Cryptosporidium sp. in cultivated oysters and the natural oyster stock of the state of Maranhão, Brazil / Detecção de Cryptosporidium sp. em ostras de cultivo e estoque natural no estado do Maranhão, Brasil

This study detected Cryptosporidium spp. in cultivated oysters and the natural oyster stock of the state of Maranhão and determine the elective tissue(s) to examine this protozoan. For this purpose, 200 cultivated oysters were purchased from the municipality of Raposa and another 100 from Paço do Lumiar. Additionally, 100 oysters were extracted from the natural stock of the municipality of Primeira Cruz, thus making up a total of 400 oysters. They were grouped into 80 pools consisting of 5 oysters each. From each pool, the gills and visceral mass were removed to obtain 160 pools, 80 pools for the gill group and another 80 for the visceral mass group. Then, DNA was extracted from each pool using a commercial kit with modifications. Subsequently, the protozoan DNA was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction. With this technique, the DNA of the protozoan under investigation was detected in 2.5% (n = 2/80) of the pools containing gills, with 1.25% of the pools (n = 1/80) belonging to the cultivation group of oysters and the other 1.25% (n = 1/80) to the natural stock. With the results obtained in this study, it was concluded that the analyzed oysters of the genus Crassostrea, from cultivation and natural stock groups, found in the state of Maranhão, were contaminated by Cryptosporidium spp. and may become potential sources of infection in humans and other animals. In addition, the gills are the elective tissue for the study of Cryptosporidium spp. in oysters.

Objetivou-se com o estudo detectar Cryptosporidium sp. em ostras de cultivo e estoque natural no estado do Maranhão e determinar o(s) tecido(s) eletivo(s) para pesquisa desse protozoário. Para a realização do estudo foram adquiridas 200 ostras de cultivo do município de Raposa e 100 de Paço do Lumiar, além de 100 ostras extraídas de estoque natural do município de Primeira Cruz, totalizando 400 ostras. Estas foram agrupadas em 80 pools constituídos por cinco animais. De cada pool, as brânquias e a massa visceral foram removidas totalizando 160 pools, sendo 80 para o grupo das brânquias e 80 para o grupo de massa visceral. Na sequência, procedeu-se à extração de DNA de cada pool com a utilização de kit comercial com modificações. Posteriormente, realizou-se a detecção do DNA do protozoário por meio da técnica de Nested-PCR. Com a técnica utilizada, foi detectado o DNA do protozoário pesquisado em 2,5% (n=2/80) pools apenas de brânquias, sendo 1,25% pools (n=1/80) oriundos de cultivo e os outros 1,25% (n=1/80) de estoque natural. Com os resultados obtidos nesse estudo, conclui-se que as ostras analisadas do gênero Crassostrea sp., oriundas de cultivo e estoque natural no estado do Maranhão, estavam contaminadas por Cryptosporidium sp. e podem se reverter em fontes potenciais para seres humanos e outros animais. Para a pesquisa de Cryptosporidium sp. em ostras, as brânquias são o tecido eletivo.

Cryptosporidium sp. in cultivated oysters and the natural oyster stock of the state of Maranhão, Brazil / Detecção de Cryptosporidium sp. em ostras de cultivo e estoque natural no estado do Maranhão, Brasil

ABSTRACT: This study detected Cryptosporidium spp. in cultivated oysters and the natural oyster stock of the state of Maranhão and determine the elective tissue(s) to examine this protozoan. For this purpose, 200 cultivated oysters were purchased from the municipality of Raposa and another 100 from Paço do Lumiar. Additionally, 100 oysters were extracted from the natural stock of the municipality of Primeira Cruz, thus making up a total of 400 oysters. They were grouped into 80 pools consisting of 5 oysters each. From each pool, the gills and visceral mass were removed to obtain 160 pools, 80 pools for the gill group and another 80 for the visceral mass group. Then, DNA was extracted from each pool using a commercial kit with modifications. Subsequently, the protozoan DNA was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction. With this technique, the DNA of the protozoan under investigation was detected in 2.5% (n = 2/80) of the pools containing gills, with 1.25% of the pools (n = 1/80) belonging to the cultivation group of oysters and the other 1.25% (n = 1/80) to the natural stock. With the results obtained in this study, it was concluded that the analyzed oysters of the genus Crassostrea, from cultivation and natural stock groups, found in the state of Maranhão, were contaminated by Cryptosporidium spp. and may become potential sources of infection in humans and other animals. In addition, the gills are the elective tissue for the study of Cryptosporidium spp. in oysters.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se com o estudo detectar Cryptosporidium sp. em ostras de cultivo e estoque natural no estado do Maranhão e determinar o(s) tecido(s) eletivo(s) para pesquisa desse protozoário. Para a realização do estudo foram adquiridas 200 ostras de cultivo do município de Raposa e 100 de Paço do Lumiar, além de 100 ostras extraídas de estoque natural do município de Primeira Cruz, totalizando 400 ostras. Estas foram agrupadas em 80 pools constituídos por cinco animais. De cada pool, as brânquias e a massa visceral foram removidas totalizando 160 pools, sendo 80 para o grupo das brânquias e 80 para o grupo de massa visceral. Na sequência, procedeu-se à extração de DNA de cada pool com a utilização de kit comercial com modificações. Posteriormente, realizou-se a detecção do DNA do protozoário por meio da técnica de Nested-PCR. Com a técnica utilizada, foi detectado o DNA do protozoário pesquisado em 2,5% (n=2/80) pools apenas de brânquias, sendo 1,25% pools (n=1/80) oriundos de cultivo e os outros 1,25% (n=1/80) de estoque natural. Com os resultados obtidos nesse estudo, conclui-se que as ostras analisadas do gênero Crassostrea sp., oriundas de cultivo e estoque natural no estado do Maranhão, estavam contaminadas por Cryptosporidium sp. e podem se reverter em fontes potenciais para seres humanos e outros animais. Para a pesquisa de Cryptosporidium sp. em ostras, as brânquias são o tecido eletivo.

Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle in northeastern Brazil.

Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a chronic viral disease of wide distribution in cattle herds and may take several years for the first manifestation of clinical signs. Most animals do not present clinical signs. However, the economic losses are underestimated due to this disease. Thus, this work aimed to detect and characterize BLV in dairy cattle in the Maranhão state, northeastern Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 176 animals from 8 municipalities in the southeastern state of Maranhão. Bovine blood samples were subjected to DNA extraction and molecular diagnosis using nested PCR assays for BLV, targeting gp51 gene. Positive samples were then sequenced and then subjected to phylogenetic inferences. BLV DNA was detected in 16 cattle (16/176, 9.09%) in 4 municipalities. Phylogenetic analyzes showed that the sequence obtained clustered in a clade containing BLV sequences classified as genotype 6, with a high degree of support. Our data shows BLV occurrence in the Northeast of Brazil and the identification of genotype 6 in this region. These findings contribute to the molecular epidemiology of this agent in Brazil.

High genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale infecting dairy cattle in northeastern Brazil.

Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium found in ruminants' erythrocytes and is the etiological agent of bovine anaplasmosis. The bacterium's genetic diversity has been characterized based on sequences of major surface proteins (MSPs), such as MSP1α. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity of A. marginale in cattle in the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. To this end, 343 blood samples were harvested and subjected to iELISA assays using the recombinant surface protein MSP5. Out of 343 blood samples, 235 (68.5%) were randomly chosen and submitted to DNA extraction, qPCR and conventional PCR targeting the msp1α gene to determine amino acid sequences and classify the genotypes. The iELISA results showed 81.34% seropositivity (279/343), whereas qPCR revealed 224 positive samples (95.32%). Among these qPCR-positive samples, 67.4% (151/224) were also positive in the cPCR. Among the 50 obtained sequences, 21 strains had not been previously reported. Regarding the genotypes, H (26/50) and E (18/50) were identified most often, while genotypes F and C were only identified twice each and B and G once each. In conclusion, high prevalence and genetic diversity for A. marginale were observed in dairy cattle herds in the state of Maranhão.

High genetic diversity of Anaplasma marginale infecting dairy cattle in northeastern Brazil / Alta diversidade genética de Anaplasma marginale em bovinos de leite no nordeste do Brasil

Abstract Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium found in ruminants' erythrocytes and is the etiological agent of bovine anaplasmosis. The bacterium's genetic diversity has been characterized based on sequences of major surface proteins (MSPs), such as MSP1α. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity of A. marginale in cattle in the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. To this end, 343 blood samples were harvested and subjected to iELISA assays using the recombinant surface protein MSP5. Out of 343 blood samples, 235 (68.5%) were randomly chosen and submitted to DNA extraction, qPCR and conventional PCR targeting the msp1α gene to determine amino acid sequences and classify the genotypes. The iELISA results showed 81.34% seropositivity (279/343), whereas qPCR revealed 224 positive samples (95.32%). Among these qPCR-positive samples, 67.4% (151/224) were also positive in the cPCR. Among the 50 obtained sequences, 21 strains had not been previously reported. Regarding the genotypes, H (26/50) and E (18/50) were identified most often, while genotypes F and C were only identified twice each and B and G once each. In conclusion, high prevalence and genetic diversity for A. marginale were observed in dairy cattle herds in the state of Maranhão.

Resumo Anaplasma marginale é uma bactéria Gram-negativa intracelular obrigatória de eritrócitos de ruminantes e responsável pela anaplasmose bovina. A diversidade genética de A. marginale tem sido caracterizada com base nas sequências das principais proteínas de superfície (MSPs), como a MSP1α. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a diversidade genética de A. marginale em bovinos no estado do Maranhão, Nordeste do Brasil. Dessa forma, 343 amostras de sangue foram submetidas ao ensaio iELISA, utilizando-se a proteína recombinante MSP5. Das 343 amostras de sangue, 235 (68,5%) foram escolhidas aleatoriamente e submetidas à extração de DNA, qPCR e PCR convencional para gene msp1α, para determinação das sequências de aminoácidos e classificação dos genótipos. Os resultados do iELISA mostraram 81,34% de soropositividade (279/343), enquanto qPCR revelou 224 amostras positivas (95,32%). Dentre estas na qPCR, 67,4% (151/224) mostraram-se positivas no PCR convencional. Das 50 sequências obtidas, 21 cepas não haviam sido relatadas anteriormente. Em relação aos genótipos, H (26/50) e E (18/50) foram os mais frequentes, enquanto os genótipos F e C foram identificados apenas duas vezes cada, e B e G uma vez cada. Em conclusão, alta prevalência e marcante diversidade genética de A. marginale foram observadas em rebanhos leiteiros no estado do Maranhão.

High prevalence of subclinical paratuberculosis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Maranhão, Brazil.

