The Effects of Resistance Exercise on the Cardiorespiratory Tissue of Rats with Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) affects the cardiorespiratory system, causing an increase in the left ventricular mass in the heart and respiratory muscle weakness in relation to healthy individuals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of progressive resistive physical exercise on the vertical ladder on the histomorphometry of cardiac tissue and respiratory muscles in rats with PD. Seventy male Wistar rats, aged 40 days old, were divided into Parkinson's (PD) and Sham (SH) groups; they were also subdivided into groups that performed progressive resistive physical exercise on the vertical ladder Before Surgery (ExBS), After Surgery (ExAS), and Before and After Surgery (ExBAS). The physical training was carried out before and/or after PD induction. Exercise was performed five times a week for 25 min/day for four or eight weeks. PD induction was conducted via electrolytic stimulation of the Substantia nigra of the animals' brains, adopting the following stereotaxic table coordinates: -4.9; lateral medium equal to 1.7, and dorsoventral equal to 8.1. For the morphometric analysis of the heart, the following variables were calculated: relative weight and diameter and thickness of the left ventricle. The diaphragm and the myocardial, intercostal, and abdominal muscles were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). The histomorphometric analysis was performed using the ImageJ software to assess the cross-sectional area of muscles and the number of muscle fibers. Progressive resistance exercise promoted the hypertrophy of respiratory muscles and the left ventricle in animals with PD.

First and second COVID-19 waves in Brazil: A cross-sectional study of patients' characteristics related to hospitalization and in-hospital mortality.

BACKGROUND: Background The second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic was more aggressive in Brazil compared to other countries around the globe. Considering the Brazilian peculiarities, we analyze the in-hospital mortality concerning socio-epidemiological characteristics of patients and the health system of all states during the first and second waves of COVID-19. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients with positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil. Data was obtained from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-Gripe) and comprised the period from February 25, 2020, to April 30, 2021, separated in two waves on November 5, 2020. We performed a descriptive study of patients analyzing socio-demographic characteristics, symptoms, comorbidities, and risk factors stratified by age. In addition, we analyzed in-hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in both waves and how it varies in each Brazilian state. FINDINGS: Between February 25, 2020 and April 30, 2021, 678 235 patients were admitted with a positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2, with 325 903 and 352 332 patients for the first and second wave, respectively. The mean age of patients was 59 · 65 (IQR 48 · 0 - 72 · 0). In total, 379 817 (56 · 00%) patients had a risk factor or comorbidity. In-hospital mortality increased from 34 · 81% in the first to 39 · 30% in the second wave. In the second wave, there were more ICU admissions, use of non-invasive and invasive ventilation, and increased mortality for younger age groups. The southern and southeastern regions of Brazil had the highest hospitalization rates per 100 000 inhabitants. However, the in-hospital mortality rate was higher in the northern and northeastern states of the country. Racial differences were observed in clinical outcomes, with White being the most prevalent hospitalized population, but with Blacks/Browns (Pardos) having higher mortality rates. Younger age groups had more considerable differences in mortality as compared to groups with and without comorbidities in both waves. INTERPRETATION: We observed a more considerable burden on the Brazilian hospital system throughout the second wave. Furthermore, the north and northeast of Brazil, which present lower Human Development Indexes, concentrated the worst in-hospital mortality rates. The highest mortality rates are also shown among vulnerable social groups. Finally, we believe that the results can help to understand the behavior of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, helping to define public policies, allocate resources, and improve strategies for vaccination of priority groups. FUNDING: Coordinating Agency for Advanced Training of Graduate Personnel (CAPES) (C.F. 001), and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (No. 309537/2020-7).

