Tolerance Mitigates Gall Effects When Susceptible Plants Fail to Elicit Induced Defense.

Variations in plant genotypes and phenotypes are expressed in ways that lead to the development of defensive abilities against herbivory. Induced defenses are mechanisms that affect herbivore insect preferences and performance. We evaluated the performance of resistant and susceptible phenotypes of Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae) against attacks by the gall-inducing insect Schizomyia macrocapillata (Diptera). We hypothesized that there is a positive relationship between resistance to S. macrocapillata and host plant performance because resistance can have a high adaptive value. We evaluated plant architecture, nutritional leaf quality, leaf fluctuating asymmetry, and reproductive capacity between phenotypes. Plant performance was evaluated at three ontogenetic stages: seed, seedling, and juvenile. Overall, there were no differences in vegetative and reproductive performance or asymmetry between the resistant and susceptible mature plants. We found no relationship between leaf nutritional quality and resistance to S. macrocapillata. Plant performance was consistent across ontogeny for both phenotypes, except for five variables. Contrary to our expectations, the susceptible plants performed equally well or better than the resistant plants, suggesting that tolerance and overcompensation to herbivory in B. brevipes may be mediated by induced defense. Our study highlights the importance of multiple layers of plant defense against herbivory, where plant tolerance acts as a secondary barrier in plants susceptible to gall-inducing insects.

Description of the female of Leptagrion jeromei Lencioni, Vilela & Furieri, 2021 (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) with taxonomic notes on the male.

The female of Leptagrion jeromei Lencioni, Vilela & Furieri, 2021 is described, illustrated, and diagnosed based on a specimen collected in epiphytic bromeliads at the Federal University of Sergipe ( (B0545), BRAZIL, Federal University of Sergipe, So Cristvo, -10.92707, -37.10100, 30 m asl, 6.x.2023, A.B.S. Farias & J.C. Santos leg.). Additionally, we provide information on its biology, ecology, and taxonomic notes, along with illustrations of the collected males.

Checklist of Odonata species from Serra of Itabaiana National Park, and an update and new records for the state of Sergipe, Brazil / Checklist das espécies de Odonata do Parque Nacional da Serra de Itabaiana, e uma atualização e novos registros para o estado de Sergipe, Brasil

Abstract Understanding species diversity and distribution cannot be overstated in the development of effective management and biological conservation strategies. Our goal was to address the knowledge gap regarding dragonfly diversity in the northeastern Atlantic Forest, specifically in the Serra of Itabaiana National Park in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. During our study, we recorded 40 species and 969 Odonata individuals across six families and 25 genera. This study contributes 27 new occurrence records of Odonata species in Sergipe, Brazil, highlighting the significance of preserving and protecting the habitats of this region. Our findings provide valuable information on the distribution of dragonfly species in the state of Sergipe and the Northeast region.

Resumo A compreensão da diversidade e distribuição das espécies é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de estratégias efetivas de manejo e conservação biológica. Nosso objetivo foi abordar a lacuna de conhecimento sobre a diversidade de libélulas na Mata Atlântica nordestina, especificamente na Serra do Parque Nacional de Itabaiana, no estado de Sergipe, Brasil. Durante nosso estudo, registramos 40 espécies e 969 indivíduos de Odonata em seis famílias e 25 gêneros. Este estudo contribui com 27 novos registros de ocorrência de espécies de Odonata em Sergipe, Brasil, destacando a importância de preservar e proteger os habitats desta região. Nossos resultados fornecem informações valiosas sobre a distribuição das espécies de libélulas no estado de Sergipe e na região Nordeste.

The rediscovery of Machadagrion garbei (Santos, 1961) (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) with notes on the hitherto unknown female.

Machadagrion garbei (Santos, 1961) was only known by the male holotype from Vila Nova, Bahia state, Brazil, and one male from Junqueira, Alagoas state, Brazil, collected in 1963. Over 50 years of its original description we report its rediscovery with specimens collected in Barra do Jacupe, Camaari County, Bahia state, Brazil, and Serra de Itabaiana, Sergipe state, Brazil. We provide illustrations and diagnosis from both sexes, including the description of the female.

