Application habits and practices of regular sunscreen users in the United States: Results of an online survey.

A nationwide online survey assessed claimed usage of sunscreen products in 2283 self-identified regular sun protection factor (SPF) consumers (RSPFC) in the United States. Subjects applied sunscreen most frequently when spending more than 3 h in the sun. Sunscreen usage peaks during the summer, with sunny weather prompting 99% usage of beach/recreational SPF products but drops to approximately 50% and 30% on partly cloudy and cloudy days, respectively, regardless of SPF product category. About half of RSPFC augment sunscreen product usage by limiting time in the sun and wearing a hat. SPF products are not reapplied by approximately 20-60% of RSPFC, depending upon product category, and reapplication was less than 33% on cloudy and partly cloudy days. Primary reasons for reapplication were water exposure, number of hours in the sun, and being active/sweating, most notably for beach/recreational SPF products. Importantly, in children, 45% of parents reported "redness" as a signal for reapplying sunscreen product. Only 10% of respondents correctly identified sunscreen products as drugs. Based on these results, while sunscreens may share common ingredients and efficacy measures, their usage by consumers varies widely depending on product type, season, weather, gender, age, and geographical location.

Parto e nascimento na região rural: a violência obstétrica / Labor and birth in the rural region: obstetric violence

Objetivo: investigar as formas de violência obstétrica na assistência prestada ao parto e ao nascimento. Método: estudo quantitativo, exploratório, descritivo e transversal realizado com 169 puérperas em maternidades públicas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário e a análise pelo Software Microsoft Office Excel®-2013. Posteriormente, as informações foram organizadas em um banco de dados e apresentadas em tabelas. Resultados: ao avaliar as formas de violência obstétrica, identificaram-se cuidado indigno e abuso verbal, discriminação baseada em certos atributos (por exemplo, raça), abandono, negligência ou recusa da assistência e detenção nos serviços prestados. Conclusão: a região rural brasileira investigada apresentou variados tipos de violência obstétrica, semelhantes aos dados nacionais, requerendo ações com vistas à sua eliminação.(AU)

Hidrolipodistrofia ginoide: aspectos gerais e metodologias de avaliação da eficácia: [revisão] / Gynoid lipodystrophy: general aspects and methodologies for efficacy evaluation: [review]

A hidrolipodistrofia ginoide (HLDG), popularmente conhecida como celulite, está presente em grande parte da população feminina. Trata-se de umaalteração do relevo cutâneo, envolvendo modificações morfológicas, histoquímicas, bioquímicas e ultraestruturais nos adipócitos, além de alterações na derme e na microcirculação. Existem inúmeras formas de se tratar essa condição, sendo a mais utilizada e de fácil acesso o uso de produtos tópicos contendo princípios ativos com ação vasoprotetora, anti-inflamatória, estimuladores da microcirculação periférica e agentes lipolíticos. Para verificar a eficácia destas formulações, existem metodologias de avaliação envolvendo avaliações instrumentais e clínicas da melhoria do aspecto da celulite. Este artigo teve por objetivo revisar as formas existentes de se avaliar a ação de produtos que atuam na HLDG, considerando os diversos mecanismos de ação, além de revisar aspectos gerais referentes a esta condição.

Gynoid lipodystrophy (HLDG), popularly known as cellulite, is present in a great part of the female population. It is an alteration of the cutaneousrelief involving morphological, histochemical, biochemical and ultrastructural modifications in the adipocytes and also alterations in the dermis andmicrocirculation. There are countless ways of treating this condition, being topic products containing active principles with vessel protective, antiinflammatory actions, peripheral microcirculation stimulators and lipolytic agents the most used and of easiest access. In order to verify the efficacyof these formulations, there are evaluation methodologies involving instrumental and clinical evaluations of the improvement of the aspect of cellulite. Therefore, this article aimed at reviewing the existent ways of evaluating the efficacy of products against gynoid lipodystrophy, taking the different mechanisms of action into account and also at reviewing general aspects concerning this condition.

