Association of Alcohol Consumption with Cognition and Functionality in Older Adults Aged 75+ Years: The Pietà Study.

The relationship between alcohol consumption and cognition is still controversial. This is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted in Caeté (MG), Brazil, where 602 individuals aged 75+ years, 63.6% female, and with a mean education of 2.68 years, were submitted to thorough clinical assessments and categorized according to the number of alcoholic beverages consumed weekly. The prevalence rates of previous and current alcohol consumption were 34.6% and 12.3%, respectively. No association emerged between cognitive diagnoses and current/previous alcohol consumption categories. Considering current alcohol intake as a dichotomous variable, the absence of alcohol consumption was associated with dementia (OR = 2.34; 95%CI: 1.39-3.90) and worse functionality (p = 0.001). Previous consumption of cachaça (sugar cane liquor) increased the risk of dementia by 2.52 (95%CI: 1.25-5.04). The association between the consumption of cachaça and dementia diagnosis has not been described before.

Diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in a population-based sample of individuals aged 75 + years: associations with cognition, major depressive disorder, functionality and quality of life-the Pietà study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the rates of diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in a population-based sample of individuals aged 75 + years old and their associations with cognitive performance, depression, functionality, and quality of life (QoL). STUDY DESIGN: Overall, 350 people participated in the study. Assessments of cognition, mood, functionality and QoL were performed using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), clock-drawing, category fluency tests, the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Pfeffer's Functional Activities Questionnaire, and the WHO Quality of Life-Old (WHOQOL-OLD). RESULTS: IFG (ADA criteria) was identified in 42.1% of the sample, while the DM rate was 24.1%. Lack of knowledge of the DM diagnosis and lack of treatment occurred in 27% and 39% of the sample, respectively. Rates of dementia and depression, MMSE, category fluency scores, and previous cardiovascular events did not differ between the glycaemic groups. Individuals with DM performed worse on the clock-drawing test, functionality, and WHOQOL-OLD than the other participants. Individuals with IFG presented similar QoL and functionality when compared with the group without DM. CONCLUSIONS: IFG and DM were common in this population-based sample aged 75 + years old, as were inadequate diagnoses and treatments of DM. DM individuals presented poor performance in the executive function test, functionality, and QoL. Further studies are recommended to investigate the value of an IFG diagnosis among the most elderly population.

The influence of age, sex and education on the phenomenology of depressive symptoms in a population-based sample aged 75+ years with major depression: the Pietà Study.

OBJECTIVES: Late-life depression (LLD) is the most common mental disorder among the elderly, but its clinical features remain unclear, especially among older adults. We sought to investigate if age, sex and education could influence the severity or frequency of LLD symptoms. METHODS: We evaluated 639 community-dwelling individuals aged 75+ years in Caeté (MG), Brazil. We used the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview to diagnose major depression according to DSM-IV criteria and the GDS-15 to measure depression severity. RESULTS: Excluding 174 individuals diagnosed with dementia, 54 (11.6%) of the remaining 457 individuals were diagnosed with LLD; 77.8% of which were female. On average, these participants were aged 81.0 ± 4.8 years and had 2.7 ± 3.3 years of schooling. Symptom severity was not influenced by sociodemographic variables. Death/suicidal ideation was more frequent among men, while psychomotor disturbance was more present in women (p = 0.04 and p = 0.042). More educated individuals (≥ 4 years) also reported a higher frequency of psychomotor disturbance (p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Severity of depressive episode was not influenced by sociodemographic variables. Sex and educational level had a significant impact on symptom profiles.

Epilepsia e demência em uma amostra de pacientes idosos acompanhados em serviço terciário / Epilepsy and dementia in a sample of elderly patients followed at a tertiary outpatient clinic

