Pelvic limb amputation in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) traumatized by an agricultural harvester

Background: The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) returned to the category of vulnerable by the 2014 IUCN /SSC, due to the population reduction, less than 30%. The main reasons are: environmental degradation and fragmentation,being run over, burning, attacks by hunting dogs, illegal trade and diseases. It is very common to find these fractured patientsand the treatment is mostly surgical. Amputation is indicated when there are extensive lacerations and when reconstructivesurgery is not possible. The objective is to report a viable treatment option in fractured wild patients, contributing to thepreservation of the species.Case: It was received at the Veterinary Hospital Dr. Halim Atique - UNIRP an young female giant anteater (M. tridactyla)weighing 5.75 kg, brought by the Environmental Forestry Police of the municipality of São José do Rio Preto - SP, foundin the region of Olímpia at a gas station. The animal was traumatized by an agricultural harvester, with partial traumaticamputation in the left pelvic limb and tail. In the preoperative period, the patient was admitted to hospital under assistedcare, analgesia and all the necessary support for stabilization. High amputation was performed, with hip disarticulationand treatment of the tail wound, which was initially opted for healing in the first intention, where sutures were used toapproach the edges of the wound, but presented dehiscence and was treated as a second intention. There were almost 2months of care with specific food, cleaning of the enclosures, medications and dressings. After 57 days of hospitalization,the patient was transferred to the Municipal Zoo of São José do Rio Preto - SP, where it...(AU)

Pelvic limb amputation in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) traumatized by an agricultural harvester

Background: The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) returned to the category of vulnerable by the 2014 IUCN /SSC, due to the population reduction, less than 30%. The main reasons are: environmental degradation and fragmentation,being run over, burning, attacks by hunting dogs, illegal trade and diseases. It is very common to find these fractured patientsand the treatment is mostly surgical. Amputation is indicated when there are extensive lacerations and when reconstructivesurgery is not possible. The objective is to report a viable treatment option in fractured wild patients, contributing to thepreservation of the species.Case: It was received at the Veterinary Hospital Dr. Halim Atique - UNIRP an young female giant anteater (M. tridactyla)weighing 5.75 kg, brought by the Environmental Forestry Police of the municipality of São José do Rio Preto - SP, foundin the region of Olímpia at a gas station. The animal was traumatized by an agricultural harvester, with partial traumaticamputation in the left pelvic limb and tail. In the preoperative period, the patient was admitted to hospital under assistedcare, analgesia and all the necessary support for stabilization. High amputation was performed, with hip disarticulationand treatment of the tail wound, which was initially opted for healing in the first intention, where sutures were used toapproach the edges of the wound, but presented dehiscence and was treated as a second intention. There were almost 2months of care with specific food, cleaning of the enclosures, medications and dressings. After 57 days of hospitalization,the patient was transferred to the Municipal Zoo of São José do Rio Preto - SP, where it...

Nonunion fractures in small animals - A literature review / Não união de fraturas em pequenos animais - Revisão de literatura

Bone nonunion is observed when the healing of a fracture fails and all processes of biologic repair cease. It is a frequent complication during fracture treatment in small animals. Nonunions are classified as viable or nonviable, and most cases result from technical error (e.g., inadequate or inappropriate choice of the type of stabilization), poor vascularization, excessive distance between the fragments, infection, and systemic disease, or local as well as idiopathic factors. The diagnosis is made when there is no radiographic evidence of bone healing. This condition cannot be treated conservatively; rather, nonunions require surgical intervention involving removal of implants (besides exuberant callus removal), proper alignment, and compression of the fracture site. As bone nonunion remains a common problem in clinical practice, the objective of this paper is to review the pathophysiology and methods for treating of the condition.(AU)

A não união óssea acontece quando ocorre falha na consolidação óssea de uma fratura, onde todos os sinais de reparação aparentemente cessaram. É uma freqüente complicação do tratamento de fraturas em pequenos animais. As não uniões são classificadas em viáveis e não-viáveis e podem resultar de diversos fatores como estabilização inadequada, vascularização deficiente, distância excessiva entre os fragmentos, infecção, doença sistêmica ou local e fatores idiopáticos. A maior parte das não uniões resulta de escolha inadequada da forma de estabilização ou falha técnica por parte dos cirurgiões. O diagnóstico é quando radiograficamente não existem sinais de evolução da consolidação óssea. Esta afecção não pode ser tratada de forma conservadora, o tratamento é cirúrgico e é mandatória remoção dos implantes que falharam, remoção do calo exuberante, alinhamento adequado e compressão do foco de fratura. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a fisiopatologia, assim como as formas de tratamento desta afecção tão comum na prática clínica.(AU)