Paratuberculosis is an infectious, chronic, and incurable disease that affects ruminants, causing enteritis and chronic granulomatous lymphadenitis, characterized by malabsorption syndrome, its agent is the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Thus, the objective of this work was to identify and characterize MAP in buffalo herds slaughtered in Baixada Maranhense region. Samples of intestines, mesenteric lymph nodes, and ileocecal valves were collected from 115 buffaloes slaughtered at Baixada Maranhense slaughterhouses to perform the diagnosis by histopathological examination using staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Ziehl-Neelsen, bacterial isolation, and real-time PCR. In the histopathology by H&E staining, there was evidence suggestive of paratuberculosis in 30% (31/115) of the buffaloes. With Ziehl-Neelsen staining, acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were visualized in 27% (26/115) of the tissue samples analyzed. MAP was isolated in 4.3% (5/115) of the fecal samples subjected to bacterial culture. The samples inoculated in HEYM with mycobactin J produced colonies identified with MAP according to their own morphological characteristics such as round, white, smooth and slightly rough, alcohol-acid staining, and slow growth with 8 weeks of incubation and mycobactin dependence. The agent confirmation was performed in five bacterial isolates (4.3%) and 15 (13%) fragments of jejunum, ileum, and mesenteric lymph node by the IS900 real-time PCR technique. The results of the present study demonstrate the subclinical occurrence of paratuberculosis in flocks of buffalo slaughtered in slaughterhouses of Baixada Maranhense.

Serological evidence and spatial analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in herds in Maranhão, Brazil

Caprine arthritis encephalitis and Maedi-Visna are lentiviruses affecting goats and sheep, respectively. Despite the literature having studies about these diseases, there is a constant demand and the need to study the health status of flocks that exploit economically. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the frequency of small ruminant lentiviruses explored in regional locations of Chapadinha and Itapecuru Mirim, that compose the microregion of Low Parnaíba, Maranhão, Brazil, as well as analyze the spatial distribution of outbreaks in the studied regions. Therefore, 241 properties were visited, where blood was collected in 1150 sheep and 1260 goats and tested by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID). Epidemiological questionnaire was applied and collected the geographic coordinates. There was a low frequency for lentivirus, with 0.39% (5/1260) of goats and 0.08% (1/1150) of sheep. Regarding the spatial analysis, the reagent flocks were distributed in strategic cities for commercialization throughout the microregion. There was a low occurrence of lentiviruses. The municipalities of Cantanhede and Pirapemas of the regional of Itapecuru Mirim and Brejo and Magalhães de Almeida had reagent flocks for CAE. Whereas the municipality of Matões do Norte presented flock reagent to Maedi-Visna, this belonging to the regional of Chapadinha.  

A artrite encefalite caprina e a Maedi-Visna são lentivírus que afetam cabras e ovelhas, respectivamente. Apesar da literatura apresentar estudos sobre essas doenças, existe uma demanda constante e a necessidade de se estudar o estado de saúde dos rebanhosexploradoseconomicamente. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes explorados nasregionais de Chapadinha e Itapecuru Mirim, que compõem a microrregião do Baixo Parnaíba, Maranhão, Brasil, bem como analisar a distribuição espacial dos surtos nas regiões estudadas. Para tanto, foram visitadas 241 propriedades, onde foi coletado sangue de 1150 ovelhas e 1260 cabras e testado por imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). Foi aplicado questionário epidemiológico e coletado as coordenadas geográficas. Houve baixa frequência para lentivírus, com 0,39% (5/1260) de caprinos e 0,08% (1/1150) de ovinos. Quanto à análise espacial, os rebanhos reagentes foram distribuídos em cidades estratégicas para comercialização em toda a microrregião. Houve baixa ocorrência de lentivírus. Os municípios de Catanhede e Pirapemas da regional de Itapecuru Mirime Brejo e Magalhães de Almeida possuíam rebanhos reagentes para CAE. Já o município de Matões do Norte apresentou reagente rebanho à Maedi-Visna, esta pertencente à regional de Chapadinha.(AU)

Serological evidence and spatial analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in herds in Maranhão, Brazil

Caprine arthritis encephalitis and Maedi-Visna are lentiviruses affecting goats and sheep, respectively. Despite the literature having studies about these diseases, there is a constant demand and the need to study the health status of flocks that exploit economically. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the frequency of small ruminant lentiviruses explored in regional locations of Chapadinha and Itapecuru Mirim, that compose the microregion of Low Parnaíba, Maranhão, Brazil, as well as analyze the spatial distribution of outbreaks in the studied regions. Therefore, 241 properties were visited, where blood was collected in 1150 sheep and 1260 goats and tested by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID). Epidemiological questionnaire was applied and collected the geographic coordinates. There was a low frequency for lentivirus, with 0.39% (5/1260) of goats and 0.08% (1/1150) of sheep. Regarding the spatial analysis, the reagent flocks were distributed in strategic cities for commercialization throughout the microregion. There was a low occurrence of lentiviruses. The municipalities of Cantanhede and Pirapemas of the regional of Itapecuru Mirim and Brejo and Magalhães de Almeida had reagent flocks for CAE. Whereas the municipality of Matões do Norte presented flock reagent to Maedi-Visna, this belonging to the regional of Chapadinha.

A artrite encefalite caprina e a Maedi-Visna são lentivírus que afetam cabras e ovelhas, respectivamente. Apesar da literatura apresentar estudos sobre essas doenças, existe uma demanda constante e a necessidade de se estudar o estado de saúde dos rebanhosexploradoseconomicamente. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes explorados nasregionais de Chapadinha e Itapecuru Mirim, que compõem a microrregião do Baixo Parnaíba, Maranhão, Brasil, bem como analisar a distribuição espacial dos surtos nas regiões estudadas. Para tanto, foram visitadas 241 propriedades, onde foi coletado sangue de 1150 ovelhas e 1260 cabras e testado por imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA). Foi aplicado questionário epidemiológico e coletado as coordenadas geográficas. Houve baixa frequência para lentivírus, com 0,39% (5/1260) de caprinos e 0,08% (1/1150) de ovinos. Quanto à análise espacial, os rebanhos reagentes foram distribuídos em cidades estratégicas para comercialização em toda a microrregião. Houve baixa ocorrência de lentivírus. Os municípios de Catanhede e Pirapemas da regional de Itapecuru Mirime Brejo e Magalhães de Almeida possuíam rebanhos reagentes para CAE. Já o município de Matões do Norte apresentou reagente rebanho à Maedi-Visna, esta pertencente à regional de Chapadinha.