Acute effects of swimming aerobic exercise on contractility and intracellular calcium handling in isolated right ventricular cardiomyocytes / Efectos agudos del ejercicio de natación aeróbica sobre la contractilidad y el manejo del calcio intracelular en cardiomiocitos aislados del ventrículo derecho / Efeitos agudos do exercício aeróbio de natação na contratilidade e no transiente de cálcio intracelular em cardiomiócitos isolados do ventrículo direito

Objectives: The acute adjustments on the contractile function and the intracellular calcium (Ca2+) handling in the cardiomyocytes of the right ventricle (RV) after an acute aerobic exercise session are not known. Our aim was to investigate the acute responses of the contractile function and the intracellular Ca2+ handling in isolated RV cardiomyocytes after a swimming exercise session.Methods: Ten-week-old female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups: control (C; n = 5) and exercise (Ex; n = 7). It was performed a swimming exercise session for 30 minutes. with an overload of 4% relative to the body weight attached to the tail. The rats were sacrificed after the exercise session for the analysis of the RV contractile function parameters and the intracellular Ca2+ handling by the isolated cardiomyocyte technique.Results: Body and heart weights, as well as sarcomere length were similar between the groups. Also, it was not observed differences between the groups for RV cardiomyocyte contractile parameters. However, the systolic and diastolic intracellular Ca2+ concentration was significantly lower in the Ex group compared to C with maintenance of Ca2+ amplitude.Conclusion: An acute swimming aerobic exercise session promotes cardiomyocyte contractility maintenance even with systolic and diastolic intracellular Ca2+ concentration reduced in the RV cardiomyocytes, reflecting an improvement in the intracellular Ca2+ handling.(AU)

Objetivos: se desconocen los ajustes agudos de la función contráctil y el manejo del calcio (Ca2+) intracelular en los cardiomiocitos del ventrículo derecho (VD) tras una sesión de ejercicio aeróbico agudo. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar las respuestas agudas de la función contráctil y el manejo del Ca2+ intracelular en cardiomiocitos aislados del VD después de una sesión de ejercicio de natación.Métodos: se asignaron al azar ratas Wistar hembra de diez semanas de edad en dos grupos: control (C; n = 5) y ejercicio (Ex; n = 7). Se realizó una sesión de ejercicios de natación durante 30 minutos con una sobrecarga del 4% con respecto al peso corporal adherido a la cola. Las ratas fueron sacrificadas después de la sesión de ejercicio para el análisis de los parámetros de la función contráctil del VD y el manejo del Ca2+ intracelular mediante la técnica de cardiomiocitos aislados.Resultados: los pesos corporales y cardíacos, así como la longitud del sarcómero, fueron similares entre los grupos. Además, no se observaron diferencias entre los grupos para los parámetros contráctiles de los cardiomiocitos del VD. Sin embargo, la concentración de Ca2+ intracelular sistólica y diastólica fue significativamente menor en el grupo Ex en comparación con C con el mantenimiento de la amplitud de Ca2+.Conclusión: Una sesión de ejercicio aeróbico de natación aguda promueve el mantenimiento de la contractilidad de los cardiomiocitos incluso con una concentración de Ca2+ intracelular sistólica y diastólica reducida en los cardiomiocitos del VD, lo que refleja una mejora en el manejo del Ca2+ intracelular.(AU)

Objetivo: os ajustes agudos na função contrátil e no transiente do cálcio (Ca2+) intracelular nos cardiomiócitos do ventrículo direito (VD) após uma sessão aguda de exercício aeróbio não são conhecidos. Desta forma objetivo foi investigar as respostas agudas da função contrátil e do no transiente Ca2+ intracelular em cardiomiócitos do VD isolados após uma sessão de exercício de natação.Métodos: Ratas Wistar com dez semanas de idade foram alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: controle (C; n = 5) e exercício (Ex; n = 7). Foi realizada uma sessão de exercícios de natação por 30 minutos com uma sobrecarga de 4% em relação ao peso corporal preso à cauda. Os ratos foram sacrificados após a sessão de exercícios para análise dos parâmetros da função contrátil do VD e do transiente Ca2+ intracelular pela técnica de cardiomiócitos isolados.Resultados: Os pesos corporais e cardíacos, bem como o comprimento do sarcômero foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Além disso, não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos para os parâmetros contráteis dos cardiomiócitos do VD. No entanto, a concentração de Ca2+ intracelular sistólica e diastólica foi significativamente menor no grupo Ex em comparação com C com manutenção da amplitude de Ca2+. Conclusão: Uma sessão aguda de exercício aeróbio de natação promove a manutenção da contratilidade dos cardiomiócitos mesmo com a concentração intracelular de Ca2+ sistólica e diastólica reduzida nos cardiomiócitos do VD, refletindo uma melhora no manuseio do Ca2+ intracelular.(AU)

Shedding Lights on Crude Venom from Solitary Foraging Predatory Ant Ectatomma opaciventre: Initial Toxinological Investigation.