Use of a locking plate notched head T-plate® for the fixation of an ilial body fracture in a dog / Utilização de placa bloqueada notched head T-plate® no tratamento de fratura do corpo do ílio em um cão

Several types of implants may be used to treat iliac fractures in dogs, of which osteosynthesis with plate is the most described and recommended in the literature. The type of plate and screw are major factors in osteosynthesis success. The use of locking plates has been advocated for this purpose, as they do not allow the plate-bone-screw unit to shift, providing angular stability and rigidity to the system. The present study aimed to describe the unprecedented use of a locking notched head T-plate in the treatment of a caudal body of ilium fracture. A two year old male mongrel dog was attended after falling from a third floor height, with two days of evolution. The animal was in standing position, and during orthopedic examination non-weight bearing lameness of the right hind limb, instability, and crepitus in the right body of ilium, with considerable swelling and pain. The radiographic examination allowed diagnosing a complete fracture of the caudal body of ilium with decrease of the pelvic canal diameter. The patient underwent surgery, and the fracture was stabilized with an LCP notched head T-plate. The patient evolved satisfactorily, with good weight-bearing of the affected limb within 24 hours of surgery, and complete recovery with medical discharge after 60 days of postoperative period, with consolidation of the fracture.(AU)

Vários tipos de implantes são utilizados no tratamento de fraturas de íleo em cães, sendo a osteossíntese com uso de placa a mais descrita e recomendada pela literatura. O tipo de placa, assim como o tipo de parafuso, são fatores preponderantes no sucesso da osteossíntese. Tem sido defendido o uso de placas bloqueadas, que não permitem movimentação entre a unidade placa-osso-parafuso, conferindo estabilidade angular e rigidez ao sistema. Objetivou-se descrever o uso inédito da placa bloqueada notched head T-plate no tratamento de fratura caudal de corpo de íleo. Um cão, macho, sem raça definida, de dois anos de idade foi atendido apresentando histórico de queda de terceiro andar, com dois dias de evolução. O animal apresentava-se em estação e durante a avaliação ortopédica observou-se deambulação com impotência funcional do membro pélvico direito, instabilidade e crepitação em corpo do íleo direito com aumento de volume considerável e muita dor. Diagnosticou-se fratura completa caudal do corpo do íleo com diminuição do diâmetro do canal pélvico, através de exame radiográfico. O paciente foi submetido à cirurgia e a fratura foi estabilizada com o uso de uma placa LCP em T com a cabeça chanfrada. O paciente apresentou evolução satisfatória com bom apoio do membro 24 horas após a cirurgia e completa recuperação com alta médica aos 60 dias de pós-operatório com consolidação da fratura.(AU)

Nonunion fractures in small animals - A literature review / Não união de fraturas em pequenos animais - Revisão de literatura

Bone nonunion is observed when the healing of a fracture fails and all processes of biologic repair cease. It is a frequent complication during fracture treatment in small animals. Nonunions are classified as viable or nonviable, and most cases result from technical error (e.g., inadequate or inappropriate choice of the type of stabilization), poor vascularization, excessive distance between the fragments, infection, and systemic disease, or local as well as idiopathic factors. The diagnosis is made when there is no radiographic evidence of bone healing. This condition cannot be treated conservatively; rather, nonunions require surgical intervention involving removal of implants (besides exuberant callus removal), proper alignment, and compression of the fracture site. As bone nonunion remains a common problem in clinical practice, the objective of this paper is to review the pathophysiology and methods for treating of the condition.

A não união óssea acontece quando ocorre falha na consolidação óssea de uma fratura, onde todos os sinais de reparação aparentemente cessaram. É uma freqüente complicação do tratamento de fraturas em pequenos animais. As não uniões são classificadas em viáveis e não-viáveis e podem resultar de diversos fatores como estabilização inadequada, vascularização deficiente, distância excessiva entre os fragmentos, infecção, doença sistêmica ou local e fatores idiopáticos. A maior parte das não uniões resulta de escolha inadequada da forma de estabilização ou falha técnica por parte dos cirurgiões. O diagnóstico é quando radiograficamente não existem sinais de evolução da consolidação óssea. Esta afecção não pode ser tratada de forma conservadora, o tratamento é cirúrgico e é mandatória remoção dos implantes que falharam, remoção do calo exuberante, alinhamento adequado e compressão do foco de fratura. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a fisiopatologia, assim como as formas de tratamento desta afecção tão comum na prática clínica.

