Chemical analysis of pottery reveals the transition from a maritime to a plant-based economy in pre-colonial coastal Brazil.

Understanding long-term dynamics of past socio-ecological systems is essential for their future management. The southern Atlantic Forest coast of Brazil with its biodiverse littoral zone and artisanal fishing communities, is a priority for conservation. Traditional maritime knowledge is thought to have a deep-history and indeed, marine exploitation can be traced back to the middle Holocene. As part of one of South America's largest diasporas, Guarani groups reached the southern Brazilian coast at around 1000 years ago. Their impact on the long-standing coastal economy is unknown, due to poor preservation of organic remains. Through the first organic residue study on Guarani pottery, we show that maize rather than aquatic foods was the most dominant product in pottery at this time. By developing a mixing model based on carbon isotope values of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids we propose new criteria for the identification of maize, opening up avenues for future research. Our data confirms the importance of maize to the pre-colonial Guarani, even in a highly productive coastal environment. The Guarani occupation of this region marks a significant departure from previous socio-economic systems, potentially leading to loss of traditional knowledge and alleviating anthropogenic pressure, albeit temporarily, on the marine environment.

Fishing intensification as response to Late Holocene socio-ecological instability in southeastern South America.

The emergence of plant-based economies have dominated evolutionary models of Middle and Late Holocene pre-Columbian societies in South America. Comparatively, the use of aquatic resources and the circumstances for intensifying their exploitation have received little attention. Here we reviewed the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of 390 human individuals from Middle and Late Holocene coastal sambaquis, a long-lasting shell mound culture that flourished for nearly 7000 years along the Atlantic Forest coast of Brazil. Using a newly generated faunal isotopic baseline and Bayesian Isotope Mixing Models we quantified the relative contribution of marine resources to the diet of some of these groups. Through the analysis of more than 400 radiocarbon dates we show that fishing sustained large and resilient populations during most of the Late Holocene. A sharp decline was observed in the frequency of sambaqui sites and radiocarbon dates from ca. 2200 years ago, possibly reflecting the dissolution of several nucleated groups into smaller social units, coinciding with substantial changes in coastal environments. The spread of ceramics from ca. 1200 years ago is marked by innovation and intensification of fishing practices, in a context of increasing social and ecological instability in the Late Holocene.

Acetylcholinesterases from Leaf-Cutting ant Atta sexdens: Purification, Characterization, and Capillary Reactors for On-Flow Assays.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is responsible for catalyzing the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) leading to acetate and choline (Ch) release. The inhibition of AChE produces a generalized synaptic collapse that can lead to insect death. Herein we report for the first time the isolation of two AChEs from Atta sexdens which were purified by sulphate ammonium precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography. AsAChE-A and AsAChE-B enzymes have optimum pH of 9.5 and 9.0 and higher activities in 30/50°C and 20°C, respectively, using acetylthiocholine (ATCh) as substrate. Immobilized capillary enzyme reactors (ICERs) were obtained for both enzymes (AsAChE-A-ICER and AsAChE-B-ICER) and their activities were measured by LC-MS/MS through hydrolysis product quantification of the natural substrate ACh. The comparison of activities by LC-MS/MS of both AChEs using ACh as substrate showed that AsAChE-B (free or immobilized) had the highest affinity. The inverse result was observed when the colorimetric assay (Elman method) was used for ATCh as substrate. Moreover, by mass spectrometry and phylogenetic studies, AsAChE-A and AsAChE-B were classified as belonging to AChE-2 and AChE-1 classes, respectively.

Middle Holocene plant cultivation on the Atlantic Forest coast of Brazil?

