Nutritional and performance viability of cactus Opuntia-based diets added to concentrate levels for Girolando lactating dairy cows.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrate levels in diets based on cactus Opuntia Stricta (Haw.) Haw cladodes over the performance of lactating Girolando cows. METHODS: The experiment involved 10 Girolando multiparous dairy cows (512.6 kg of body weight and producing 13.2kg milk/day), allocated into two 5 x 5 Latin squares. The experimental treatments consisted of control diet composed by cactus Nopalea cochenillifera. Salm-Dyck. cladodes (Nopalea), forage sorghum silage and concentrate (20% at DM basis), and four concentrate levels diets (20, 24, 28 and 32%) plus cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. cladodes (Opuntia) and forage sorghum silage. RESULTS: Regarding cows fed control diet, the nutrients intake were greater than for cows fed with cactus Opuntia and concentrate. Regarding concentrate levels, intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) of cows increased linearly. The OM, CP and NDF digestibilities were similar in between to control diet and cactus Opuntia-based diets. The digestibility of NFC increased linearly when the concentrate was inserted. The N balance was the same for control diet and cactus Opuntia-based diets, irrespective the concentrate levels. CONCLUSION: For cows producing 14 kg/day with 3.5% of fat, it is recommended 32% of concentrate inclusion in cactus Opuntia-based diets, and the increase in concentrate level promotes a linear increase in milk yield.

Sugarcane and cactus cladodes plus urea: a new option for Girolando dairy heifers

This study was performed to identify the ideal amount of concentrate required for a diet based on cactus cladodes, sugarcane, and urea used to feed heifers. Twenty Girolando heifers (160±8.39 kg) were randomly distributed into four experimental treatments with 0, 0.40, 0.80, or 1.20 kg day−1 of concentrate. The basal diet contained [on dry matter (DM) basis] 38.1% sugarcane, 56.5% cactus cladodes [ Opuntia stricta (Haw). Haw.], 0.5% common salt, 1.1% mineral mixture, and 3.8% urea plus ammonium sulfate. The concentrate contained [on DM basis] 87% corn meal and 13% soybean meal. The basal diet and the concentrate were formulated to provide 13% crude protein (CP). The intake of DM (4.34-4.96 kg day−1), organic matter (3.96-4.98 kg day−1), CP (0.57-0.64 kg day−1), non-fibrous carbohydrates (2.20-2.61 kg day−1), and metabolizable energy (10.3-12.4 Mcal day−1) increased linearly with concentrate amount. Final body weight (196-224 kg), total body weight gain (36.9-61.2 kg), and average daily body weight gain (0.51-0.85 kg day−1) increased linearly with concentrate amount. The nitrogen balance was positive and increased linearly (54.8-62.3 g day−1) with concentrate amount. Based on the data, we recommend supplying six-month-old Girolando heifers (160 kg body weight) 1.20 kg concentrate day−1 added to a diet based on sugarcane and cactus cladodes plus urea for better productive and economic performance.(AU)

Forage production and mineral composition of cactus intercropped with legumes and fertilized with different sources of manure / Produção de forragem e composição mineral da palma consorciada com leguminosas e adubada com diferentes fontes de esterco

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive potential and mineral composition of the forage cactus IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck). This species was analyzed both in monoculture and intercropped with leucaena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit.] and gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq. Steud.], and was assessed with different sources of manure (cattle, sheep, goat, and broiler litter) serving as fertilizer. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco in Caruaru, PE, Brazil. Treatments were allocated in a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Main plots consisted of cropping systems, while the split-plots were dedicated to manure sources. Cactus harvest was carried out after two years of regrowth. Response variables included both production and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations. No differences were observed for cactus production between the cropping systems, with an average value of 22.1Mg dry matter ha-1 2 years-1. In the intercropped systems, greater proximity to the legumes increased the production of the cactus in the treatments with the cattle and sheep manure, and increased the concentrations of P, K, and Mg, but not of N. The introduction of tree legumes, along with the application of manure, contributes to an increase in production and nutrient concentration of IPA-Sertânia cactus.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial produtivo e a composição mineral da palma forrageira IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), em cultivo isolado e consorciada com leucena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.] ou gliricídia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.], e adubada com as fontes de esterco bovino, ovino, caprino e cama de frango. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco - IPA, em Caruaru. O delineamento foi casualizado em blocos, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram representadas pelos sistemas de cultivo e as subparcelas pelas fontes de esterco. A colheita da palma foi realizada aos dois anos de crescimento e analisada quanto à produção e aos teores de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg). Não foram observadas diferenças de produção da palma entre os sistemas de cultivo, atingindo valor médio de 22,1t ha-1 2 anos-1 de matéria seca (MS). Nos sistemas consorciados, a maior proximidade com as leguminosas incrementou a produção da palma, nos tratamentos com os estercos bovino e ovino, e elevou os teores de P, K e Mg, mas não os teores de N. A introdução de leguminosas arbóreas, juntamente com a aplicação dos estercos, contribui para elevar a produção e os níveis de nutrientes da palma IPA-Sertânia. (AU)

