Relationship between children physical activity, inflammatory mediators and lymphocyte activation: possible impact of social isolation (COVID-19).

OBJECTIVE: Lifestyle and body composition may be simultaneously responsible for immune response modulation. This study aimed to compare plasmatic adipokines concentration and lymphocyte cytokine production in children with different daily steps (DS) range, as well as to discuss the potential negative impact of the social isolation during COVID-19 pandemic in this context. DS can be a useful and low-cost way of monitoring children's health status. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty children were classified into clusters based in DS measured by pedometer: Sedentary Group (DS = 9338 ± 902 steps) and Active Group (DS = 13,614 ± 1003 steps). Plasma and lymphocytes were isolated and cultured to evaluate cytokine production. RESULTS: Sedentary group presented lower adiponectin (7573 ± 232 pg/mL), higher leptin (16,250 ± 1825 pg/mL) plasma concentration, and higher lymphocyte production of IL-17, IFN-gamma, TNF-, IL-2 in relation to active group, suggesting predominance of Th1 response. Otherwise, the active group presented higher lymphocyte supernatant concentration of IL-10 and higher regulatory T cell (Treg) percentage. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that lymphocytes of children performing higher DS have an anti-inflammatory profile, especially of Treg. Besides, the prolonged social isolation in children during the COVID-19 pandemic, limiting physical mobility and exercise, reduces DS and increases adiposity, which could impair the immune system function and raise the susceptibility to inflammatory diseases.

Knee isokinetic torque imbalance in female futsal players / Desequilíbrio do torque isocinético do joelho em jogadoras de futsal feminino / Desequilibrio del torque isocinético de la rodilla en jugadoras de futsal femenino

ABSTRACT Introduction: The specificity of sports training can lead to muscle specialization with a possible change in the natural hamstring/quadriceps torque ratio (HQ ratio), constituting a risk factor for muscle injury at the joint angles in which muscle imbalance may impair dynamic stability. Objective: The aim was to evaluate the torque distribution of the hamstrings and quadriceps and the HQ ratio throughout the range of motion in order to identify possible muscle imbalances at the knee of female futsal athletes. Methods: Nineteen amateur female futsal athletes had their dominant limb HQ ratio evaluated in a series of five maximum repetitions of flexion/extension of the knee at 180°/second in the total joint range of motion (30° to 80°). The peak flexor and extensor torque and the HQ ratio (%) were compared each 5° of knee motion using one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (p<0.05) to determine the joint angles that present muscular imbalance. Results: Quadriceps torque was higher than 50° to 60° of knee flexion, while hamstrings torque was higher than 55° to 65°. The HQ ratio presented lower values than 30° to 45° of knee flexion and four athletes presented values lower than 60%, which may represent a risk of injury. However, the HQ ratio calculated by the peak torque showed only one athlete with less than 60%. Conclusion: The HQ ratio analyzed throughout the knee range of motion allowed identifying muscle imbalance at specific joint angles in female futsal players.

RESUMO Introdução: A especificidade do treinamento esportivo pode levar à especialização muscular, com possível alteração da razão do torque isquiotibiais/quadríceps (razão IQ) natural, constituindo um fator de risco de lesão muscular nos ângulos articulares em que o desequilíbrio muscular pode prejudicar a estabilidade dinâmica. Objetivo: O objetivo foi avaliar a distribuição do torque dos músculos isquiotibiais e quadríceps e da razão IQ ao longo de toda a amplitude de movimento, de modo a identificar possíveis desequilíbrios musculares no joelho de atletas de futsal feminino. Métodos: Dezenove atletas amadoras de futsal feminino tiveram a razão IQ do membro dominante avaliada em uma série de cinco repetições máximas de flexão/extensão do joelho a 180°/segundo na amplitude de movimento total (30° a 80°). O pico de torque flexor e extensor e a razão IQ (%) foram comparados a cada 5° de movimento do joelho pela one-way ANOVA de medidas repetidas e do teste post hoc de Tukey (p < 0,05) para determinar os ângulos articulares que apresentam desequilíbrio muscular. Resultados: O torque do quadríceps foi maior que 50° a 60° de flexão do joelho, enquanto o torque dos isquiotibiais foi maior que 55° a 65°. A razão IQ apresentou menores valores que 30° a 45° de flexão do joelho e quatro atletas apresentaram valores abaixo de 60%, o que pode representar risco de lesão. No entanto, a razão IQ calculada pelo pico de torque mostrou apenas uma atleta com menos de 60%. Conclusão: A razão IQ analisada ao longo de toda a amplitude de movimento permitiu identificar desequilíbrio muscular em ângulos articulares específicos em atletas de futsal feminino.