Epidemiological aspects of leptospirosis in cattle herds from indigenous reserves / Aspectos epidemiológicos da leptospirose em rebanhos bovinos de reservas indígenas

The aim of the current study is to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of leptospirosis in cattle herds from indigenous reserves. Serum samples from cows - not vaccinated against the disease and distributed in five indigenous reserves of Barra do Corda region, Maranhão State - were subjected to the microscopic agglutination technique. An epidemiological questionnaire focused on investigating the risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. infection was applied in each indigenous reserve. Of the 300 analyzed samples, 80% presented positive reactions with titers equal to or higher than 1:100. Reactive animals were identified in all (100%) indigenous reserves. The most often found serovars of the Leptospira spp. complex are herein presented in descending order: Shermani, Guaricura, Sentot, Djasiman, Patoc, Hardjo C.T.G, Hardjo Bovis, Hardjo, Hardjo Prajitno, Wolffi, Hebdomadis, Adamanda and Icterohemorragiae. Among the herein analyzed epidemiological variables, the inadequate disposal of miscarried fetuses and placental remnants, the incidence of miscarriages in the last 12 months, the calf birth concentration in the rainy season and the lack of corrals presented statistically significant association (P < 0.05) with the risk of infection. Results indicated high prevalence of Leptospira spp. infection in cattle bred in the indigenous reserves of Barra do Corda. Variables such as reproductive clinical signs, environmental factors, aspects of local infrastructure and sanitary management should be taken into consideration to help preventing the incidence of leptospirosis in indigenous reserves.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os aspectos epidemiológicos da leptospirose em rebanhos bovinos de reservas indígenas. Amostras de soro de fêmeas bovinas não vacinadas contra a doença e provenientes de cinco reservas indígenas da regional de Barra do Corda, Estado do Maranhão foram submetidas à técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica. Em cada reserva aplicou-se um questionário epidemiológico para investigar os fatores de risco que poderiam estar associados à infecção pela Leptospira spp. Das 300 amostras analisadas, 80% apresentaram reações positivas, com títulos iguais ou superiores a 1:100. Foram identificados animais reagentes em 100% das reservas indígenas. Os sorovares do complexo Leptospira spp. mais frequentes em ordem decrescente foram: Shermani,Guaricura, Sentot, Djasiman, Patoc, Hardjo C.T.G, Hardjo Bovis, Hardjo, Hardjo Prajitno, Wolffi, Hebdomadis, Adamanda e Icterohemorragiae. Das variáveis epidemiológicas, a não destinação correta aos fetos abortados e restos placentários, ocorrência de abortamento nos últimos 12 meses, concentração de nascimento de bezerros no período chuvoso e ausência de curral apresentaram associação estatística significativa (P<0,05) ao risco de ocorrência da infecção. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a infecção por Leptospira spp. encontra-se presente em bovinos das reservas indígenas de Barra do Corda em alto percentual. As variáveis relacionadas à sinais clínicos reprodutivos, à fatores ambientais, aspectos de infraestrutura local e de manejo sanitário devem ser considerados na prevenção da leptospirose em reservas indígenas.

Epidemiological aspects of leptospirosis in cattle herds from indigenous reserves / Aspectos epidemiológicos da leptospirose em rebanhos bovinos de reservas indígenas

The aim of the current study is to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of leptospirosis in cattle herds from indigenous reserves. Serum samples from cows - not vaccinated against the disease and distributed in five indigenous reserves of Barra do Corda region, Maranhão State - were subjected to the microscopic agglutination technique. An epidemiological questionnaire focused on investigating the risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. infection was applied in each indigenous reserve. Of the 300 analyzed samples, 80% presented positive reactions with titers equal to or higher than 1:100. Reactive animals were identified in all (100%) indigenous reserves. The most often found serovars of the Leptospira spp. complex are herein presented in descending order: Shermani, Guaricura, Sentot, Djasiman, Patoc, Hardjo C.T.G, Hardjo Bovis, Hardjo, Hardjo Prajitno, Wolffi, Hebdomadis, Adamanda and Icterohemorragiae. Among the herein analyzed epidemiological variables, the inadequate disposal of miscarried fetuses and placental remnants, the incidence of miscarriages in the last 12 months, the calf birth concentration in the rainy season and the lack of corrals presented statistically significant association (P < 0.05) with the risk of infection. Results indicated high prevalence of Leptospira spp. infection in cattle bred in the indigenous reserves of Barra do Corda. Variables such as reproductive clinical signs, environmental factors, aspects of local infrastructure and sanitary management should be taken into consideration to help preventing the incidence of leptospirosis in indigenous reserves.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os aspectos epidemiológicos da leptospirose em rebanhos bovinos de reservas indígenas. Amostras de soro de fêmeas bovinas não vacinadas contra a doença e provenientes de cinco reservas indígenas da regional de Barra do Corda, Estado do Maranhão foram submetidas à técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica. Em cada reserva aplicou-se um questionário epidemiológico para investigar os fatores de risco que poderiam estar associados à infecção pela Leptospira spp. Das 300 amostras analisadas, 80% apresentaram reações positivas, com títulos iguais ou superiores a 1:100. Foram identificados animais reagentes em 100% das reservas indígenas. Os sorovares do complexo Leptospira spp. mais frequentes em ordem decrescente foram: Shermani,Guaricura, Sentot, Djasiman, Patoc, Hardjo C.T.G, Hardjo Bovis, Hardjo, Hardjo Prajitno, Wolffi, Hebdomadis, Adamanda e Icterohemorragiae. Das variáveis epidemiológicas, a não destinação correta aos fetos abortados e restos placentários, ocorrência de abortamento nos últimos 12 meses, concentração de nascimento de bezerros no período chuvoso e ausência de curral apresentaram associação estatística significativa (P<0,05) ao risco de ocorrência da infecção. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a infecção por Leptospira spp. encontra-se presente em bovinos das reservas indígenas de Barra do Corda em alto percentual. As variáveis relacionadas à sinais clínicos reprodutivos, à fatores ambientais, aspectos de infraestrutura local e de manejo sanitário devem ser considerados na prevenção da leptospirose em reservas indígenas.(AU)