Forage production and mineral composition of cactus intercropped with legumes and fertilized with different sources of manure / Produção de forragem e composição mineral da palma consorciada com leguminosas e adubada com diferentes fontes de esterco

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive potential and mineral composition of the forage cactus IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck). This species was analyzed both in monoculture and intercropped with leucaena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit.] and gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq. Steud.], and was assessed with different sources of manure (cattle, sheep, goat, and broiler litter) serving as fertilizer. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco in Caruaru, PE, Brazil. Treatments were allocated in a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Main plots consisted of cropping systems, while the split-plots were dedicated to manure sources. Cactus harvest was carried out after two years of regrowth. Response variables included both production and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations. No differences were observed for cactus production between the cropping systems, with an average value of 22.1Mg dry matter ha-1 2 years-1. In the intercropped systems, greater proximity to the legumes increased the production of the cactus in the treatments with the cattle and sheep manure, and increased the concentrations of P, K, and Mg, but not of N. The introduction of tree legumes, along with the application of manure, contributes to an increase in production and nutrient concentration of IPA-Sertânia cactus.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial produtivo e a composição mineral da palma forrageira IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), em cultivo isolado e consorciada com leucena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.] ou gliricídia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.], e adubada com as fontes de esterco bovino, ovino, caprino e cama de frango. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco - IPA, em Caruaru. O delineamento foi casualizado em blocos, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram representadas pelos sistemas de cultivo e as subparcelas pelas fontes de esterco. A colheita da palma foi realizada aos dois anos de crescimento e analisada quanto à produção e aos teores de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg). Não foram observadas diferenças de produção da palma entre os sistemas de cultivo, atingindo valor médio de 22,1t ha-1 2 anos-1 de matéria seca (MS). Nos sistemas consorciados, a maior proximidade com as leguminosas incrementou a produção da palma, nos tratamentos com os estercos bovino e ovino, e elevou os teores de P, K e Mg, mas não os teores de N. A introdução de leguminosas arbóreas, juntamente com a aplicação dos estercos, contribui para elevar a produção e os níveis de nutrientes da palma IPA-Sertânia.

Seasonal variability of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in prickly pear cladodes of Opuntia and Nopalea genres

Abstract The prickly pear is a cactaceae that have chemical compounds that act as natural antioxidants. In addition, the prickly pear is a plant widely used in semiarid region as it's considered very important forage for animal feed, especially in the dry season. The objectives of this research were to characterize the main classes of phytochemicals, determine the phenols content, flavonoids and anthocyanins and evaluate the antioxidant activity of the prickly pear cultivars Opuntia and Nopalea grown in the semiarid region of Pernambuco in two collection periods (dry and rainy). In the work crude ethanol extracts from cladodes of cultivars (IPA-20, Elephant Ear Mexican, F-08, V-19, Small palm, F-21 and IPA-Sertânia) were used. As for the class of phytochemical compounds from ethanol extract only the flavonoids and steroids were detected in all prickly pear cultivars, in both periods analyzed. The content of phenolic compounds ranges from 1.24 to 5.41 mg GAE g-1 DM, flavonoids 0.90 to 3.43 mg QE g-1 DM, anthocyanins from 0.05 to 0.34 µg QE 100 g-1 DM and antioxidant activity 39.59 to 217.17 µM TEAC g-1 DM. The occurrence of chemical variability and antioxidant activity were observed, both among the botanical cultivars studied and among the collection periods.

Silagens e fenos em associação à palma forrageira para vacas em lactação: consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho / Silages and hays in association with spineless cactus for lactating cows: intake, digestibility and performance

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da associação de silagens de girassol e sorgo; fenos de leucena, guandu e capim-elefante, com palma forrageira sobre a produção e composição do leite; consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em vacas 5/8 Holandês-zebu. Foram utilizadas cinco vacas, com peso corporal médio e produção de leite média diária de 516,95 (±5,58) e 11,1 (±0,75) kg, respectivamente. Os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, carboidratos totais e carboidratos não fibrosos, produção de leite em kg/dia, os teores e as produções, em kg/dia, de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais do leite e a digestibilidade da proteína bruta e carboidratos não fibrosos não foram influenciados pela associação das silagens e fenos com a palma forrageira. O consumo de extrato etéreo, produção de leite corrigida e a eficiência alimentar foram superiores no tratamento com silagem de girassol em relação aos fenos. O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro foi superior para o tratamento com feno de capim-elefante, em relação à silagem de girassol. A silagem de girassol proporcionou maior produção de leite, corrigida para gordura e melhor eficiência alimentar, quando comparada aos fenos.

