Adverse health events associated with domestic violence during pregnancy among Brazilian women.

BACKGROUND: domestic violence during pregnancy remains an unsolved and neglected social problem despite the recognised adverse physical and mental health consequences. OBJECTIVE: to examine the association between domestic violence (psychological violence and physical or sexual violence) and health problems self-reported by pregnant women. METHODS: a cross-sectional analysis from a cohort study of 1,379 pregnant women attending prenatal care in public primary care units in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected by interviewing women when they enroled for prenatal care. Domestic violence and alcohol abuse were ascertained by validated questionnaires. Referred morbidities, undesirable behaviours and sociodemographic characteristics were also recorded. Univariate analyses were used to estimate prevalence and unadjusted odd ratios. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the independent association between psychological violence and physical or sexual violence during pregnancy and women's health outcomes. FINDINGS: psychological violence and physical or sexual violence were reported by 19.1% (n=263) and 6.5% (n=89) of the pregnant women, respectively. Psychological violence was significantly associated with obstetric problems [odds ratio (OR) 1.95; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39-2.73], premature rupture of membranes (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.01-2.68), urinary tract infection (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.19-2.42), headache (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.25-2.40) and sexual risk behaviours (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.18-4.41). Physical or sexual violence was significantly associated with: obstetric problems (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.08-2.75), premature rupture of membranes (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.14-3.88), urinary tract infection (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.26-3.34), vaginal bleeding (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.10-3.43) and lack of sexual desire (OR 3.67, 95% CI 2.23-6.09). CONCLUSION: domestic violence during pregnancy was associated with adverse clinical and psychological outcomes for women. These results suggest that a well-organised health-care system and trained health professionals, as well as multisectorial social support, are necessary to prevent or address the negative influence of domestic violence on women's health in Brazil.

Violência doméstica na gravidez: prevalência e fatores associados / Violence against pregnant women: prevalence and associated factors / Violencia domestica durante el embarazo: prevalencia y factores asociados

OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores associados à violência doméstica contra gestantes. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistadas 1.379 gestantes usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde acompanhadas em unidades básicas de saúde no município de Campinas (SP). Foram analisadas a primeira e a segunda entrevistas de um estudo de coorte, aplicando-se questionário estruturado sobre violência doméstica validado no Brasil, de julho de 2004 a julho de 2006. Foram realizadas análise descritiva e regressão logística múltipla dos dados. RESULTADOS: Do total da amostra, 19,1 por cento (n=263) das gestantes reportaram violência psicológica e 6,5 por cento (n=89) violência física/sexual. Os fatores associados à violência psicológica foram: parceiro íntimo adolescente (p<0,019) e gestante ter presenciado agressão física antes dos 15 anos (p<0,001). Foram associados à violência física/sexual: dificuldade da gestante em comparecer às consultas de pré-natal (p<0,014), parceiro íntimo fazer uso de drogas (p<0,015) e não trabalhar (p<0,048). Os fatores associados à violência psicológica e física/sexual foram: baixa escolaridade da gestante (p<0,013 e p<0,020, respectivamente), gestante responsável pela família (p<0,001 e p=0,017, respectivamente) gestante ter sofrido agressão física na infância (p<0,029 e p<0,038, respectivamente), presença de transtorno mental comum (p<0,001) e parceiro íntimo consumir bebida alcoólica duas ou mais vezes por semana(p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Constataram-se altas prevalências das diferentes categorias de violência doméstica praticada pelo parceiro íntimo durante o período gestacional, assim como, com os diversos fatores a elas associados. Mecanismos apropriados para identificação e abordagem da violência doméstica na gestação são necessários, especialmente na atenção primária.