This work provides robust oral pathology and stable isotope evidence on Bayesian mixing model for an unexpectedly high consumption of carbohydrates by a Middle Holocene coastal population of the Atlantic Forest of South America, an area traditionally viewed as peripheral to early centres of food production on the continent. A diversified economy with substantial consumption of plant resources was in place at the shellmound (or sambaqui) of Morro do Ouro, in Babitonga Bay, and supported a dense population at ca 4500 cal BP. This dietary composition is unique when compared with that of other contemporary and later groups in the region, including peoples who used ceramics and domesticated crops. The results corroborate independent dietary evidence, such as stone tool artefacts for plant processing and plant microremains in dental calculus of the same individuals, and suggest plant cultivation possibly took place in this region at the same time as the development of early agriculture in Amazonia and the La Plata Basin. Our study situates the Atlantic Forest coast of Brazil on the map of early plant management in the Neotropics.

Prevalence and clinical characteristics of urinary incontinence in elderly individuals of a low income.

To estimate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in elderly individuals of low income assisted by the primary health care system in São Paulo, Brazil. In this community-based, observational, cross-sectional study, participants assisted by the health family program in São Paulo, Brazil, were sampled and interviewed face to face by questionnaire. Participants (n=388) were selected from the collaborative program developed by the 10/66 Dementia Research Group, an International Network of investigators. Demographics, health history and a detailed assessment of UI and urinary symptoms were obtained. Prevalence of UI was calculated. Other variables included age, body mass index (BMI), duration of incontinence and characteristics of the symptoms. The association between UI and the variables was estimated using the Kruskal-Wallis test, Chi-squared test and Fisher test (depending on normality of the distribution and expected frequencies). Prevalence of UI was 38.4%. UI was more common in women than in men (50% vs. 18.3%, p<0.001). Diabetes, obesity and hypertension were associated with UI. Almost 36.2% of the cases were of mixed incontinence, 26.8% of urge incontinence and 24.2% of stress incontinence. Men were more likely to have urge-incontinence, while women were more likely to have mixed incontinence (p=0.001). UI is prevalent in the elderly of low income living in São Paulo and rates are higher than most previous studies. Chronic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes and obesity were associated with UI.

Prevalence of fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain in community-dwelling elderly subjects living in São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic widespread pain (CWP) in community-dwelling elderly individuals living in São Paulo, to assess the spectrum of problems related to these diseases using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and to correlate the FIQ with the number of tender points and with pain threshold. METHODS: Our sample consisted of 361 individuals (64% women, 36% men, mean age of 73.3±5.7 years). Individuals were classified into four groups: FM (according to American College of Rheumatology criteria), CWP, regional pain (RP) and no pain (NP). Pain characteristics and dolorimetry for 18 tender points and the FIQ were assessed. RESULTS: The prevalence of FM was 5.5% [95% confidence interval (CI)=5.4-5.7], and the prevalence of CWP was 14.1% (95% CI: 10.5-17.7%). The frequency of RP was 52.6% and the prevalence of NP was 27.7%. FIQ scores were higher in people with FM (44.5), followed by CWP (31.4), RP (18.1) and NP (5.5) (p<0.001). There was a positive correlation between the domains of the FIQ and the number of tender points (p<0.05), and a negative correlation between FIQ score and pain threshold (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In our elderly subjects, the prevalence of FM was slightly higher compared to previously reported studies, and CWP was around 14%. The spectrum of problems related to chronic pain was more severe in FM followed by CWP, strongly suggesting that these conditions should be diagnosed and adequately treated in older individuals.

Acute lower respiratory illness in under-five children in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: prevalence and risk factors.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of acute lower respiratory illness and to identify associated factors among children less than five years of age in the city of Rio Grande, southern Brazil. Using a cross-sectional survey, a standardized household questionnaire was applied to mothers or guardians. Information was collected on household conditions, socioeconomic status, and parental smoking. Prenatal care attendance, nutritional status, breastfeeding pattern, and use of health services for the children were also investigated. Data analysis was based on prevalence ratios and logistic regression, using a conceptual framework. Among 771 children studied, 23.9% presented acute lower respiratory illness. The main risk factors were previous episodes of acute lower respiratory infection or wheezing, crowding, maternal schooling less than five years, monthly family income less than US$ 200, four or more people per room, asthma in family members, and maternal smoking. Mothers 30 years or older were identified as a protective factor. These results can help define specific measures to reduce morbidity and mortality due to acute lower respiratory illness in this setting.