Use of a locking plate notched head T-plate® for the fixation of an ilial body fracture in a dog / Utilização de placa bloqueada notched head T-plate® no tratamento de fratura do corpo do ílio em um cão

Several types of implants may be used to treat iliac fractures in dogs, of which osteosynthesis with plate is the most described and recommended in the literature. The type of plate and screw are major factors in osteosynthesis success. The use of locking plates has been advocated for this purpose, as they do not allow the plate-bone-screw unit to shift, providing angular stability and rigidity to the system. The present study aimed to describe the unprecedented use of a locking notched head T-plate in the treatment of a caudal body of ilium fracture. A two year old male mongrel dog was attended after falling from a third floor height, with two days of evolution. The animal was in standing position, and during orthopedic examination non-weight bearing lameness of the right hind limb, instability, and crepitus in the right body of ilium, with considerable swelling and pain. The radiographic examination allowed diagnosing a complete fracture of the caudal body of ilium with decrease of the pelvic canal diameter. The patient underwent surgery, and the fracture was stabilized with an LCP notched head T-plate. The patient evolved satisfactorily, with good weight-bearing of the affected limb within 24 hours of surgery, and complete recovery with medical discharge after 60 days of postoperative period, with consolidation of the fracture.

Vários tipos de implantes são utilizados no tratamento de fraturas de íleo em cães, sendo a osteossíntese com uso de placa a mais descrita e recomendada pela literatura. O tipo de placa, assim como o tipo de parafuso, são fatores preponderantes no sucesso da osteossíntese. Tem sido defendido o uso de placas bloqueadas, que não permitem movimentação entre a unidade placa-osso-parafuso, conferindo estabilidade angular e rigidez ao sistema. Objetivou-se descrever o uso inédito da placa bloqueada notched head T-plate no tratamento de fratura caudal de corpo de íleo. Um cão, macho, sem raça definida, de dois anos de idade foi atendido apresentando histórico de queda de terceiro andar, com dois dias de evolução. O animal apresentava-se em estação e durante a avaliação ortopédica observou-se deambulação com impotência funcional do membro pélvico direito, instabilidade e crepitação em corpo do íleo direito com aumento de volume considerável e muita dor. Diagnosticou-se fratura completa caudal do corpo do íleo com diminuição do diâmetro do canal pélvico, através de exame radiográfico. O paciente foi submetido à cirurgia e a fratura foi estabilizada com o uso de uma placa LCP em T com a cabeça chanfrada. O paciente apresentou evolução satisfatória com bom apoio do membro 24 horas após a cirurgia e completa recuperação com alta médica aos 60 dias de pós-operatório com consolidação da fratura.

Tenorrhaphy of the common calcaneal tendon in dogs and cats

Background: Common calcaneal tendon (CCT) is usually affected by injuries in dogs and less frequently in cats. The Achilles mechanism consists of the convergence of three distinct structures: the tendons of the gastrocnemius muscle, superficial digital flexor muscle and the common tendons of the biceps femoris, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles. Classification of lesions is based upon their location, severity and chronicity. Clinical signs include lameness, plantigrade stance and various degrees of tarsal hyperflexion according to the injurys severity. The purpose of this study is to report four cases of reconstruction of the common calcaneus in three dogs and a cat. Cases: Case 1. A 10-year-old male canine, Brazilian Terrier, 7.7 kg of body weight, with a 6-month history of nonweightbearing lameness of the right hind limb attended consultation. Orthopedic examination showed plantigrade stance, hyperflexion of the right tibial-tarsal joint (TTJ) and swelling with fibrous thickening of the distal portion of the CCT. Surgical tendon repair was achieved through insertion of a locking screw on the calcaneo-tibial, tenorrhaphy and suture of a titanium plate on the caudal aspect of the CCT. Case 2. A 2-year-old female mongrel canine, with 13.3 kg of body weight was presented with the complaint of chronic left hind leg lameness. The owner described trauma at the area of the hock [...](AU)

Tenorrhaphy of the common calcaneal tendon in dogs and cats

Background: Common calcaneal tendon (CCT) is usually affected by injuries in dogs and less frequently in cats. The Achilles mechanism consists of the convergence of three distinct structures: the tendons of the gastrocnemius muscle, superficial digital flexor muscle and the common tendons of the biceps femoris, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles. Classification of lesions is based upon their location, severity and chronicity. Clinical signs include lameness, plantigrade stance and various degrees of tarsal hyperflexion according to the injurys severity. The purpose of this study is to report four cases of reconstruction of the common calcaneus in three dogs and a cat. Cases: Case 1. A 10-year-old male canine, Brazilian Terrier, 7.7 kg of body weight, with a 6-month history of nonweightbearing lameness of the right hind limb attended consultation. Orthopedic examination showed plantigrade stance, hyperflexion of the right tibial-tarsal joint (TTJ) and swelling with fibrous thickening of the distal portion of the CCT. Surgical tendon repair was achieved through insertion of a locking screw on the calcaneo-tibial, tenorrhaphy and suture of a titanium plate on the caudal aspect of the CCT. Case 2. A 2-year-old female mongrel canine, with 13.3 kg of body weight was presented with the complaint of chronic left hind leg lameness. The owner described trauma at the area of the hock [...]