Some species of primitive predatory ants, despite living in a colony, exercise their hunting collection strategy individually; their venom is painful, paralyzing, digestive, and lethal for their prey, yet the toxins responsible for these effects are poorly known. Ectatomma opaciventre is a previously unrecorded solitary hunting ant from the Brazilian Cerrado. To overcome this hindrance, the present study performed the in vitro enzymatic, biochemical, and biological activities of E. opaciventre to better understand the properties of this venom. Its venom showed several proteins with masses ranging from 1-116 kDa, highlighting the complexity of this venom. Compounds with high enzymatic activity were described, elucidating different enzyme classes present in the venom, with the presence of the first L-amino acid oxidase in Hymenoptera venoms being reported. Its crude venom contributes to a state of blood incoagulability, acting on primary hemostasis, inhibiting collagen-induced platelet aggregation, and operating on the fibrinolysis of loose red clots. Furthermore, the E. opaciventre venom preferentially induced cytotoxic effects on lung cancer cell lines and three different species of Leishmania. These data shed a comprehensive portrait of enzymatic components, biochemical and biological effects in vitro, opening perspectives for bio-pharmacological application of E. opaciventre venom molecules.

Morphological description of the final instar larvae of Argia reclusa Selys, 1865 and Tigriagrion aurantinigrum Calvert, 1909 from Southeastern Brazil (Odonata: Coenagrionidae).

The final instar larvae of Argia reclusa Selys, 1865 and Tigriagrion aurantinigrum Calvert, 1909 are described, diagnosed and illustrated. The larvae of A. reclusa has a very prominent premental ligula, shared with a single species in Brazil, from which it can be separated by a combination of characters. The larvae of T. aurantinigrum is similar to most Oxyagrion in regard to prementum and lamellae shape, and differs from those taxa in palpal and premental setation and number of teeth on the labial palp. Both larvae were collected in a small stream of the Cerrado biome, where both species are common.

Heteragrion lencionii (Odonata: Heteragrionidae) sp. nov. from Serra de Itabaiana National Park, Northeastern Brazil.

The Neotropical genus Heteragrion Selys, 1862 is one of the most speciose among Zygoptera. Notwithstanding, most of its species are poorly known, especially those from undersampled areas such as Northeastern Brazil. Here, we describe Heteragrion lencionii sp. nov., from protected areas of Sergipe state (Holotype ♂, Brazil, Sergipe, Areia Branca, Serra de Itabaiana National Park, -10.7484, -37.3390, 179 m, 7.xii.2020, A.B. Farias A.E. dos Santos leg., in UFS). This is only the second Heteragrion species discovered as new for the Northeastern region of Brazil, separated from other congeners by cercus morphology and thoracic coloration pattern.

Leptagrion itabaiana sp. nov. (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from Serra de Itabaiana National Park, Sergipe state, Northeastern Brazil.

Leptagrion itabaiana sp. nov. (Brazil, Sergipe, Areia Branca, Serra de Itabaiana National Park, (10.7517 S, 37.3415 W, 179 m asl), 3.ii.2021, J.C. Santos leg.) is described, diagnosed, illustrated and compared with morphologically close congeners based on male specimens. The new species can be separated from other Leptagrion species mainly by cercus morphology.

