Comprehensive investigation of coffee acidity on eight different brewing methods through chemical analyses, sensory evaluation and statistical elaboration.

Even if the acids composition and their role in coffee still need to be clarified, acidity is one of the main sought-after features in coffee and it is becoming one of the main quality markers. Hence, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the main parameters influencing coffee acidity with a focus on carboxylic acids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study regarding filter coffee prepared from specialty and mainstream coffee, differently roasted and through eight diverse extraction methods. Coffee cup chemical composition in terms of organic and chlorogenic acids, caffein and physicochemical parameters were correlated with perceived sourness and mouthfeel to better understand the influence of extracted compounds on the final beverage acidity. Statistical tools revealed that a major impact of chlorogenic acids emerged in pH and titratable acidity, while the sensorial sourness appeared more correlated with organic acids concentration. Thus, these findings suggests that organic acids could be potential predictors of beverage perceived acidity.

Use of grape by-products in aquaculture: New frontiers for a circular economy application.

Grape by-products have already been used in cosmetics, food industries, but also animal feed industry, especially monogastrics and in aquaculture. Grape by-products have been studied for a long time and their principal activities are antimicrobial and antioxidant. Concerning aquaculture, the great demand and necessity to replace animal sources with vegetable ones, has placed grape by-products as possible new phytonutrients with beneficial properties. The purpose of this review is to describe the use of grape by-products in aquaculture, during the last decade, concerning their effects on: 1) gut health and welfare status; 2) growth performances; 3) quality of fillets and flesh during the rearing cycle and shelf-life products. Although other studies highlighted that the high supplementation of grape by-products could negatively affect fish health and growth, due to antinutritional factors (tannins), grape by-products are proven to be valuable phytonutrients that can be incorporated into fish feed to enhance growth and health during rearing conditions. Even in fish products, their utilization has proven to elongate the properties and shelf-life of fillets and minces. Further studies to evaluate the possible integrations or replacements with grape by-products in fish feed in order to evaluate their effectiveness in aquaculture from a sustainable circular economy perspective will be desirable to enhance the use of these products.

Effect of Brewing Methods on Acrylamide Content and Antioxidant Activity: Studying Eight Different Filter Coffee Preparations.

The aim of this study was to investigate the parameters affecting the extraction of positive molecules such as chlorogenic acids and antioxidants, as well as potentially carcinogenic substances such as acrylamide, in different coffee brewing methods. Three coffee varieties, each assigned a different roasting degree, were used to prepare coffee brews following eight different preparation methods. Acrylamide was quantified using the HPLC-MS/MS instrument, while chlorogenic acids and caffeine were quantified using the HPLC-DAD system. Three spectrophotometric analyses were also performed (DPPH, TFC and TPC) to evaluate antioxidant activity. The results showed that the main brewing parameters, which have the greatest influence on the final content of these compounds, were the volume of water used, more specifically the brewing ratio (coffee to water ratio), the extraction time and the particle size of the coffee powder. In addition, the variables that have the greatest impact on the discrimination of the preparation methods studied are total chlorogenic acid content, TFC, TPC, caffeine and the DPPH assay. For this reason, the recipe and infusion parameters used for each of the extraction systems are the key factors that determine the extraction of coffee components and, consequently, the quality of the cup.

Discrimination of Filter Coffee Extraction Methods of a Medium Roasted Specialty Coffee Based on Volatile Profiles and Sensorial Traits.

An untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach combined with sensory analysis was used to present the effects of different extraction methods (i.e., Pure Brew, V60, AeroPress, and French Press) on specialty graded Coffea arabica from Kenya. Partial Least Square Discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering were applied as multivariate statistical tools in data analysis. The results showed good discrimination and a clear clustering of the groups of samples based on their volatile profiles. Similarities were found related to the filter material and shape used for the extraction. Samples extracted with paper filters (V60 and AeroPress) resulted in higher percentages of caramel-, and flowery-related compounds, while from metal filter samples (Pure Brew and French Press), more fruity and roasted coffees were obtained. Discriminant analysis allowed the identification of eight compounds with a high VIP (variable important in projection) discriminant value (i.e., >1), with 2-furanmethanol being the main feature in discrimination. Sensorial analyses were carried out through an expert panel test. The main evaluations revealed the French Press system as the lowest-scored sample in all the evaluated parameters, except for acidity, where its score was similar to V60. In conclusion, the data obtained from GC-MS analyses were in line with the sensorial results, confirming that the extraction process plays a fundamental role in the flavor profile of filter coffee beverages.

Inulin Functionalized "Giuncata" Cheese as a Source of Prebiotic Fibers.