The aim of the present experiment was to assess the effect of the association of the spineless cactus with sunflower silage, sorghum silage, leucena hay, pigeon pea hay or elephant grass hay on intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients and milk yield and composition in crossbred lactating cows. Five cows with average body weight and daily milk yield of 516.1 and 11.1kg, respectively. The intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total carbohydrates and non-fibrous carbohydrates, milk yield, contents and yield (kg/day) of fat, protein and total solids of milk and digestibility of crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates were not influenced by the combination of the silage and hay with cactus. The ether extract intake, fat-corrected milk yield and feed efficiency were higher to treatment with sunflower silage compared to hays. The neutral detergent fiber intake was higher in the treatment with elephant grass hay compared to sunflower silage. Sunflower silage produced higher fat-corrected milk and better feed efficiency when compared to hay.

Silagens e fenos em associação à palma forrageira para vacas em lactação: consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho / Silages and hays in association with spineless cactus for lactating cows: intake, digestibility and performance

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da associação de silagens de girassol e sorgo; fenos de leucena, guandu e capim-elefante, com palma forrageira sobre a produção e composição do leite; consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em vacas 5/8 Holandês-zebu. Foram utilizadas cinco vacas, com peso corporal médio e produção de leite média diária de 516,95 (±5,58) e 11,1 (±0,75) kg, respectivamente. Os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, carboidratos totais e carboidratos não fibrosos, produção de leite em kg/dia, os teores e as produções, em kg/dia, de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais do leite e a digestibilidade da proteína bruta e carboidratos não fibrosos não foram influenciados pela associação das silagens e fenos com a palma forrageira. O consumo de extrato etéreo, produção de leite corrigida e a eficiência alimentar foram superiores no tratamento com silagem de girassol em relação aos fenos. O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro foi superior para o tratamento com feno de capim-elefante, em relação à silagem de girassol. A silagem de girassol proporcionou maior produção de leite, corrigida para gordura e melhor eficiência alimentar, quando comparada aos fenos.(AU)

The aim of the present experiment was to assess the effect of the association of the spineless cactus with sunflower silage, sorghum silage, leucena hay, pigeon pea hay or elephant grass hay on intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients and milk yield and composition in crossbred lactating cows. Five cows with average body weight and daily milk yield of 516.1 and 11.1kg, respectively. The intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total carbohydrates and non-fibrous carbohydrates, milk yield, contents and yield (kg/day) of fat, protein and total solids of milk and digestibility of crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates were not influenced by the combination of the silage and hay with cactus. The ether extract intake, fat-corrected milk yield and feed efficiency were higher to treatment with sunflower silage compared to hays. The neutral detergent fiber intake was higher in the treatment with elephant grass hay compared to sunflower silage. Sunflower silage produced higher fat-corrected milk and better feed efficiency when compared to hay.(AU)

Nitrogen balance and endogenous loss estimate in lactating cows fed with diets of forage cactus and increasing levels of urea and cassava - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v28i1.848 / Balanço de nitrogênio e estimativas de perdas endógenas em vacas lactantes alimentadas com dietas contendo palma forrageira e teores crescentes de uréia e mandioca - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v28i1.848

The effects of the soybean when replaced by a mixture of urea and cassava, in rations composed of forage cactus, sorghum silage and concentrate, were assessed on: (i) urea concentration; (ii) nitrogen (N) balance; and (iii) total endogenous loss estimate. Eight lactating Holstein/Zebu cows were distributed in two 4x4 simultaneous latin squares. Urea and N-urea concentration in plasma and milk (mg dL-1), and milk N-urea (g day-1) were not affected by the increase of urea levels in the ration; their means were 31.37, 14.62, 37.43, 17.44, and 5.37, respectively. Also, urea and N-urea urinary excretion were not affected by the increase of urea levels in the ration, and the mean values of those parameters were 249.45 and 116.24 mg kg-1 LW, respectively. The treatments did not influence N levels, with average values of 87.75, 87.63, 62.91, and 60.97 g day-1 to 0, 1.06, 2.12 e 3.20 % of urea addition in the ration, respectively. The endogenous loss estimate varied according to the nutritional demand system used.

Foram avaliados os efeitos da substituição do farelo de soja pela mistura uréia mais mandioca, em rações constituídas de palma, silagem de sorgo e concentrado, sobre concentrações de uréia, balanço de nitrogênio (N) e estimativas de perdas endógenas totais em 8 vacas Girolando em lactação, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos simultâneos (4x4). As concentrações de uréia e N-uréico no plasma e leite, em mg/dL e N-uréico no leite (g/dia) não foram afetadas pelo aumento do nível de uréia na ração, apresentando médias de 31,37; 14,62; 37,43; 17,44; 5,37. As excreções urinárias de uréia e N-uréico também não foram influenciadas, com médias de 249,45 e 116,24 mg/kg PV. Igualmente, o balanço de N não foi afetado pelos tratamentos, cujos valores médios foram de 87,75; 87,63; 62,91; 60,97 g/dia, respectivamente, para 0%, 1,00%, 1,90% e 2,86% de uréia na ração. As estimativas das perdas endógenas variaram de acordo com o sistema de exigência nutricional utilizado.