Acute lower respiratory illness in under-five children in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: prevalence and risk factors / Doença respiratória aguda baixa em menores de cinco anos em Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: prevalência e fatores de risco

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of acute lower respiratory illness and to identify associated factors among children less than five years of age in the city of Rio Grande, southern Brazil. Using a cross-sectional survey, a standardized household questionnaire was applied to mothers or guardians. Information was collected on household conditions, socioeconomic status, and parental smoking. Prenatal care attendance, nutritional status, breastfeeding pattern, and use of health services for the children were also investigated. Data analysis was based on prevalence ratios and logistic regression, using a conceptual framework. Among 771 children studied, 23.9 percent presented acute lower respiratory illness. The main risk factors were previous episodes of acute lower respiratory infection or wheezing, crowding, maternal schooling less than five years, monthly family income less than US$ 200, four or more people per room, asthma in family members, and maternal smoking. Mothers 30 years or older were identified as a protective factor. These results can help define specific measures to reduce morbidity and mortality due to acute lower respiratory illness in this setting.

Este estudo teve por objetivo determinar a prevalência de doenças respiratórias agudas baixas e identificar fatores associados à sua ocorrência entre crianças menores de cinco anos de idade em Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Realizou-se estudo transversal de base populacional com aplicação de questionário em nível domiciliar às mães ou responsáveis pelas crianças. Foram coletadas informações sobre características sócio-econômicas, condições de habitação da família e tabagismo dos pais; sobre as crianças, investigou-se padrão de amamentação e dieta, estado nutricional, assistência à gestação e ao parto e utilização de serviços de saúde. A análise incluiu cálculo das razões de prevalência e regressão logística conforme modelo hierárquico previamente estabelecido. Dentre as 771 crianças estudadas, 23,9 por cento apresentavam doenças respiratórias agudas baixas. Os principais fatores de risco identificados foram antecedente de infecção respiratória, sibilância anterior, aglomeração, escolaridade materna menor que cinco anos, renda familiar menor que dois salários mínimos mensais, quatro ou mais pessoas no quarto da criança, história de asma na família e tabagismo materno. Idade materna igual ou superior a trinta anos mostrou-se protetor. Esses resultados podem contribuir para estabelecer medidas específicas visando a reduzir a morbimortalidade por doenças respiratórias agudas baixas nessa população.

Validação da versão brasileira do Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire ( FIQ ) / Validation of the brazilian version of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire ( FIQ )

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver uma versão transcultural do Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) para a população brasileira e analisar sua validade e eficácia quando aplicado em pacientes com fibromialgia. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 44 pacientes com fibromialgia (FM), diagnosticados segundo os critérios do American College of Rheumatology (ACR), 1990. Baseados nas orientações de Guillemin et al(22), foram convidados quatro professores de língua inglesa, um reumatologista e dois fisioterapeutas. O procedimento seguiu as etapas: tradução inicial por dois professores de inglês, avaliação das duas traduções para uma versão única, versão para a língua inglesa por dois professores de inglês nativos, reunião de consenso com dois professores de inglês, reumatologista e fisioterapeutas para versão teste, avaliação da equivalência cultural, versão final, avaliação da confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade. A versão teste foi aplicada em 20 pacientes com FM, tendo em todas as questões o item "não-aplicável". Substituição de possíveis questões com mais de 15 por cento de respostas "não-aplicável" por outras de mesmo conceito, resultando na versão final. Aplicação dessa versão em 24 pacientes com FM por dois avaliadores que fizeram a entrevista no mesmo dia com intervalo de uma hora e, após um período de sete dias da primeira avaliação, o questionário foi reaplicado pelo primeiro avaliador. RESULTADOS: Na aplicação da versão teste não houve questões com mais de 15 por cento de respostas "não-aplicável". Sendo assim, não foi mudado o texto para a versão final. Porém, houve dificuldade de compreensão das escalas visuais analógicas (questões 4 a 10). Com isso, foram acrescidas "carinhas" nos dois extremos: à esquerda uma "carinha" feliz e à direita, uma infeliz. Esse processo deu origem à versão final. Na avaliação da confiabilidade, os resultados do avaliador 1 (primeira e segunda aplicação) e do avaliador 2 foram comparados, bem como as duas aplicações do avaliador