The development of functional foods in the dairy sector represents a flourishing field of technological research. In this study, an Italian fresh cheese as "giuncata" was enriched with inulin, a dietary fiber, with the aim of developing a product with improved nutritional properties in terms of prebiotic action on intestinal microbiota. An inulin concentration of ~4% w/w was determined in the fresh cheese after the fortification process, enabling the claim of being a "source of dietary fiber" (inulin > 3 g/100 g) according to the European regulation. The addition of inulin has no effect on the pH of cheese and does not relevantly influence its color as well as the total fat content (fat reduction ~0.61%) in comparison to the control. Mechanical properties of the cheese were also not markedly affected as evidenced from rheological and tensile testing analyses. Indeed, the incorporation of inulin in "giuncata" only exerts a slight "softening effect" resulting in a slightly lower consistency and mechanical resistance in comparison to the control. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of producing a fiber-enriched dairy functional food from a large consumed fresh and soft cheese as "giuncata".

Volatile Profile of Strawberry Fruits and Influence of Different Drying Methods on Their Aroma and Flavor: A Review.

Strawberries are the most popular berry fruit in the world, due to their distinctive aroma, flavor, and known health properties. Because volatile substances play a large role in strawberry flavor, even little alterations can have a big impact on how the fruit tastes. Strawberries are thought to have a complex aroma. Fresh strawberry fruits contain more than 360 volatile compounds, including esters, furans, terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and sulfur compounds. Despite having far lower concentrations than esters, terpenoids, furanones, and sulfur compounds, all have a considerable impact on how people perceive the aroma of strawberries. With a focus on the active aroma components and the many analytical methods used to identify them, including gas chromatography, electronic nose sensing, and proton-transfer- reaction mass spectrometry, the present review's aim was to provide a summary of the relevant literature. Additionally, strawberry fruits are frequently dried to create a powder in order to increase their shelf life. Consequently, the impact of various drying techniques on strawberries' volatile profile was investigated in the current review. This review can be considered a good reference for research concerning the aroma profile of strawberries. It helps to better understand the complex aroma and flavor of strawberries and provides a guide for the effects of drying processing.

Development of Innovative Vitamin D Enrichment Designs for Two Typical Italian Fresh Cheeses: Burrata and Giuncata.

The aim of this research was to develop innovative cheeses fortified with vitamin D3 (VD3). Formulation studies and analyses of textural properties and chemicals were carried out for these developments. Two traditional Italian varieties of cheese (giuncata and burrata) were studied. For giuncata, the fortification of milk for cheese production provided a VD3 retention level of 43.9 ± 0.6% in the food matrix. For burrata, the VD3 ingredient was incorporated into the creamy inner part after mixing, maintaining the textural quality of the product (adhesiveness 4.3 ± 0.4 J × 10-3; firmness 0.7 ± 0.0 N; and cohesiveness 0.8 ± 0.2). The optimized enrichment designs allowed to obtain homogenous contents of VD3 during the production of giuncata (0.48 ± 0.01 µg/g) and burrata cheeses (0.32 ± 0.02 µg/g). Moreover, analyses revealed the high stability of VD3 during the storage of the two fortified cheese types (2 weeks, 4 °C). These fortification designs could be implemented at an industrial scale to obtain new cheese types enriched in VD3 and thus contribute to the reduction in VD deficiency prevalence.

A New HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Quercetin and Its Derivatives in Green Coffee Beans.

Green coffee (Coffee arabica and Coffee robusta) is one of the most commonly traded goods globally. Their beans are enriched with polyphenols and numerous health benefits are associated with their consumption. The main aim of this work was to develop a new and fast analytical HPLC-MS/MS method to simultaneously determine six flavonoid polyphenolic compounds (quercetin, rutin, isorhamnetin, quercetin-3-glucouronide, hyperoside, and quercitrin) in 22 green coffee samples from six different geographical origins (Ethiopia, Brazil, Guatemala, Nicaragua, India and Colombia). In addition, by adjusting pH, temperature, solvent type, and extraction duration, several extraction methods such as acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, and extraction without hydrolysis were evaluated. The optimal extraction procedure in terms of recovery percentages (78.67-94.09%)was acidic hydrolysis at pH 2, extraction temperature of 60 °C, extraction solvent of 70% ethanol, and extraction duration of 1.5 h. Hyperoside (878-75 µg/kg) was the most abundant compound followed by quercitrin (408-38 µg/kg), quercetin (300-36 µg/kg), rutin (238-21 µg/kg), and quercetin-3-glucouronide (225-7 µg/kg), while isorhamnetin (34-3 µg/kg) showed the lowest amount. Overall, green coffee beans are rich in flavonoid polyphenolic compounds and could be used as part of a healthy diet.