OBJETIVO: Determinar a freqüência de epilepsia em uma amostra ambulatorial de pacientes idosos com demência e analisar possível associação da epilepsia a uma causa específica de demência. METODOLOGIA: Estudo retrospectivo com dados de 135 pacientes com demência acompanhados em ambulatório de Neurologia Cognitiva, no período de setembro de 2006 a novembro de 2007. Foi realizado levantamento de dados clínicos, laboratoriais, de neuroimagem e de eletroencefalograma. As etiologias das demências foram definidas de acordo com critérios diagnósticos específicos, a partir do quadro clínico, exame neurológico, avaliação neuropsicológica, exames laboratoriais e de neuroimagem. RESULTADOS: A freqüência de epilepsia foi 12 por cento, sendo maior na demência mista (21,4 por cento), seguida pela demência frontotemporal (18,6 por cento), demência vascular (15,4 por cento) e doença de Alzheimer (10,8 por cento). No entanto, nenhuma diferença estatística foi observada entre essas freqüências (p = 0,817). Observou-se que 87,5 por cento dos pacientes iniciaram o quadro de epilepsia na vida adulta, sendo que em 84,6 por cento destes pacientes, o desenvolvimento de epilepsia foi posterior ao início do declínio cognitivo. Os tipos de crise mais comuns foram a tônico-clônico generalizada (43 por cento) e a parcial complexa (38 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da freqüência de epilepsia ser variável entre os diversos tipos de demência, essa variabilidade não foi suficiente para demonstrar diferença estatística.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of epilepsy in a sample of elderly outpatients with dementia and to evaluate whether epilepsy was more associated with a specific dementia etiology. METHODOLOGY: Data from 135 patients with dementia were retrospectively analyzed in a Cognitive Neurology Outpatient Unit. We analyzed data from clinical evaluation, neurological examination, neuropsychological testing, laboratory and neuroimaging findings, and electroencephalogram, whenever available. Etiologies of dementia were defined according to specific diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: Epilepsy was present in 12 percent of the cases, being more frequent in mixed dementia (21.4 percent), followed by frontotemporal dementia (18.6 percent), vascular dementia (15.4 percent) and Alzheimer's disease (10.8 percent). However, the rates of epilepsy across the different dementia etiologies were not significantly different (p = 0.817). Overall, 87.5 percent of patients started the epilepsy during adulthood, and in 84.6 percent of these individuals, epilepsy started after the emergence of cognitive decline. The most common types of seizures were generalized tonic-clonic (43 percent) and complex partial (38 percent). CONCLUSION: Although epilepsy occurred rather commonly in this sample of patients with dementia, no significant difference was found among the distinct etiologies.

Perfil neuropsiquiátrico na doença de Alzheimer e na demência mista / Neuropsychiatric profile in Alzheimer's disease and in mixed dementia

Alguns estudos sugerem que infartos cerebrais possam agravar a demência em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer (DA) e que sintomas neuropsiquiátricos sejam comuns tanto na DA quanto na demência vascular (DV). Doença cerebrovascular concomitante à DA incorre na chamada demência mista (DM). OBJETIVOS: Comparar a freqüência e o perfil dos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos em uma amostra de pacientes com DA e DM. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários de 70 pacientes com diagnóstico de DA provável e 14 com DM. Informações sobre sintomatologia neuropsiquiátrica foram obtidas por meio dos relatos de familiares e cuidadores. RESULTADOS: A média etária foi de 74,5 anos na DA e 75,1 na DM. O sintoma mais comum na DA foi agitação (61,4 por cento), enquanto na DM foi apatia (71,7 por cento). Na DM, nove (64,3 por cento) pacientes apresentavam > 5 sintomas, enquanto na DA, 40 (57,1 por cento) apresentavam < 4. Quarenta e cinco (64,3 por cento) pacientes com DA tinham > 4 anos de doença; na DM, 10 (71,4 por cento) tinham < 3 anos. Pacientes com DM mostraram menor duração de sintomas (p < 0,05), sugerindo que tenham procurado atendimento médico mais precocemente. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes com DM exibiram maior gravidade de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos, fato que pode ter sido responsável pela busca mais precoce de assistência especializada.

Some studies suggest that concomitant cerebral infarction may worsen the severity of dementia in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and that neuropsychiatric symptoms are common either in patients with AD and vascular dementia. AD lesions together with cerebrovascular disease is commonly called mixed dementia (MD). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out in medical charts of 70 patients with probable AD and 14 with MD. Information on neuropsychiatric symptoms was based on caregivers' and families' reports. RESULTS: Mean age was 74.5 years in AD and 75.1 in MD. The most common symptom in AD was agitation (61.4 percent), while in MD apathy was more common (71.7 percent). In MD, 9 (64.3 percent) patients had 5 or more symptoms, while in AD, 40 (57.1 percent) had 4 or less. Forty-five (64.3 percent) patients with AD had more than 4 years of disease; in MD, 10 (71.4 percent) had less than 3 years. Patients with MD showed shorter duration of symptoms (p<0.05), suggesting that these patients search earlier for medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MD exhibited a greater severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms, which may have been responsible for the earlier need of specialized assistance.