Poultry litter intake by cattle: epidemiological characterization and sanitation of health hazards / Ingestão de cama de aviário por bovinos: caracterização epidemiológica e saneamento do agravo sanitário

The aim of the current study is to report a sanitary episode of poultry litter intake by cattle, based on the epidemiological characterization of health hazards and of sanitation measures implemented in the investigated property. The sanitary episode resulted from an anonymous report about the use of poultry litter as cattle food. The rural property located in São José de Ribamar County, Maranhão State, was inspected 72 hours after the complaint. Based on the initial inspection, 119 Nellore cattle were subjected to confinement system and fed on cattle food added with poultry litter. Given such discovery, cattle food samples were collected and sent to the National Agricultural Laboratory of Santa Catarina State. Laboratory results have shown the incidence of uncalcined bones, unhydrolyzed feathers and blood in the analyzed samples, which confirmed the inclusion of animal by-products in cattles diet. The current study is the first official report about poultry litter intake by cattle in Maranhão State, which  was officially confirmed by laboratory results evidencing the presence of animal by-products in the analyzed samples. It is essential intensifying the active inspections carried out in ruminant-breeding farms in Maranhão State, as well as controlling poultry litter transit by documenting the purpose of its use.

Objetivou-se com o estudo relatar o episódio sanitário da ingestão de cama de aviário por bovinos, caracterizando epidemiologicamente o agravo sanitário e as medidas de saneamento implementadas na propriedade. O episódio sanitário resultou de denúncia anônima sobre o fornecimento de cama de aviário como alimentação para bovinos. Após 72 horas da denúncia realizou-se fiscalização à propriedade rural, localizada no município de São José de Ribamar, estado do Maranhão. Na fiscalização inicial constatou-se a criação de 119 bovinos da raça nelore em sistema de confinamento, sendo verificada a inclusão de cama de aviário na alimentação dos bovinos. Diante da constatação procedeu-se a coleta de amostras de ração e envio do material coletado ao Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Santa Catarina. No resultado laboratorial foi detectada a presença de ossos não calcinados, penas não hidrolisadas e sangue o que comprova a inclusão de subprodutos de origem animal na alimentação dos animais. Este é o primeiro relato oficial de ingestão de cama de aviário por bovinos no estado do Maranhão com confirmação laboratorial oficial da presença de subproduto de origem animal. Sugere-se a intensificação nas fiscalizações ativas em propriedades de criação de ruminantes no estado do Maranhão e controle no trânsito da cama de aviário que conste na documentação a finalidade de uso desse material.

Poultry litter intake by cattle: epidemiological characterization and sanitation of health hazards / Ingestão de cama de aviário por bovinos: caracterização epidemiológica e saneamento do agravo sanitário

The aim of the current study is to report a sanitary episode of poultry litter intake by cattle, based on the epidemiological characterization of health hazards and of sanitation measures implemented in the investigated property. The sanitary episode resulted from an anonymous report about the use of poultry litter as cattle food. The rural property located in São José de Ribamar County, Maranhão State, was inspected 72 hours after the complaint. Based on the initial inspection, 119 Nellore cattle were subjected to confinement system and fed on cattle food added with poultry litter. Given such discovery, cattle food samples were collected and sent to the National Agricultural Laboratory of Santa Catarina State. Laboratory results have shown the incidence of uncalcined bones, unhydrolyzed feathers and blood in the analyzed samples, which confirmed the inclusion of animal by-products in cattles diet. The current study is the first official report about poultry litter intake by cattle in Maranhão State, which  was officially confirmed by laboratory results evidencing the presence of animal by-products in the analyzed samples. It is essential intensifying the active inspections carried out in ruminant-breeding farms in Maranhão State, as well as controlling poultry litter transit by documenting the purpose of its use.(AU)

Objetivou-se com o estudo relatar o episódio sanitário da ingestão de cama de aviário por bovinos, caracterizando epidemiologicamente o agravo sanitário e as medidas de saneamento implementadas na propriedade. O episódio sanitário resultou de denúncia anônima sobre o fornecimento de cama de aviário como alimentação para bovinos. Após 72 horas da denúncia realizou-se fiscalização à propriedade rural, localizada no município de São José de Ribamar, estado do Maranhão. Na fiscalização inicial constatou-se a criação de 119 bovinos da raça nelore em sistema de confinamento, sendo verificada a inclusão de cama de aviário na alimentação dos bovinos. Diante da constatação procedeu-se a coleta de amostras de ração e envio do material coletado ao Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Santa Catarina. No resultado laboratorial foi detectada a presença de ossos não calcinados, penas não hidrolisadas e sangue o que comprova a inclusão de subprodutos de origem animal na alimentação dos animais. Este é o primeiro relato oficial de ingestão de cama de aviário por bovinos no estado do Maranhão com confirmação laboratorial oficial da presença de subproduto de origem animal. Sugere-se a intensificação nas fiscalizações ativas em propriedades de criação de ruminantes no estado do Maranhão e controle no trânsito da cama de aviário que conste na documentação a finalidade de uso desse material.(AU)