Bacteriological evaluation of bone grafts stored by cryogenic freezing at 24C from a canine (Canis familiaris) bone bank / Avaliação bacteriológica de enxertos ósseos submetidos à técnica criogênica a -24C em banco de ossos de cães (Canis familiaris)

The scientific basis of bone transplantation was established during the mid-nineteenth century, when the osteogenic properties of the bone and periosteum, beneficial influence of cold preservation of bones, and first conventional attempt to store bones for elective use, were described. A bone bank has several advantages, such as the immediate availability of grafts in large quantities, and different shapes and sizes, and maintenance of osteoinductive activity in grafts. In addition, it reduces patient blood loss, surgical time, and quantity of anesthetics required. Clinical applications include the correction of comminuted fractures, treatment of non-union bones, and replacement of bone loss due to infections or malignancies. The success of these procedures depends on the preservation and integrity of the graft. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of maintaining a canine bone bank (Canis familiaris) by quantifying the bacterial contamination of bone grafts preserved at 24C. The samples were evaluated through a monthly assessment of bacteriological cultures over a period of 6 months. The harvest method was efficient and sterile, reducing the risk of contamination. We conclude that the techniques chosen for the implementation of a bone bank were effective and feasible (use of a common freezer reaching a temperature below 24C). The viability of the bones was...(AU)

A base científica do transplante ósseo foi estabelecida na metade do século IX quando foram descritas as propriedades osteogênicas do osso e do periósteo, a influência benéfica do frio na preservação das mesmas, e a primeira tentativa convencional para armazenar ossos para uso eletivo. As vantagens do banco de ossos são a disponibilidade imediata do enxerto em quantidade, forma e tamanhos variados, com a manutenção de sua atividade osteoindutora, e redução do tempo cirúrgico, anestésico e perda sanguínea do paciente. Dentre as aplicações clínicas cita-se a correção de fraturas cominutivas, tratamento de não união óssea e reposição de perda óssea devido a infecções ou neoplasias. O sucesso destes procedimentos depende dos parâmetros de conservação e integridade do enxerto. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade da manutenção de banco de ossos de cães (Canis familiaris) quantificando a contaminação bacteriológica dos enxertos ósseos, submetidos à técnica criogênica (-24C) e avaliados através de realização mensal de culturas bacteriológicas por um período de seis meses. O método de coleta mostrou-se eficiente e propiciou adequada manutenção de esterilidade durante o período de coleta, diminuindo o risco de contaminação dos ossos. Concluímos que as técnicas escolhidas para implantação do banco de ossos mostraram-se eficientes e factíveis, com freezer comum...(AU)

Bacteriological evaluation of bone grafts stored by cryogenic freezing at 24C from a canine (Canis familiaris) bone bank / Avaliação bacteriológica de enxertos ósseos submetidos à técnica criogênica a -24C em banco de ossos de cães (Canis familiaris)

The scientific basis of bone transplantation was established during the mid-nineteenth century, when the osteogenic properties of the bone and periosteum, beneficial influence of cold preservation of bones, and first conventional attempt to store bones for elective use, were described. A bone bank has several advantages, such as the immediate availability of grafts in large quantities, and different shapes and sizes, and maintenance of osteoinductive activity in grafts. In addition, it reduces patient blood loss, surgical time, and quantity of anesthetics required. Clinical applications include the correction of comminuted fractures, treatment of non-union bones, and replacement of bone loss due to infections or malignancies. The success of these procedures depends on the preservation and integrity of the graft. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of maintaining a canine bone bank (Canis familiaris) by quantifying the bacterial contamination of bone grafts preserved at 24C. The samples were evaluated through a monthly assessment of bacteriological cultures over a period of 6 months. The harvest method was efficient and sterile, reducing the risk of contamination. We conclude that the techniques chosen for the implementation of a bone bank were effective and feasible (use of a common freezer reaching a temperature below 24C). The viability of the bones was...

A base científica do transplante ósseo foi estabelecida na metade do século IX quando foram descritas as propriedades osteogênicas do osso e do periósteo, a influência benéfica do frio na preservação das mesmas, e a primeira tentativa convencional para armazenar ossos para uso eletivo. As vantagens do banco de ossos são a disponibilidade imediata do enxerto em quantidade, forma e tamanhos variados, com a manutenção de sua atividade osteoindutora, e redução do tempo cirúrgico, anestésico e perda sanguínea do paciente. Dentre as aplicações clínicas cita-se a correção de fraturas cominutivas, tratamento de não união óssea e reposição de perda óssea devido a infecções ou neoplasias. O sucesso destes procedimentos depende dos parâmetros de conservação e integridade do enxerto. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade da manutenção de banco de ossos de cães (Canis familiaris) quantificando a contaminação bacteriológica dos enxertos ósseos, submetidos à técnica criogênica (-24C) e avaliados através de realização mensal de culturas bacteriológicas por um período de seis meses. O método de coleta mostrou-se eficiente e propiciou adequada manutenção de esterilidade durante o período de coleta, diminuindo o risco de contaminação dos ossos. Concluímos que as técnicas escolhidas para implantação do banco de ossos mostraram-se eficientes e factíveis, com freezer comum...