[Respiratory illnesses in children younger than 5 years of age in southern Brazil: the influence of the home environment]. / Doença respiratória em menores de 5 anos no sul do Brasil: influência do ambiente doméstico.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of acute lower respiratory tract infections and the risk factors associated with living conditions among children up to 5 years of age in the city of Rio Grande, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out with 775 children. A standardized questionnaire was administered to the mother or other caregiver at the child's home in order to collect information on housing conditions, socioeconomic status, and smoking in the home. Additional variables examined included nutritional status, duration of breast-feeding, prenatal care, and utilization of health care services. Environmental variables were analyzed individually and were also grouped together in an "environmental score" that encompassed 10 variables: type of house construction, type of floor, home heating system, type of stove, dog in the child's room, dog in the house, cat in the child's room, cat in the house, number of people per room, and maternal smoking. The grouped environmental score ranged from 0 (best) to 10 (worst). The analysis included two stages: a bivariate stage, in which the prevalence ratio was calculated for each risk factor, and a multivariate stage, with logistic regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of acute lower respiratory tract infections was 23.9%. The main risk factors identified were: environmental score >/= 3 points, maternal schooling < 5 years, monthly family income < US$ 200, four or more people sharing the child's bedroom, and maternal smoking. Maternal age > or = 30 years was found to protect against the development of respiratory illness. CONCLUSIONS: Specific programs need to be implemented to control acute respiratory illnesses in the population studied. In future studies with this population, the environmental score that we developed could be used in place of the complete set of environmental variables that we tested. This environmental score should be applied in other contexts so as to determine its external validity.

Doença respiratória em menores de 5 anos no sul do Brasil: influência do ambiente doméstico / Respiratory illnesses in children younger than 5 years of age in southern Brazil: the influence of the home environment

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a prevalência de doenças agudas do trato respiratório inferior e os fatores de risco relacionados às condiçöes de moradia em crianças de 0 a 59 meses na Cidade do Rio Grande, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base populacional com 775 crianças. Foram aplicados questionários padronizados às mäes ou responsáveis pelas crianças, em seus domicílios, e coletadas informaçöes sobre condiçöes de habitaçäo, nível socioeconômico e tabagismo. Também foram investigados: o estado nutricional, a duraçäo da amamentaçäo, o atendimento pré-natal e a utilizaçäo dos serviços de saúde. As variáveis ambientais foram analisadas individualmente e em conjunto, em um escore ambiental que englobou 10 variáveis - tipo de construçäo, tipo de piso, aquecimento doméstico, tipo de fogäo, cäo no quarto da criança, cäo dentro de casa, gato no quarto da criança, gato dentro de casa, aglomeraçäo e fumo materno - variando de 0 (melhor) a 10 (pior). A análise incluiu duas etapas: bivariada, com o cálculo da razäo de prevalências de cada um dos fatores de risco, e multivariada, através de regressäo logística. RESULTADOS: A prevalência geral de doença respiratória aguda baixa foi de 23,9 por cento. Os principais fatores de risco identificados foram: escore ambiental > 3 pontos, menos de 5 anos de escolaridade materna, renda familiar mensal menor do que US$ 200,00, quatro ou mais pessoas dividindo o quarto da criança e tabagismo materno. A idade materna > 30 anos foi identificada como fator de proteçäo. CONCLUSÖES: É preciso implementar programas específicos de controle para as doenças respiratórias agudas na populaçäo estudada. O escore ambiental desenvolvido pode substituir as variáveis ambientais testadas, devendo ser aplicado em outros contextos para determinar a sua validade externa