Risk factors analysis applied to antibodies to Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Leukemia Virus and Brucella abortus among cattle: a cross-sectional study / Fatores de risco associados às infecções causadas por Herpesvírus Bovino Tipo I, Vírus da diarreia viral bovina, Vírus da leucose bovina e Brucella abortus em rebanhos bovinos: um estudo transversal

The aim of the current cross-sectional study is to identify risk factors associated with infections caused by BoHV-1, BVDV, BLV and Brucella abortus in beef cattle herds bred under semi-intensive production system in São Luis Island - MA. Sixteen (16) cattle herds were selected and 160 serum blood samples from female animals in these herds (older than 24 months) were analyzed. An epidemiological questionnaire was answered by owners of each assessed property in order to identify risk factors associated with the studied infections; evaluations were made by means of multivariate statistical analysis. The prevalence of cattle positive to BoHV-1, BVDV, BLV and B. abortus was 68.12%, 66.87%, 62.50% and 3.12%, respectively. Variable cattle purchase was a risk factor for infections caused by BoHV-1, BVDV and B. abortus. Pasture sharing and pig breeding in the same property were factors associated with the occurrence of BoHV-1 and B. abortus in the assessed herds. Variables miscarriage and diarrhea were indicative of B. abortus. Based on the current results,  further attention should be given to the herein investigated region, where epidemiological investigations and control interventions should be implemented in order to avoid infections caused by BoHV-1, BVDV, BLV and B. abortus.

O objetivo do presente estudo transversal foi identificar os fatores de risco associados às infecções causadas por BoHV-1, BVDV, BLV e Brucella abortus em rebanhos bovinos de corte sob sistema de produção semi-intensiva na Ilha de São Luis -MA. Para isso, dezesseis (16) rebanhos bovinos foram selecionados e analisados sorologicamente 160 amostras de sangue de fêmeas bovinas (com idade superior a 24 meses). Em cada propriedade avaliada aplicou-se um questionário epidemiológico para identificar os fatores de risco que poderiam estar associados às infecções em estudo, por meio de análise estatística multivariada. As prevalências de bovinos positivos ao BoHV-1, BVDV, BLV e B. abortus foram de 68, 12%, 66,87%, 62, 50% e 3, 12%, respectivamente. No estudo dos fatores de risco, a variável compra de bovinos foi identificada com o fator de risco simultaneamente para as infecções pelo BoHV-1, BVDV e B. abortus. Compartilhamento de pasto e presença de suínos estiveram associadas ao mesmo tempo à ocorrência do BoHV-1 e B. abortus entre os animais avaliados. E ainda para a B. abortus, foram identificadas como fatores de risco as variáveis, ocorrência de abortamento e diarreia. Com base nos resultados desse estudo pode-se concluir que maior atenção deve ser dada à região estudada onde investigações epidemiológicas e intervenções de controle para as infecções pelo BoHV-1, BVDV, VLB e B. abortus devam ser implementadas.

Risk factors analysis applied to antibodies to Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Leukemia Virus and Brucella abortus among cattle: a cross-sectional study / Fatores de risco associados às infecções causadas por Herpesvírus Bovino Tipo I, Vírus da diarreia viral bovina, Vírus da leucose bovina e Brucella abortus em rebanhos bovinos: um estudo transversal

The aim of the current cross-sectional study is to identify risk factors associated with infections caused by BoHV-1, BVDV, BLV and Brucella abortus in beef cattle herds bred under semi-intensive production system in São Luis Island - MA. Sixteen (16) cattle herds were selected and 160 serum blood samples from female animals in these herds (older than 24 months) were analyzed. An epidemiological questionnaire was answered by owners of each assessed property in order to identify risk factors associated with the studied infections; evaluations were made by means of multivariate statistical analysis. The prevalence of cattle positive to BoHV-1, BVDV, BLV and B. abortus was 68.12%, 66.87%, 62.50% and 3.12%, respectively. Variable cattle purchase was a risk factor for infections caused by BoHV-1, BVDV and B. abortus. Pasture sharing and pig breeding in the same property were factors associated with the occurrence of BoHV-1 and B. abortus in the assessed herds. Variables miscarriage and diarrhea were indicative of B. abortus. Based on the current results,  further attention should be given to the herein investigated region, where epidemiological investigations and control interventions should be implemented in order to avoid infections caused by BoHV-1, BVDV, BLV and B. abortus.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo transversal foi identificar os fatores de risco associados às infecções causadas por BoHV-1, BVDV, BLV e Brucella abortus em rebanhos bovinos de corte sob sistema de produção semi-intensiva na Ilha de São Luis -MA. Para isso, dezesseis (16) rebanhos bovinos foram selecionados e analisados sorologicamente 160 amostras de sangue de fêmeas bovinas (com idade superior a 24 meses). Em cada propriedade avaliada aplicou-se um questionário epidemiológico para identificar os fatores de risco que poderiam estar associados às infecções em estudo, por meio de análise estatística multivariada. As prevalências de bovinos positivos ao BoHV-1, BVDV, BLV e B. abortus foram de 68, 12%, 66,87%, 62, 50% e 3, 12%, respectivamente. No estudo dos fatores de risco, a variável compra de bovinos foi identificada com o fator de risco simultaneamente para as infecções pelo BoHV-1, BVDV e B. abortus. Compartilhamento de pasto e presença de suínos estiveram associadas ao mesmo tempo à ocorrência do BoHV-1 e B. abortus entre os animais avaliados. E ainda para a B. abortus, foram identificadas como fatores de risco as variáveis, ocorrência de abortamento e diarreia. Com base nos resultados desse estudo pode-se concluir que maior atenção deve ser dada à região estudada onde investigações epidemiológicas e intervenções de controle para as infecções pelo BoHV-1, BVDV, VLB e B. abortus devam ser implementadas.(AU)