Osteossíntese de fêmur com placa bloqueada e clamp and rod internal fixation (CRIF) em felino doméstico / Femur osteosynthesis using locking compression plate and clamp and rod internal fixation (CRIF) in a domestic feline / Osteosíntesis de fémur con placa bloqueada y Clamp and Rod Internal Fixation (CRIF) en un felino doméstico

Uma gata sem raça definida, de dez anos de idade e 4,3 kg de massa corporal, com histórico clínico de impotência funcional do membro pélvico esquerdo há um dia, apresentou, no exame ortopédico, impotência funcional, aumento de volume, dor e crepitação em terço proximal da região diafisária do fêmur esquerdo. O estudo radiológico demonstrou fratura completa cominutiva em terço proximal de diáfise do fêmur com desvio craniomedial do segmento distal e múltiplas esquírolas craniais e caudais. Procedeu-se a abordagem cirúrgica lateral ao fêmur e osteossíntese com placa bloqueada. Como método de estabilização auxiliar, foram utilizadas duas montagens de CRIF (clamp and rod internal fixation), uma cranial e outra caudal. Aos 180 dias de pós-operatório, a paciente apresentou fratura consolidada.

A 10-year-old 4.3-kg female feline mongrel with a one-day clinical history of functional impotence of the left hind limb presented functional impotence, swelling, increased sensitivity and crackle in the proximal third and middle diaphyseal region of the left femur upon orthopedic examination. Radiography showed a complete comminuted fracture of the femur in the proximal third of the diaphysis, with craniomedial deviation of the distal segment and multiple splinters cranial and caudalto the fracture focus. The surgical treatment employed lateral approach to the femur and fixation with a locking compression plate. As an auxiliary stabilizing aid, two CRIF (clamp and rod internal fixation) devices were used, one cranially and the other caudally. The fracture was consolidated 180 days post-surgery.

Se presentó a consulta una gata mestiza de diez años, con un peso de 4,3 kg, con antecedentes de impotencia funcional en el miembro posterior izquierdo que había comenzado veinticuatro horas antes; durante el examen ortopédico pudo comprobarse impotencia funcional, aumento de volumen, dolor y crepitación en el tercio proximal de la diáfisis del fémur izquierdo. El estudio radiológico mostró una fractura completa comminutiva del tercio proximal de la diáfisis femoral izquierda, con desvío cráneo medial del segmento distal, y presencia de múltiples esquirlas craneales y caudales. Se realizó un abordaje quirúrgico lateral al fémur y osteosíntesis con placa bloqueada. Como método de estabilización auxiliar se utilizaron dosmontajes de CRIF (clamp and rod internal fixation), una craneal y otra caudal. A los 180 días de postoperatorio, el paciente presentaba consolidación de la fractura.

Osteossíntese de fêmur com placa bloqueada e clamp and rod internal fixation (CRIF) em felino doméstico / Femur osteosynthesis using locking compression plate and clamp and rod internal fixation (CRIF) in a domestic feline / Osteosíntesis de fémur con placa bloqueada y Clamp and Rod Internal Fixation (CRIF) en un felino doméstico

Uma gata sem raça definida, de dez anos de idade e 4,3 kg de massa corporal, com histórico clínico de impotência funcional do membro pélvico esquerdo há um dia, apresentou, no exame ortopédico, impotência funcional, aumento de volume, dor e crepitação em terço proximal da região diafisária do fêmur esquerdo. O estudo radiológico demonstrou fratura completa cominutiva em terço proximal de diáfise do fêmur com desvio craniomedial do segmento distal e múltiplas esquírolas craniais e caudais. Procedeu-se a abordagem cirúrgica lateral ao fêmur e osteossíntese com placa bloqueada. Como método de estabilização auxiliar, foram utilizadas duas montagens de CRIF (clamp and rod internal fixation), uma cranial e outra caudal. Aos 180 dias de pós-operatório, a paciente apresentou fratura consolidada.(AU)