Dragonflies and Damselflies in a region of the Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais: checklist and taxonomic additions / Libélulas de uma região do Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais: lista de espécies e adições taxonômicas

Abstract: Remaining freshwater systems are historically under threat mainly due to human activities such as agriculture and urbanization. The consequences of such activities are innumerous, and among them there is a decrease of suitable habitats for threatened fauna. In the Brazilian Cerrado, the odonatofauna of palm swamps and riparian forests are still poorly explored, a fact that difficult conservation efforts of the group. Thus, we performed an inventory in several urban and rural sites containing these phytophysiognomies in Uberlândia, Triângulo Mineiro region, western Minas Gerais state. In total, we found 101 Odonata species, seven families and 46 genera in the municipality, with 76 and 66 species, respectively, belonging to palm swamp and forest sites. From this diversity, eight species were first records in the state of Minas Gerais: Neuraeschna claviforcipata Martin, 1909, Phyllocycla cf. medusaBelle, 1988, Diastatops intensa Montgomery, 1940, Oligoclada pachystigma Karsch, 1890, O. xanthopleura Borror, 1931, Angelagrion nathaliaeLencioni, 2008, Telebasis sanguinalis Calvert, 1909 and Telebasis simulacrum (Calvert, 1909). We also sampled Erythrodiplax anaGuillermo-Ferreira & Vilela 2016, a species listed as endangered (EN) by the IUCN red list. Additionally, we include some taxonomic notes of Forcepsioneura machadorum females, a newly discovered species in the region. Our results contribute to the Odonata database in Brazil and highlights the importance inventories in poorly explored aquatic ecosystems.

Resumo: Os sistemas remanescentes de água doce estão historicamente ameaçados, principalmente devido às atividades humanas, como agricultura e urbanização. As consequências de tais atividades são inúmeras, e entre elas há a diminuição de habitats adequados para a fauna ameaçada. No cerrado brasileiro, a odonatofauna de veredas e matas ripárias ainda são pouco exploradas, fato que dificulta os esforços de conservação do grupo. Assim, realizamos um inventário em diversos pontos urbanos e rurais com essas fitofisionomias em Uberlândia, na região do Triângulo Mineiro, oeste de Minas Gerais. No total, foram encontradas 101 espécies de Odonata, sete famílias e 46 gêneros no município, com 76 e 66 espécies, respectivamente, pertencentes a pontos de veredas e de matas. Dessa diversidade, oito espécies foram os primeiros registros no estado de Minas Gerais: Neuraeschna claviforcipata Martin, 1909, Phyllocycla cf. medusa Belle, 1988, Diastatops intensa Montgomery, 1940, Oligoclada pachystigma Karsch, 1890, O. xanthopleura Borror, 1931, Angelagrion nathaliaeLencioni, 2008, Telebasis sanguinalis Calvert, 1909 e Telebasis simulacrum (Calvert, 1909). Nós também coletamos Erythrodiplax anaGuillermo-Ferreira & Vilela 2016, uma espécie listada como em perigo (EN) pela lista vermelha da IUCN. Além disso, incluímos algumas notas taxonômicas de fêmeas de Forcepsioneura machadorum, uma espécie recém-descoberta na região. Nossos resultados contribuem para o banco de dados Odonata no Brasil e destacam a importância dos inventários em ecossistemas aquáticos pouco explorados.

Final instar larva of Acanthagrion truncatum Selys, 1876 (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae).

Here we describe the final instar larvae of Acanthagrion truncatum Selys, 1876, the 16th described for the genus. We compare the diagnostic characters of A. truncatum with other species of the Group II. Although very similar to other Acanthagrion, the larvae of A. truncatum can be separated from other congeners from having the following character combination: cephalic lobes bulging and rounded, seven antennomeres, 2+1 or 2 premental setae, and nodus at 0.60-0.62 of total length of the lamella.

Habitat integrity drives Odonata diversity in Eucalyptus-dominated landscape.

Silviculture can be considered a sustainable alternative to the extraction of wood from natural forests in Brazil. However, the high demand for wood products has decreased the area of natural Cerrado due to land transformation for forestry activities. This transformation could lead to the loss of species, including insects that cannot tolerate the new environment dominated by exotic plant species. This study aims to evaluate whether the presence of an extensive Eucalyptus silviculture in the Brazilian Cerrado decreases the integrity of nearby riparian environments and, consequently, decreases odonate diversity. Thirteen ponds were selected in patches of Cerrado embedded within a matrix of Eucalyptus silviculture in order to assess habitat integrity of ponds and their riparian zones and collect adult odonates. The physical integrity of the study sites was measured using a Habitat Integrity Index (HII) designed to determine the degree of conservation of aquatic environments. The HII of the study sites varied between 0.44 and 0.80, indicating differences in the degree of conservation. Therefore, a positive relationship was found between odonate richness and abundance and HII, and between the abundance of zygopterans and anisopterans and HII. These findings may be due to the fact that these insects are adapted to the natural resources maintained at the most conserved habitats, and which were lost in degraded riparian zones, such as the presence of aquatic vegetation and a diversity of organic debris on pond banks. We conclude that the conversion of natural areas to Eucalyptus silviculture can alter the integrity of nearby riparian zones and, consequently, odonate diversity.Graphical abstract.