Violence against pregnant women: prevalence and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with domestic violence against pregnant women. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 1,379 pregnant women undergoing antenatal care in basic health care units of the Brazilian Health System, within the municipality of Campinas (Southeastern Brazil). A structured questionnaire on domestic violence, validated in Brazil, was applied between July 2004 and July 2006. The first and second interviews in a cohort study were analyzed. Descriptive and multiple logistic regression analysis of the data were conducted. RESULTS: Psychological violence was reported by 19.1% (n=263) of the total sample of pregnant women and physical/sexual violence was reported by 6.5% (n=89) of them. The factors associated to psychological violence were: adolescent intimate partner (p<0.019) and the pregnant woman had witnessed physical aggression before she was 15 years old (p<0.001). The factors associated to physical/sexual violence were: difficulties encountered by the pregnant woman in attending her antenatal appointments (p<0.014), intimate partner uses drugs (p<0.015) and does not work (p<0.048). The factors associated to psychological and physical/ sexual violence were: low level of education of the interviewee (p<0.013 and p<0.020, respectively), the pregnant woman being responsible for the family (p<0.001 and p=0.017, respectively) pregnant woman had suffered physical aggression during childhood (p<0.029 and p<0.038, respectively), presence of common mental disorder (p<0.001) and intimate partner consumes alcoholic beverage twice or more weekly. (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of different categories of domestic violence by an intimate partner during pregnancy was found as well as different factors associated with them. Appropriate mechanisms are necessary, particularly in primary health care, to identify and deal with domestic violence during pregnancy.

Associação entre violência doméstica na gestação e peso ao nascer ou prematuridade / The association between domestic violence during pregnancy and low birth weight or prematurity

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a violência doméstica na gestação está associada a desfechos desfavoráveis na saúde do lactente, medidos pelo baixo peso ao nascer ou prematuridade. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte prospectiva, realizado com gestantes que fizeram pré-natal em 10 Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Campinas (SP), durante os anos de 2004 a 2006. Foi utilizado questionário estruturado e validado no Brasil. As gestantes tiveram, no mínimo, duas e, no máximo, três entrevistas realizadas durante pré e pós-natal. Foi utilizada análise descritiva dos dados. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparar as médias do peso ao nascer e da idade gestacional entre os grupos de gestantes que sofreram, durante a atual gestação, violência doméstica e aqueles que não sofreram. A análise de regressão logística foi utilizada para verificar os fatores associados ao baixo peso ou prematuridade. RESULTADOS: Foram acompanhadas durante o período de pré-natal e pós-natal (n = 1.229) 89,1 por cento das gestantes; 10,9 por cento representam as perdas de acompanhamento, basicamente por mudança de endereço. O peso médio ao nascer foi de 3.233 g; idade gestacional foi em média 38,56 semanas. Apresentaram baixo peso ao nascer ou prematuridade 13,8 por cento dos recém-nascidos. Condições de risco para baixo peso ao nascer ou prematuridade foram: gestante ter tido recém-nascido prematuro em outra gestação (p < 0,005), ser tabagista (p < 0,001), ter tido parto por cesárea (p < 0,001), ser baixa a escolaridade do parceiro (p < 0,008). CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo, não foi observada associação estatisticamente significativa entre violência doméstica perpetrada pelo parceiro e baixo peso ao nascer ou prematuridade.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether domestic violence during pregnancy is associated with unfavorable infant health outcomes, measured by low birth weight or prematurity. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study enrolling pregnant women whose prenatal care was provided by 10 basic health units in the city of Campinas, SP, Brazil, between 2004 and 2006. A structured questionnaire was employed that had previously been validated for use in Brazil. Each mother attended a minimum of two and a maximum of three interviews during the prenatal and postnatal periods. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Student's t test was used to compare means for birth weight and gestational age between mothers who had suffered domestic violence during the current pregnancy and those who had not. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with low birth weight or prematurity. RESULTS: During the prenatal and postnatal periods, 89.1 percent (n = 1,229) of the pregnant women were followed up, 10.9 percent being lost to follow-up, basically due to changes of address. Mean birth weight was 3,233 g; mean gestational age was 38.56 weeks. A total of 13.8 percent of the infants had low birth weight or were premature. Conditions associated with risk of low birth weight or prematurity were: mothers who had previously given birth prematurely (p < 0.005), who smoked (p < 0.001), who delivered by caesarian (p < 0.001) and whose partners had a low educational level (p < 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, no statistically significant association was observed between domestic violence perpetrated by partners and low birth weight or prematurity.