A 10-year-old 4.3-kg female feline mongrel with a one-day clinical history of functional impotence of the left hind limb presented functional impotence, swelling, increased sensitivity and crackle in the proximal third and middle diaphyseal region of the left femur upon orthopedic examination. Radiography showed a complete comminuted fracture of the femur in the proximal third of the diaphysis, with craniomedial deviation of the distal segment and multiple splinters cranial and caudalto the fracture focus. The surgical treatment employed lateral approach to the femur and fixation with a locking compression plate. As an auxiliary stabilizing aid, two CRIF (clamp and rod internal fixation) devices were used, one cranially and the other caudally. The fracture was consolidated 180 days post-surgery.(AU)

Se presentó a consulta una gata mestiza de diez años, con un peso de 4,3 kg, con antecedentes de impotencia funcional en el miembro posterior izquierdo que había comenzado veinticuatro horas antes; durante el examen ortopédico pudo comprobarse impotencia funcional, aumento de volumen, dolor y crepitación en el tercio proximal de la diáfisis del fémur izquierdo. El estudio radiológico mostró una fractura completa comminutiva del tercio proximal de la diáfisis femoral izquierda, con desvío cráneo medial del segmento distal, y presencia de múltiples esquirlas craneales y caudales. Se realizó un abordaje quirúrgico lateral al fémur y osteosíntesis con placa bloqueada. Como método de estabilización auxiliar se utilizaron dosmontajes de CRIF (clamp and rod internal fixation), una craneal y otra caudal. A los 180 días de postoperatorio, el paciente presentaba consolidación de la fractura.(AU)

Evaluation of mechanical and metal alloy composition of two sizes of circular external fixator rings for three different manufacturers for dogs / Avaliação mecânica e de composição de liga metálica de dois tamanhos de anéis para fixador externo circular de três diferentes fabricantes para cães

Background: Circular external skeletal fixator Ilizarov is a fixation method widely used to stabilize fractures. The method is performed using several components but the ring stands out as the fundamental component of this device, and compression loads in the same plane of the ring are mainly due to the wires connected from one side to another of the implant. The axial load is reached on the rings with a proper tension distractor device connected to the wires and fixed with bolts, washers and nuts during surgical procedure. Additional loads to axial tension are employed during patient`s physical activities after surgery. The study aimed to compare the resistance to axial compression load and analyze the alloy composition of the Ilizarov rings with different diameter sizes and alloys. Materials, Methods & Results: We tested two diameters of rings acquired from three manufacturers for mechanical axial compression. Manufacture sample (N = 30 rings of each trademark) was divided into two groups (60 and 80 diameter mm). The tests to evaluate strength and deformation parameters were performed in a universal testing machine Kratos ® 3.000 MP KE model, equipped with a load cell of 3000 N with test speed of 10 mm per minute. We also evaluated the elemental alloy composition by the method of the TTPIXE (Thick Target Proton Induced X-Ray Emission) in external PIXE...(AU)

Evaluation of mechanical and metal alloy composition of two sizes of circular external fixator rings for three different manufacturers for dogs / Avaliação mecânica e de composição de liga metálica de dois tamanhos de anéis para fixador externo circular de três diferentes fabricantes para cães

Background: Circular external skeletal fixator Ilizarov is a fixation method widely used to stabilize fractures. The method is performed using several components but the ring stands out as the fundamental component of this device, and compression loads in the same plane of the ring are mainly due to the wires connected from one side to another of the implant. The axial load is reached on the rings with a proper tension distractor device connected to the wires and fixed with bolts, washers and nuts during surgical procedure. Additional loads to axial tension are employed during patient`s physical activities after surgery. The study aimed to compare the resistance to axial compression load and analyze the alloy composition of the Ilizarov rings with different diameter sizes and alloys. Materials, Methods & Results: We tested two diameters of rings acquired from three manufacturers for mechanical axial compression. Manufacture sample (N = 30 rings of each trademark) was divided into two groups (60 and 80 diameter mm). The tests to evaluate strength and deformation parameters were performed in a universal testing machine Kratos ® 3.000 MP KE model, equipped with a load cell of 3000 N with test speed of 10 mm per minute. We also evaluated the elemental alloy composition by the method of the TTPIXE (Thick Target Proton Induced X-Ray Emission) in external PIXE...

Fratura proximal de tíbia após cirurgia extracapsular para correção de ruptura de ligamento cruzado cranial em cão / Tibial fracture caused by complications after an extracapsular suture for the repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in a dog

Ruptura de ligamento cruzado cranial (RLCCr) é a afecção ortopédica mais frequente no joelho de cães e a sutura fabelo-tibial é frequentemente utilizada na sua correção. Essa técnica pode estar associada com complicações incisionais, lesão tardia de menisco, edema associado ao material de sutura e infecção. O objetivo desta nota foi relatar a ocorrência de fratura proximal de tíbia em um cão, causada por complicação em sutura fabelo-tibial para correção de RLCCr. Um canino atendido em outro serviço foi submetido à osteossíntese com placa 2,0mm para correção de complicação em técnica extra-capsular, na qual houve fratura da tíbia na região do orifício criado para confecção da sutura fabelo-tibial. Houve falha dos implantes e a placa foi removida. A fratura foi estabilizada com fixador esquelético externo circular, sendo constatada, após 120 dias, consolidação.

