos Aires / Physical activity, sedentary behavior and nutritional status in schoolchildren in the city of Buenos Aires

Introducción: la obesidad en niños y adolescentes se relaciona con la disminución de la actividad física y el estilo de vida sedentario. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido determinar estado nutricional, niveles de actividad física y sedentarismo en un grupo de escolares y estudiantes secundarios de clase media baja y media alta de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires utilizando acelerometría. Población y métodos: entre agosto y diciembre de 2013 se estudiaron 174 sujetos, 87 varones y 87 mujeres, de 7 a 17 años, 40,8% asistente a escuelas de nivel primario y 59,2% al nivel secundario; 44,3% de nivel socioeconómico medio alto y 55,7% medio bajo. Se estudió edad, sexo, peso, talla, nivel de actividad física y tiempo sedentario. Los sujetos portaron por siete días un acelerómetro uniaxial CSA 7164. Se utilizó el coeficiente correlación de Pearson y test t al comparar actividad física y tiempo sedentario por edad y sexo. Resultados: en el nivel socioeconómico medio-bajo, el 34,0% presentó sobrepeso y el 21,6% obesidad, en el medio-alto el 14,3% y 5,2%. La actividad física promedio fue de 31,5 minutos (±19,7) y 552,05 (±126,9) los minutos de comportamiento sedentario. La actividad física realizada por niños, 37,07 minutos (±20,0) fue significativamente mayor que en adolescentes (27,28 minutos; ±18,5). El tiempo sedentario fue significativamente mayor en adolescentes, 621,37 minutos (±106,1) que en niños (460,78 minutos; ±89,0). Tanto en niños como en adolescentes, los varones registraron mayor actividad física que las mujeres. No hubo diferencias significativas en tiempo sedentario. Conclusiones: es elevado el sobrepeso y la obesidad, siendo mayor en el nivel socioeconómico medio-bajo. La mayoría de la muestra no alcanzó las recomendaciones de actividad física, y el tiempo de conducta sedentaria fue elevado.

Introduction: obesity in children and adolescents is associated with decreased physical activity and sedentary lifestyle. The aim of this study was to determine nutritional status, levels of physical activity and inactivity in a group of children and high school students from average lower middle and high middle classes in the city of Buenos Aires by accelerometry. Population and methods: 174 subjects, 87 males and 87 females, aged 7 to 17 years old, 40,8% attending primary schools and 59,2% attending high school were studied between August and December 2013; 44,3% of subjects with high socioeconomic status, and 55,7% average. Age, sex, weight, height, level of physical activity and sedentary time were studied. Subjects carried the CSA 7164 uniaxial accelerometer device or seven days. The Pearson correlation coefficient and t test were used to compare physical activity and sedentary time by age and sex. Results: in the middle-low socioeconomic status, 34,0% were overweight and 21,6% obese, in the middle-high 14,3% and 5,2% respectively. The average physical activity was 31,5 minutes (±19,7) and sedentary behavior 552,05 (±126,9) minutes. The physical activity of children, 37,07 minutes (±20,0) was significantly higher than in adolescents, 27,28 minutes (±18,5). Sedentary time was significantly greater in adolescents, 621,37 minutes (±106,1) than in children, 460,78 minutes (±89,0). Both school and adolescent boys reported more physical activity than women did. No significant differences in sedentary time were observed. Conclusions: high overweight and obesity, are higher in the medium-low socioeconomic status. The majority of samples did not meet the recommendations for physical activity and sedentary behavior time was high.

El peso transportado en las mochilas escolares: Un estudio en cuatro escuelas de la región metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina / A study concerning how much weight schoolchildren carry in their bags, involving four schools in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, Argentina

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar el peso transportado del equipaje escolar (en valores absolutos y relativos) y la distancia caminada en los trayectos hogar-escuela, en escolares de cuatro escuelas de la región metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Métodos Se estudiaron 751 alumnos (394 varones y 357 mujeres, de 9 a 18 años) de niveles primario (4to. a 6to. grados), y secundario (1ro. a 3er. años) de tres escuelas de gestión privada y una pública. Se midieron los pesos corporal y del equipaje escolar, y se indagó sobre la distancia desde la escuela al hogar, y sobre las cuadras caminadas en este trayecto. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y contrastes según género, nivel educativo, tipo de escuela y grados y años cursados. Se verificaron posibles asociaciones entre variables. Se dividió al grupo en dos: quienes transportaban menos del 10 % de su peso corporal, y los que acarreaban el 10 % (considerado como valor crítico) y más, calculándose las frecuencias según tipo de equipaje utilizado. Resultados El 68 % de los evaluados transporta un peso por encima del 10 % del peso corporal (P42=10,13 %), siendo del 66 % para varones (P44 = 10,12 %) y 60 % para mujeres (P40=10,2 %). En escuelas privadas se acarrearon mayores pesos que en públicas (p<0,05); y en ambos niveles educativos los alumnos de cursos inferiores transportaron pesos superiores que los de grados superiores (p<0,05). Conclusiones La mayoría de los alumnos transporta pesos relativos por encima de las recomendaciones, siendo las mujeres las más perjudicadas. Los más pequeños cargan pesos absolutos y relativos mayores.