The association between domestic violence during pregnancy and low birth weight or prematurity.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether domestic violence during pregnancy is associated with unfavorable infant health outcomes, measured by low birth weight or prematurity. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study enrolling pregnant women whose prenatal care was provided by 10 basic health units in the city of Campinas, SP, Brazil, between 2004 and 2006. A structured questionnaire was employed that had previously been validated for use in Brazil. Each mother attended a minimum of two and a maximum of three interviews during the prenatal and postnatal periods. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Student's t test was used to compare means for birth weight and gestational age between mothers who had suffered domestic violence during the current pregnancy and those who had not. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify factors associated with low birth weight or prematurity. RESULTS: During the prenatal and postnatal periods, 89.1% (n = 1,229) of the pregnant women were followed up, 10.9% being lost to follow-up, basically due to changes of address. Mean birth weight was 3,233 g; mean gestational age was 38.56 weeks. A total of 13.8% of the infants had low birth weight or were premature. Conditions associated with risk of low birth weight or prematurity were: mothers who had previously given birth prematurely (p < 0.005), who smoked (p < 0.001), who delivered by caesarian (p < 0.001) and whose partners had a low educational level (p < 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, no statistically significant association was observed between domestic violence perpetrated by partners and low birth weight or prematurity.

Training medical students to improve the management of people with epilepsy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and perception of medical students prior to and after a training course about epilepsy. METHODS: We used a KAP questionnaire with sixty-one questions which assesses knowledge, attitude and practice of epilepsy. Questionnaires were completed by 185 medical students, before and after epilepsy training. We compared the answers to see whether the lecture had changed the knowledge, attitude and practice in epilepsy. RESULTS: One hundred and six students completed the questionnaire before an eight hour course on epilepsy and 79 students completed the questionnaire one year after the course. Comparison of the knowledge scores prior to (mean=53.9, standard deviation=11.4) and after the course (mean=63.8, standard deviation=11.9) showed that students had improved knowledge after the course (t-test=5.6, p<0.001). DISCUSSION: Training course on epilepsy for medical students can promote improvement in the knowledge, attitudes and perception regarding epilepsy, which is maintained one year later. These results highlight the importance of continuous educational programs within the Medical Curriculum.

Training medical students to improve the management of people with epilepsy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and perception of medical students prior to and after a training course about epilepsy. METHODS: We used a KAP questionnaire with sixty-one questions which assesses knowledge, attitude and practice of epilepsy. Questionnaires were completed by 185 medical students, before and after epilepsy training. We compared the answers to see whether the lecture had changed the knowledge, attitude and practice in epilepsy. RESULTS: One hundred and six students completed the questionnaire before an eight hour course on epilepsy and 79 students completed the questionnaire one year after the course. Comparison of the knowledge scores prior to (mean=53.9, standard deviation=11.4) and after the course (mean=63.8, standard deviation=11.9) showed that students had improved knowledge after the course (t-test=5.6, p<0.001). DISCUSSION: Training course on epilepsy for medical students can promote improvement in the knowledge, attitudes and perception regarding epilepsy, which is maintained one year later. These results highlight the importance of continuous educational programs within the Medical Curriculum.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar conhecimentos, atitudes e percepção sobre epilepsia em estudantes de medicina antes e depois de curso de capacitação. MÉTODO: Foi utilizado o questionário KAP da Campanha Global "Epilepsia fora das sombras", liderada pela OMS, ILAE e IBE. Este questionário avalia conhecimento, atitude e percepção sobre epilepsia em 61 questões. Foi aplicado este questionário em 185 estudantes de medicina, antes e depois de cursos de capacitação sobre epilepsia. As questões foram comparadas para analisar as mudanças obtidas com o treinamento. RESULTADOS: Cento e seis estudantes de medicina responderam ao questionário antes do curso de capacitação e 79 estudantes responderam após um ano do curso. A comparação feita a respeito do conhecimento com estes estudantes mostrou que os mesmos melhoram seu conhecimento com os cursos (pré-teste: nota média=53,9; DP=11,4 vs. pós-teste: nota média=63,8; DP=11,9; t-test=5,6; p<0,001). DISCUSSÃO: O curso de capacitação promove melhoras no conhecimento, atitude e percepção sobre epilepsia, mesmo após um ano. Estes resultados salientam a importância de programas de educação continuada dentro do currículo médico.