Bovine brucellosis in slaughterhouses controlled by Federal and Municipal Inspection Services in the state of Maranhão, Brazil / Brucelose bovina em frigoríficos com Serviços de Inspeção Federal e Municipal no estado do Maranhão

The aims of the current study were to investigate the prevalence of bovine brucellosis, to correlate laboratory results of serum reactive samples to the serology of animals presenting serous pouches, and to identify possible risk factors for the development of the disease. In order to do so, 1,265 bovine blood samples were collected from male and female animals bred in different counties in Maranhão state, Brazil, and in other regions of the country. The animals were slaughtered in two slaughterhouses controlled by the Federal Inspection Service (FIS), and in two others controlled by the Municipal Inspection Service (MIS), of regions such as Açailândia and Imperatriz. Samples were tested for specific antibodies by using buffered acidified antigen (BAA) and 2-mercaptoethanol in combination with slow serum agglutination (2-ME + SSA). Additionally, an epidemiological questionnaire was applied to 100 owners, who provided animals to the slaughterhouses, to enable investigating the risk factors for bovine brucellosis. Fifteen serous pouches of animals presenting this lesion were also collected at slaughter time. Thirty-nine out of the analyzed samples were reacted to BAA, whereas 15 reacted to the 2-ME + SSA test; only one male was reagent and it resulted in 1.19% prevalence. One out of the 15 collected serous pouches reacted to the 2-ME + SSA test. The risk factors identified in this study were: the incidence of miscarriages, the sale of animals without previous examination, and the failure in testing the animals before introducing them in herds and before slaughter. It was possible to conclude that the animals slaughtered in the herein evaluated slaughterhouses were infected with Brucella abortus, as well as that this infection prevailed in females.(AU)

Os objetivos do estudo foram determinar a prevalência da brucelose bovina, relacionar resultados laboratoriais de amostras séricas reagentes com a sorologia de animais que apresentavam bursites e, ainda, identificar possíveis fatores de risco para a enfermidade. Para isso, no abate foram coletadas 1.265 amostras de sangue bovino, entre machos e fêmeas, procedentes de diferentes municípios maranhenses e de outras regiões do Brasil, abatidos em dois frigoríficos com Serviço de Inspeção Federal e dois com Serviço de Inspeção Municipal, nas regionais de Açailândia e Imperatriz. As amostras foram testadas para a presença de anticorpos específicos pelos testes do antígeno acidificado tamponado e 2-mercaptoetanol combinado à soroaglutinação lenta (2-ME + SAL). Para realizar o estudo dos fatores de risco, adicionalmente aplicou-se um questionário epidemiológico com 100 proprietários que forneceram animais aos frigoríficos. Foram também coletadas 15 amostras de material de bursite de animais que apresentaram a referida lesão no momento do abate. Do total de amostras analisadas, 39 foram reagentes ao antígeno acidificado tamponado e 15 foram confirmadas no 2-ME + SAL. Apenas um macho foi reagente, o que resultou em prevalência de 1,19%. Das 15 amostras de material de bursites coletadas, uma foi reagente no teste 2-ME + SAL. Os fatores de risco identificados no estudo foram: ocorrência de abortamentos, venda de animais sem exames e não realização de exames que atestem os animais antes da inclusão nos rebanhos para abate. Concluiu-se que a infecção por Brucella abortus em animais abatidos nos frigoríficos avaliados está presente e ocorre com maior frequência em fêmeas.(AU)

Bovine brucellosis in slaughterhouses controlled by Federal and Municipal Inspection Services in the state of Maranhão, Brazil / Brucelose bovina em frigoríficos com Serviços de Inspeção Federal e Municipal no estado do Maranhão

The aims of the current study were to investigate the prevalence of bovine brucellosis, to correlate laboratory results of serum reactive samples to the serology of animals presenting serous pouches, and to identify possible risk factors for the development of the disease. In order to do so, 1,265 bovine blood samples were collected from male and female animals bred in different counties in Maranhão state, Brazil, and in other regions of the country. The animals were slaughtered in two slaughterhouses controlled by the Federal Inspection Service (FIS), and in two others controlled by the Municipal Inspection Service (MIS), of regions such as Açailândia and Imperatriz. Samples were tested for specific antibodies by using buffered acidified antigen (BAA) and 2-mercaptoethanol in combination with slow serum agglutination (2-ME + SSA). Additionally, an epidemiological questionnaire was applied to 100 owners, who provided animals to the slaughterhouses, to enable investigating the risk factors for bovine brucellosis. Fifteen serous pouches of animals presenting this lesion were also collected at slaughter time. Thirty-nine out of the analyzed samples were reacted to BAA, whereas 15 reacted to the 2-ME + SSA test; only one male was reagent and it resulted in 1.19% prevalence. One out of the 15 collected serous pouches reacted to the 2-ME + SSA test. The risk factors identified in this study were: the incidence of miscarriages, the sale of animals without previous examination, and the failure in testing the animals before introducing them in herds and before slaughter. It was possible to conclude that the animals slaughtered in the herein evaluated slaughterhouses were infected with Brucella abortus, as well as that this infection prevailed in females.(AU)