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) is one of the most common orthopedic diseases in dogs and extracapsular suture with nylon is often used for its correction. This technique may be associated with incisional complications, post-surgical meniscus injury, swelling associated with suture material and infection. The objective of this study is to report a tibial fracture in a dog, caused by complications after an extracapsular suture for the repair of CCLR. An adult dog, which suffered a tibial fracture after an extracapsular fixation for a CCLR, underwent surgery for the fixation of the fracture with a 2.0mm plate, by a referring veterinarian, but the implant failed. The plate was removed and the fracture was stabilized with a circular fixator. Bone consolidation was observed after 120 days.

Infecção óssea após osteotomia para tratamento da ruptura de ligamento cruzado em cães / Osteomyelitis after Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture Osteotomies in Dogs

Background: Nowadays, many different techniques have been used to treat cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CrCL) in dogs, being the most common ones the tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) and the tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). These procedures promote dynamic stabilization. In other words, they try to stabilize the knee while supporting the limb, decreasing the cranial tibial impulse, which anticipates the function's return. Among the complications observed in these kind of osteotomy, stand out the osteomyelitis, with 7,3% requency in TPLO and 6,6% in TTA. In these cases, it is necessary to remove all the implants. Most bone infections are from bacterial source, mostly caused by Staphylococcus genus. The aim of this study was to describe 14 cases of osteomyelitis in dogs after CrCL rupture corrective osteotomy. Materials, Methods & Results: This retrospective study evaluated 89 dogs (104 knees) that had undergone any of the CCLR corrective osteotomy during the period of January 2006 to November 2012. These patients were divided in TTA (n = 56), TPLO (n = 36) or CWO (closing wedge osteotomy) (n = 12). Among the 104 knees, 14 developed osteomyelitis as postoperative complication, requiring the removal of the implants. The clinical signs observed in these patients were claudication (different degrees), pain in the area of the implants, swelling and local temperature increase. When the osteotomy line was consolidated and the radiological signs of osteomyelitis were identifi ed, the implants were removed and sent to bacterial culture and antimicrobial sensibility test before an antimicrobial therapy was instituted. However, if bone consolidation was not complete, an empirical therapy based on amoxicillin associated with clavulanic acid was performed, with treatment length according to the case. Fourteen animals where evaluated (6 males and 8 females). The average age and weight where 3,7yr and 46,59 kg. The technique chosen was TTA in 7 patients, TPLO in 6 dogs and CWO in just one animal. The mean period for implants removal was 240,5 days. The osteomyelitis rate was 13,46% against all the osteotomies (12,5% of the TTA, 16,6% of TPLO and 8,3% of CWO). Nineteen bacterial cultures were performed (3 bones biopsy and 16 implants - 14 plates and 2 cages), isolating coagulase-positive Staphylococci (n = 8), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (n = 4), Staphylococcus intermedius (n = 2 ), Streptococcus sp. (n = 1), Pseudomonas spp. (n = 2), Hafnia alvei (n = 1) and 3 samples with no bacterial growth. Discussion: There were performed 19 bacterial cultures; among these, the most frequent microorganisms isolated were the Staphylococcus genus. These bacteria occur as commensals in dogs' skin and mucosa, but sometimes can act as opportunist pathogens, causing pyogenic infection, once small traumas and immunodepression can predispose to infection development. The coagulase enzyme production is an important indicator of pathogenicity. The coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, resistant to innumerous antimicrobials drugs, are responsible for most infections. The high rates of osteomyelitis found in CrCL rupture osteotomies emphasize the importance of rational use of antimicrobials drugs, as well as the importance of performing bacterial culture and antimicrobial sensitivity from implants or bone fragments, in order to guarantee appropriate antimicrobial therapy in case of bone infections.