Relievene® SK: neuroimunomodulação para o tratamento dermocosmético da pele sensível / Relievene® SK: neuroimunomodulation for dermocosmetic treatment of sensitive skin

Pele sensível (PS) é definida como uma condição de tolerância reduzida ao uso freqüente ou prolongado de cosméticos e produtos de higiene pessoal, que apresenta desde sinais clínicos visíveis, como eritema, edema e descamação, até sinais neurossensoriais subjetivos de desconforto, como pinicamento, queimação, prurido, ressecamento e dor. A fisiopatologia da PS consiste em reação inflamatória decorrente de uma disfunção da barreira cutânea associada ao desequilíbrio da resposta neuroimunoendocrinológica da pele. Neste trabalho demonstramos os efeitos do produto Relievene® SK sobre a proteção do metabolismo celular, considerando as atividades adaptógena e neuroendócrina deste composto, bem como a melhora da função da barreira cutânea e da hiper-reatividade da pele em indivíduos com PS.

Broad spectrum bioactive sunscreens.

The development of sunscreens containing reduced concentration of chemical UV filters, even though, possessing broad spectrum effectiveness with the use of natural raw materials that improve and infer UV absorption is of great interest. Due to the structural similarities between polyphenolic compounds and organic UV filters, they might exert photoprotection activity. The objective of the present research work was to develop bioactive sunscreen delivery systems containing rutin, Passiflora incarnata L. and Plantago lanceolata extracts associated or not with organic and inorganic UV filters. UV transmission of the sunscreen delivery system films was performed by using diffuse transmittance measurements coupling to an integrating sphere. In vitro photoprotection efficacy was evaluated according to the following parameters: estimated sun protection factor (SPF); Boot's Star Rating category; UVA/UVB ratio; and critical wavelength (lambda(c)). Sunscreen delivery systems obtained SPF values ranging from 0.972+/-0.004 to 28.064+/-2.429 and bioactive compounds interacted with the UV filters positive and negatively. This behavior may be attributed to: the composition of the delivery system; the presence of inorganic UV filter and quantitative composition of the organic UV filters; and the phytochemical composition of the P. incarnata L. and P. lanceolata extracts. Among all associations of bioactive compounds and UV filters, we found that the broad spectrum sunscreen was accomplished when 1.68% (w/w) P. incarnata L. dry extract was in the presence of 7.0% (w/w) ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 2.0% (w/w) benzophenone-3 and 2.0% (w/w) TiO(2). It was demonstrated that this association generated estimated SPF of 20.072+/-0.906 and it has improved the protective defense against UVA radiation accompanying augmentation of the UVA/UVB ratio from 0.49 to 0.52 and lambda(c) from 364 to 368.6nm.

Validation assay for total flavonoids, as rutin equivalents, from Trichilia catigua Adr. Juss (Meliaceae) and Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham (Olacaceae) commercial extract.

An ultraviolet spectrophotometric method was validated for total flavonoid quantitation, as rutin equivalents, present in the Trichilia catigua Adr. Juss (Meliaceae) and Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham (Olacaceae) commercial extract. Parameters as linearity, interval (range), specificity, estimated limit of detection (LOD, microg/mL), estimated limit of quantitation (LOQ, microg/mL), recovery (R, %), precision or relative standard deviation (RSD, %), and accuracy (E, %) were established. The analytical method was validated according to the experimental results: correlation coefficient (r = 0.9997); interval (RSD = 0.15-0.47%; E = 98.98-101.24%); specificity to total flavonoids quantitation, as rutin equivalents, at wavelength 361.0 nm; LOD = 0.09 microg/mL and LOQ = 0.27 microg/mL; R = 99.36-102.14%; adequate intra- and interrun precision (0.30-0.49% and 0.31-0.81%), and intra- and interrun accuracy (100.60-102.38% and 98.58-100.38%).