Os objetivos do estudo foram determinar a prevalência da brucelose bovina, relacionar resultados laboratoriais de amostras séricas reagentes com a sorologia de animais que apresentavam bursites e, ainda, identificar possíveis fatores de risco para a enfermidade. Para isso, no abate foram coletadas 1.265 amostras de sangue bovino, entre machos e fêmeas, procedentes de diferentes municípios maranhenses e de outras regiões do Brasil, abatidos em dois frigoríficos com Serviço de Inspeção Federal e dois com Serviço de Inspeção Municipal, nas regionais de Açailândia e Imperatriz. As amostras foram testadas para a presença de anticorpos específicos pelos testes do antígeno acidificado tamponado e 2-mercaptoetanol combinado à soroaglutinação lenta (2-ME + SAL). Para realizar o estudo dos fatores de risco, adicionalmente aplicou-se um questionário epidemiológico com 100 proprietários que forneceram animais aos frigoríficos. Foram também coletadas 15 amostras de material de bursite de animais que apresentaram a referida lesão no momento do abate. Do total de amostras analisadas, 39 foram reagentes ao antígeno acidificado tamponado e 15 foram confirmadas no 2-ME + SAL. Apenas um macho foi reagente, o que resultou em prevalência de 1,19%. Das 15 amostras de material de bursites coletadas, uma foi reagente no teste 2-ME + SAL. Os fatores de risco identificados no estudo foram: ocorrência de abortamentos, venda de animais sem exames e não realização de exames que atestem os animais antes da inclusão nos rebanhos para abate. Concluiu-se que a infecção por Brucella abortus em animais abatidos nos frigoríficos avaliados está presente e ocorre com maior frequência em fêmeas.(AU)

Leptospira spp. in sheep of the state of Maranhao, Brazil: frequency, risk factors and foci mapping

The objective of this research was to estimate the frequency, risk factors and mapping of outbreaks in ovine flocks in the State of Maranhao, Brazil, related to Leptospira spp. A total of 575 samples of blood serum from sheep were collected, from 116 flocks, and 20 municipalities. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to verify the association of risk factors. Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) was used for 24 serovars of Leptospira spp. 100% of the flocks (116) and 94.43% of animals (543/575) were reagents for at least one of the 24 serovars tested. The most frequent serovars were Sentot (236, 41.04%), Hadjo (197, 34.26%), Adamana (178; 30.95%), Pomona (158, 27.47%) and Autumnallis (148, 25.73%). The presence of rodents, felines, goats, pigs and wild animals had a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with the occurrence of Leptospira spp. It was concluded that the frequency of Leptospiraspp was high in sheep from the State of Maranhao. However, all municipalities had infected animals, therefore, it is considered necessary to implement sanitary measures for the control and prevention of this disease in ovine flocks in the state of Maranhao.(AU)

Leptospira spp. in sheep of the state of Maranhao, Brazil: frequency, risk factors and foci mapping

The objective of this research was to estimate the frequency, risk factors and mapping of outbreaks in ovine flocks in the State of Maranhao, Brazil, related to Leptospira spp. A total of 575 samples of blood serum from sheep were collected, from 116 flocks, and 20 municipalities. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to verify the association of risk factors. Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) was used for 24 serovars of Leptospira spp. 100% of the flocks (116) and 94.43% of animals (543/575) were reagents for at least one of the 24 serovars tested. The most frequent serovars were Sentot (236, 41.04%), Hadjo (197, 34.26%), Adamana (178; 30.95%), Pomona (158, 27.47%) and Autumnallis (148, 25.73%). The presence of rodents, felines, goats, pigs and wild animals had a statistically significant association (p < 0.05) with the occurrence of Leptospira spp. It was concluded that the frequency of Leptospiraspp was high in sheep from the State of Maranhao. However, all municipalities had infected animals, therefore, it is considered necessary to implement sanitary measures for the control and prevention of this disease in ovine flocks in the state of Maranhao.

Comparison Of The Cutaneous Response Of The Comparative Cervical Tuberculin (Cct) Test With Different Reading Times In Buffaloes

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects ruminants, causing losses in milk and meat production. Thus, the aim of this research was to compare the cutaneous response of the comparative cervical tuberculin test in buffaloes. Thus, the Comparative Cervical Test (CCT) examined 473 buffaloes, with 440 females and 33 males of different ages and races. Measurement of the allergic skin response was performed at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after tuberculinization. For avian tuberculin, the mean skin increases ranged from 12.24mm (0 hour) to 14.82mm (96 hours). As for bovine tuberculin ranged from 11.99mm (0 hour) to 13.68mm (96 hours). The maximum point of measurement of the allergic skin reaction was observed at 72 hours after the application of avian tuberculin, the same was observed for bovine tuberculin. However, there was no statistically significant difference in relation to the amplitude of the reactions observed at 48, 72 and 96 hours. Therefore, it was concluded that the skin allergic reaction occurred in a gradual manner and that the maximum amplitude value of the cutaneous allergic response in buffalo in the diagnosis of tuberculosis was at 72 hours.

Comparison Of The Cutaneous Response Of The Comparative Cervical Tuberculin (Cct) Test With Different Reading Times In Buffaloes

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects ruminants, causing losses in milk and meat production. Thus, the aim of this research was to compare the cutaneous response of the comparative cervical tuberculin test in buffaloes. Thus, the Comparative Cervical Test (CCT) examined 473 buffaloes, with 440 females and 33 males of different ages and races. Measurement of the allergic skin response was performed at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after tuberculinization. For avian tuberculin, the mean skin increases ranged from 12.24mm (0 hour) to 14.82mm (96 hours). As for bovine tuberculin ranged from 11.99mm (0 hour) to 13.68mm (96 hours). The maximum point of measurement of the allergic skin reaction was observed at 72 hours after the application of avian tuberculin, the same was observed for bovine tuberculin. However, there was no statistically significant difference in relation to the amplitude of the reactions observed at 48, 72 and 96 hours. Therefore, it was concluded that the skin allergic reaction occurred in a gradual manner and that the maximum amplitude value of the cutaneous allergic response in buffalo in the diagnosis of tuberculosis was at 72 hours.(AU)