Avaliação mecânica e de composição de liga metálica de dois tamanhos de anéis para fixador externo circular de três diferentes fabricantes para cães / Evaluation of mechanical and metal alloy composition of two sizes of circular external fixator rings for three different manufacturers for dogs

Vários implantes cirúrgicos têm sido desenvolvidos para estabilizar fraturas em seres humanos e animais. O fixador esquelético externo circular de Ilizarov é método de fixação amplamente utilizado para tratamento de fraturas complexas, desvios angulares, bem como no alongamento ósseo. O anel destaca-se como componente fundamental desse dispositivo e as cargas de compressão no mesmo plano do anel são devidas principalmente a fios ligados de um lado ao outro do implante. O estudo teve como objetivo comparar a resistência à compressão axial de anéis de Ilizarov e analisar a composição da liga metálica desses anéis. Foram testados dois diâmetros de anéis de três fabricantes nacionais para os ensaios biomecânicos de compressão axial, divididos em dois grupos com quinze corpos de prova. Os testes foram realizados em máquina universal de ensaios Kratos® modelo KE 3.000MP, dotada de célula de carga de 3000N com velocidade de ensaio de 10 milímetros por minuto. Os parâmetros força e deformação foram enviados ao computador IBM®-PC através do sistema de aquisição analógica Lynx® modelo ADS-2000, que permitiu a gravação dos parâmetros para posterior análise. Também avaliou-se a composição elementar dos anéis através do método TTPIXE (partículas induzidas pela emissão de raios X em alvos espessos) em PIXE externo. Os espectros foram acumulados em buffer-multicanal conectado a um micro-computador pessoal tipo IBM-PC®. A redução de espectros de raios-X foi realizada por meio do programa AXIL. Concluiu-se que os anéis para fixador esquelético externo circular são compostos de liga metálica de alumínio e que existe diferença entre os fabricantes nacionais no ensaio mecânico de compressão axial, sendo que o fabricante A é mais rígido que os outros fabricantes para os dois diâmetros (60 e 80 milímetros) de anel e mais resistente que os outros fabricantes para o anel de 80 milímetros

Various surgical implants have been developed to stabilize fractures in humans and animals. Ilizarov/'s circular external skeletal fixator is a fixation method widely used for the treatment of complex fractures, angular deviation, as well as in bone lengthening. The ring stands out as a fundamental component of the device and compression loads in the same plane of the ring are due mainly to wires connected from one side to another of the implant. The study aimed to compare the resistance to axial compression on Ilizarovs rings and analyze the alloy composition of these rings. Two diameters were tested of three domestic ring manufacturers for biomechanical axial compression, divided into two groups with fifteen specimens each group. The tests were performed in a universal test machine Kratos® model 3.000MP KE, equipped with a 3000N load cell with a test speed of 10 mm per minute. The strength and deformation parameters were sent to the IBM®-PC computer through the Lynx® analog acquisition system model ADS-2000, which allowed the recording of the parameters for further analysis. Also, the rings alloy composition was evaluated using the TTPIXE method (thick-target particle induced X-ray emission) in external PIXE. The spectra were accumulated in a multi-channel buffer connected to an IBM®-PC type personal microcomputer. The reduction of X-ray spectra was performed using the AXIL program. In conclusion the rings was made from aluminum alloy, witch differs in composition among different fabricants, also the rings showed differences performance in mechanical testing of axial compression, and the manufacturer A is more rigid than the other manufacturers for the two diameters (60 and 80 mm) ring and tougher than the other manufacturers to the 80 mm ring

Polyp in urinary bladder of a dog - a case report / Pólipos em vesícula urinária de um cão - relato de caso

Polyps are benign formations rarely found in the urinary tract both in veterinary medicine and human medicine. The etiology was not identified, but it is believed to occur by recurrent infection of the urinary tract, characterizing a disease called polypoid cystitis. It was described in this report a case found in a neutered 11 years-old bitch Cocker Spaniel with a history of hematúria for two years. It was identified a urinary infection by Serratia spp and the ultrassond examination showed two irregular pedunculated masses in the cranioventral portion and thickening of the bladder wall. The animal was underwent parcial cystectomy to remove the masses where it was observed other small formations near the same region; the material was referred to histopathological examination to confirm the diagnosis of bladder polyps. For treatment of disease, in addition to surgical excision, the infection should be treated properly. The prognosis is good, but cases of recurrence may occur especially when the removal is made only from the bladder mucosa.

Pólipos são formações benignas raramente encontradas no aparelho urinário tanto na medicina veterinária como na medicina humana. A etiologia ainda não foi identificada, mas acredita-se que ocorra por infecção recorrente do trato urinário, caracterizando uma doença chamada de cistite polipóide. Descreve-se no presente artigo um caso de pólipo vesical em cadela castrada Cocker Spaniel de 11 anos com histórico de hematúria há dois anos. Foi identificada infecção urinária por Serratia spp e ao exame ultrassonográfico observou-se duas massas pedunculadas irregulares em face cranioventral e espessamento da parede vesical. O animal foi submetido à cistectomia parcial para remoção das massas onde foram observadas várias outras pequenas formações próximas à mesma região. O exame histopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico de pólipos vesicais. Para o tratamento da doença, além da excisão cirúrgica, a infecção deve ser tratada adequadamente. O prognóstico é bom, porém casos de recidivas podem ocorrer especialmente quando a remoção é feita apenas a partir da mucosa vesical.