RESUMEN Introducción: La especificidad del entrenamiento deportivo puede llevar a la especialización muscular, con posible cambio de la razón de torque entre isquiotibiales/cuádriceps (razón IC) natural, constituyendo un factor de riesgo de lesión muscular en los ángulos de las articulaciones, en el que el desequilibrio muscular puede perjudicar la estabilidad dinámica. Objetivo ; El objetivo fue evaluar la distribución del torque de los músculos isquiotibiales y cuádriceps y la razón IC a lo largo de todo el rango de movimiento para identificar posibles desequilibrios musculares en la rodilla en atletas de futsal femenino. Métodos: Diecinueve atletas amateurs de futsal femenino tuvieron la razón IC de la extremidad dominante evaluada en una serie de cinco repeticiones máximas de flexión/extensión de la rodilla a 180°/segundo en el rango de movimiento total (30° a 80°). El pico de torque flexor y extensor y la razón IC (%) fueron comparados a cada 5° de movimiento de la rodilla por el ANOVA one-way de medidas repetidas y de la prueba post hoc de Tukey (p < 0,05) para determinar los ángulos articulares que presentan desequilibrio muscular. Resultados: El torque del cuádriceps fue mayor que 50° a 60° de flexión de la rodilla, mientras que el torque de los isquiotibiales fue mayor que 55° a 65°. La razón IC presentó los valores más bajos que 30° a 45° de flexión de la rodilla y cuatro atletas presentaron valores inferiores al 60%, lo que puede representar riesgo de lesión. Sin embargo, la razón IC calculada por el pico de torque máximo, mostró sólo una atleta con menos del 60%. Conclusión . La razón IC analizada a lo largo de todo el rango de movimiento permitió identificar desequilibrio muscular en ángulos articulares específicos en atletas de futsal femenino.

Kicking Performance and Muscular Strength Parameters with Dominant and Nondominant Lower Limbs in Brazilian Elite Professional Futsal Players.

The aims of the current study were to analyze a kick from 10 m in a futsal context and the parameters of muscular strength using an isokinetic dynamometer in a laboratory environment, performed with the dominant (DL) and nondominant lower limbs (NDL). Seventeen professional elite players participated. Kicking performance was evaluated from the second penalty mark. Next, athletes completed a strength evaluation with an isokinetic dynamometer at speeds of 60°â‹…s-1, 180°â‹…s-1, and 300°â‹…s-1. Significant differences were observed for hip (15.64 ± 3.44; 13.97 ± 2.62), ankle (63.19 ± 8.90; 52.55 ± 8.72), foot (82.31 ± 7.93; 68.41 ± 7.85), and ball (99.74 ± 8.45; 88.31 ± 7.93) speeds (km⋅h-1), and average power at 180°â‹…s-1 (325.59 ± 40.47; 315.79 ± 39.49 W), but not for accuracy (1.33 ± 0.57; 1.66 ± 0.77 m) between the DL and NDL, respectively. Few moderate correlations were observed in the DL (r = .54-.64) or NDL (r = .53-.55) between the kinematic variables of kick and muscular strength parameters (P < .05). We conclude that highly trained players present asymmetries in kicking motion; however, the imbalance in muscular strength is very small. We recommend that specific court tests be conducted to reliably characterize kicking performance in futsal. Success in kicking seems to be too variable and complex to be totally predicted only by joints, foot and ball speed, and lower limb muscular strength parameters.

Coordination analysis of players' distribution in football using cross-correlation and vector coding techniques.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the coordination between teams spread during football matches using cross-correlation and vector coding techniques. Using a video-based tracking system, we obtained the trajectories of 257 players during 10 matches. Team spread was calculated as functions of time. For a general coordination description, we calculated the cross-correlation between the signals. Vector coding was used to identify the coordination patterns between teams during offensive sequences that ended in shots on goal or defensive tackles. Cross-correlation showed that opponent teams have a tendency to present in-phase coordination, with a short time lag. During offensive sequences, vector coding results showed that, although in-phase coordination dominated, other patterns were observed. We verified that during the early stages, offensive sequences ending in shots on goal present greater anti-phase and attacking team phase periods, compared to sequences ending in tackles. Results suggest that the attacking team may seek to present a contrary behaviour of its opponent (or may lead the adversary behaviour) in the beginning of the attacking play, regarding to the distribution strategy, to increase the chances of a shot on goal. The techniques allowed detecting the coordination patterns between teams, providing additional information about football dynamics and players' interaction.

Analysis of Soccer Players' Positional Variability During the 2012 UEFA European Championship: A Case Study.

The purpose of this study was to analyse players' positional variability during the 2012 UEFA European Championship by applying principal component analysis (PCA) to data gathered from heat maps posted on the UEFA website. We analysed the teams that reached the finals and semi-finals of the competition. The players' 2D coordinates from each match were obtained by applying an image-processing algorithm to the heat maps. With all the players' 2D coordinates for each match, we applied PCA to identify the directions of greatest variability. Then, two orthogonal segments were centred on each player's mean position for all matches. The segments' directions were driven by the eigenvectors of the PCA, and the length of each segment was defined as one standard deviation around the mean. Finally, an ellipse was circumscribed around both segments. To represent player variability, segment lengths and elliptical areas were analysed. The results demonstrate that Portugal exhibited the lowest variability, followed by Germany, Spain and Italy. Additionally, a graphical representation of every player's ellipse provided insight into the teams' organisational features throughout the competition. The presented study provides important information regarding soccer teams' tactical strategy in high-level championships that allows coaches to better control team organisation on the pitch.