ABSTRACT Objective Determining the weight children carry in their bags to school (absolute and relative values) and the distance walked during home-school routes, involving students from four schools in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires. Method The study involved 751 primary (4th to 6th grades) and secondary (1st to 3rd years) level students who were attending three private schools and one public one. Body and bag weights were measured and the children were asked about the distance (in blocks) they walked from school to home. The study involved a descriptive analysis and contrasted the students by gender, educational level, type of school and grade or year. Possible associations between variables were ascertained. The group was divided into those carrying bags weighing less than 10% of their body weight and those who carrying 10% (considered a critical value) and more; frequencies were calculated by the type of bag being used. Results 68% of the sample were carrying 10% or more of their body weight (P42=10.13%): 66% in male (P44=10.12%) and 60% in female children (P40=10.2%). Private school students carried more weight than public school children (p<0.05) and younger students carried a greater weight than older students (p<0.05) in both educational levels. Conclusions Most children were carrying relative weights well above that recommended and female students were most affected. Younger students carried higher absolute and relative weights.

[A study concerning how much weight schoolchildren carry in their bags, involving four schools in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, Argentina]. / El peso transportado en las mochilas escolares: Un estudio en cuatro escuelas de la región metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina

OBJECTIVE: Determining the weight children carry in their bags to school (absolute and relative values) and the distance walked during home-school routes, involving students from four schools in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires. METHOD: The study involved 751 primary (4th to 6th grades) and secondary (1st to 3rd years) level students who were attending three private schools and one public one. Body and bag weights were measured and the children were asked about the distance (in blocks) they walked from school to home. The study involved a descriptive analysis and contrasted the students by gender, educational level, type of school and grade or year. Possible associations between variables were ascertained. The group was divided into those carrying bags weighing less than 10% of their body weight and those who carrying 10% (considered a critical value) and more; frequencies were calculated by the type of bag being used. RESULTS: 68% of the sample were carrying 10% or more of their body weight (P42=10.13%): 66% in male (P44=10.12%) and 60% in female children (P40=10.2%). Private school students carried more weight than public school children (p<0.05) and younger students carried a greater weight than older students (p<0.05) in both educational levels. CONCLUSIONS: Most children were carrying relative weights well above that recommended and female students were most affected. Younger students carried higher absolute and relative weights.

Aproximação ao estudo dos perfis de gasto energético em relação aos conteúdos e contextos, e à participaçãodocente, durante as aulas de educação física em escolas médias da cidade de Buenos Aires / Approximation to study the profiles of energy expenditure for content and context, and participation teacher, during school physical education in schools of the city of Buenos Aires

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma aproximação exploratória sobre os níveis de atividade física relacionados com os conteúdos-contexto e à participação docente, durante as aulasde educação física em escolas médias. Estudaram- se 152 homens e 52 mulheres, entre 13 e 18 anosde idade, que participaram de 21 aulas de educação física, utilizando um sistema de observação direta chamado S.O.F.I.T.(System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time). Estimou-se a taxa de gasto energético das aulas. Acharam-se medidas de tendência central e de variabilidade para cada variávelque cosntituem as três faces do instrumento (níveis de atividade física, conteúdos-contexto e participação docente). Determinou-se a influência de gênero dos alunos (mediante t-teste para grupos independentes) e do ano cursado (mediante teste de Kruskall- Wallis) sobre o restante das variáveis independentes. N.S.:p< 0,05. Não existiram diferenças significativas de gênero, exceto para o nível muito ativo dos homens. O ano que foi cursado influiu sobre atividades de aptidão física, habilidades motoras, jogo regrado, jogo livre e condução. Concluiu- se que: 1) O limiar mínimo de atividade física moderada a vigorosa satisfaz as recomendações internacionais. 2) A época de relevamento teria influência nos resultados. 3) Necessidade de extender esta investigação a uma amostra representativa. Estes descobrimentos têm implicâncias sobre o papel da aula de educação física como intervenção pedagógica e de saúde.

The aim was an exploratory work about levels of physical activity in relation to contents / contexts and teacher interactions during physical education classes, in high schools. We studied 152males and 52 females between 13 and 18 years who participated in 21 physical education classes, using a direct observation system called SOFIT (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time). We estimated the energy expenditure rate of classes. We calculated central tendency and variability measures for each of one variables that explain the 3 phases of instrument (levels of physical activity,contents/contexts and teacher interactions). We fixed gender influence in pupils (through t- Test for independent groups) and the grade that the teen course (through Kruskall-Wallis test), over rest of dependent variables. N.S.: p< 0,05. We observed significant differences in gender except to very active level in males. Grade influence was determined over physical fitness activities, motor skills,game, free play and management. We conclude that: 1) minimal threshold of moderate to vigorous physical activity be in accord with international recommendations. 2) Survey time influences the results. 3) Need to extend this research to a representative sample. These findings have involve over the physical education classes like pedagogic and health interventions.