Comportamiento de los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular en el Servicio de Rehabilitación del Hospital Militar de Matanzas / Behavior of the patients with cerebrovascular disease at the Rehabilitation Service of the Military Hospital of Matanzas

Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares constituyen la tercera causa de muerte en el mundo y una de las principales causas de discapacidad. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el Servicio de Rehabilitación del Hospital Militar de Matanzas, con el objetivo de describir el comportamiento de los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular atendidos desde enero 2011 hasta junio de 2012. Se emplearon las variables: sexo, edad, tipo de accidente vascular encefálico, antecedentes patológicos personales, complicaciones en la rehabilitación, modalidades de tratamiento rehabilitador utilizado, tiempo de evolución, grado de incapacidad para realizar las actividades de la vida diaria (Índice de Barthel). La enfermedad cerebrovascular predominó en el sexo femenino, la edad media fue de 68,6 años. Se comprobó mayor incidencia de los accidentes vasculares encefálicos isquémicos. Se identificaron como complicaciones más frecuentes el hombro doloroso y la espasticidad. Las modalidades de tratamiento rehabilitador más utilizadas fueron la kinesioterapia y la ambulación. La ganancia en el Índice de Barthel fue mayor en los pacientes con menos de tres menos de evolución(AU)

The cerebrovascular disease is the third cause of death in the world and one of the main disability causes. A descriptive study was conducted in the Rehabilitation Service of the Military Hospital of Matanzas, with the objective of describing the behaviour of the patients with cerebrovascular diseases assisted there from January 2011 to June of 2012. The variables used were: sex, age, type of encephalic vascular accident, personal pathological history, complications in the rehabilitation, modalities of the rehabilitative treatment, time of evolution, grade of disability to carry out the daily life activities (Barthel Index). The cerebrovascular disease was predominant in the female sex; the average age was 68,6 years. A higher incidence of the ischemic encephalic vascular accidents was proved. The painful shoulder and spasticity were identified as the most frequent complications. The most used modalities of treatment were the kinesiotherapy and ambulation. The gain in the Barthel Index was bigger in patients with less than three months of evolution(AU)

Comportamiento de los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular en el Servicio de Rehabilitación del Hospital Militar de Matanzas / Behavior of the patients with cerebrovascular disease at the Rehabilitation Service of the Military Hospital of Matanzas

Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares constituyen la tercera causa de muerte en el mundo y una de las principales causas de discapacidad. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el Servicio de Rehabilitación del Hospital Militar de Matanzas, con el objetivo de describir el comportamiento de los pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular atendidos desde enero 2011 hasta junio de 2012. Se emplearon las variables: sexo, edad, tipo de accidente vascular encefálico, antecedentes patológicos personales, complicaciones en la rehabilitación, modalidades de tratamiento rehabilitador utilizado, tiempo de evolución, grado de incapacidad para realizar las actividades de la vida diaria (Índice de Barthel). La enfermedad cerebrovascular predominó en el sexo femenino, la edad media fue de 68,6 años. Se comprobó mayor incidencia de los accidentes vasculares encefálicos isquémicos. Se identificaron como complicaciones más frecuentes el hombro doloroso y la espasticidad. Las modalidades de tratamiento rehabilitador más utilizadas fueron la kinesioterapia y la ambulación. La ganancia en el Índice de Barthel fue mayor en los pacientes con menos de tres menos de evolución.

The cerebrovascular disease is the third cause of death in the world and one of the main disability causes. A descriptive study was conducted in the Rehabilitation Service of the Military Hospital of Matanzas, with the objective of describing the behaviour of the patients with cerebrovascular diseases assisted there from January 2011 to June of 2012. The variables used were: sex, age, type of encephalic vascular accident, personal pathological history, complications in the rehabilitation, modalities of the rehabilitative treatment, time of evolution, grade of disability to carry out the daily life activities (Barthel Index). The cerebrovascular disease was predominant in the female sex; the average age was 68,6 years. A higher incidence of the ischemic encephalic vascular accidents was proved. The painful shoulder and spasticity were identified as the most frequent complications. The most used modalities of treatment were the kinesiotherapy and ambulation. The gain in the Barthel Index was bigger in patients with less than three months of evolution.