Tritrophic interaction between the Mexican sunflower, the aphid Aphis gossypii and natural enemies in a greenhouse experiment

The establishment of invasive plants negatively affects natural environments. Invasive herbivores that attack weeds can be used as a form of biological control, but natural enemies of herbivores must be associated with this interaction to prevent the invasive phytophagous from become a local pest. We performed a greenhouse experiment to evaluate how the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, a ok and invasive herbivore, affects the performance of the weed Tithonia diversifolia, the Mexican sunflower. We also examined the relationship between the aphid and local natural enemies. Seedlings of T. diversifolia were divided in two groups: one infested by the aphid and another not infested. After 22 days, we assessed the relationship between aphid abundance and the presence of natural enemies (Coccinelidae and Aphidius platensis) on infested plants, and compared the vegetative performance of the two seedling groups. Both natural enemies were positively related to high aphid density on infested plants. Plants infested by the aphid presented foliar necrosis and senescence, and a reduction of around 50% in leaf number, foliar area, shoot length and shoot, root and total plant weight compared to non-infested plants. These results indicate potential biological control of Mexican sunflower seedlings by the cotton aphid, and control of this aphid by the studied natural enemies.

Dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) from a Cerrado area at Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Libélulas e donzelinhas (Insecta: Odonata) de uma área de Cerrado no Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Abstract: Odonata is considered, among the aquatic insect orders, the second largest group in number of species. Its global richness is estimated in about 6,000 described species. The Brazilian richness represents around 14% of the world's odonatofauna, however, the knowledge on Brazilian dragonflies distribution is still poor. This study purpose an inventory of the dragonflies species present in aquatic habitats from a Preserved Area according to the Brazilian Forest Code, located in the Cerrado biome at Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais. In the dry season, from April to June of 2017, we collected 680 specimens belonging to 36 species and six families. Among the collected species, Elasmothemis williamsoni was observed by the first time in Minas Gerais State, and we also found a new species of Tigriagrion (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) which is being described by taxonomists. Considering the fast agricultural advance over natural Cerrado systems, species lists can be important to define priority conservation areas for odonate species.

Resumo: Odonata é considerada a segunda ordem de insetos com maior número de espécies de insetos aquáticos. Sua riqueza global é estimada em cerca de 6.000 espécies descritas. A odonatofauna encontrada no Brasil representa cerca de 14% da riqueza mundial, no entanto, o conhecimento sobre a distribuição de libélulas brasileiras ainda é incipiente. Este estudo teve como objetivo um inventário das espécies de libélulas presentes em habitats aquáticos de uma Área Preservada de acordo com o Código Florestal Brasileiro, localizada no bioma Cerrado do Triângulo Mineiro, em Minas Gerais. Na estação seca, de abril a junho de 2017, foram coletados 680 espécimes pertencentes a 36 espécies e seis famílias. Entre as espécies coletadas, Elasmothemis williamsoni foi observada pela primeira vez no Estado de Minas Gerais, e foi encontrada também uma nova espécie de gênero Tigriagrion (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) que está sendo descrita. Considerando o rápido avanço da agricultura sobre os sistemas naturais do Cerrado, as listas de espécies podem ser importantes para definir áreas prioritárias para a conservação de espécies de Odonata.

Impacto de 12 semanas de prática de pilates solo na força de preensão manual, resistência abdominal e na flexibilidade avaliada por fotogrametria em mulheres saudáveis / Impact of 12 weeks of mat pilates practice on handgrip force, abdominal endurance and on the flexibility evaluated by pho-togrammetry in healthy women / Impacto de 12 semanas de pilates suelo en la fuerza de empuña-dura, resistencia abdominal y en la flexibilidad evaluada por fotogrametría en mujeres saludables

Este estudo avaliou o efeito do Pilates solo na força e na flexibilidade de mulheres saudáveis. O grupo controle (C; n=11) manteve a prática de atividade física habitual; o grupo Pilates (P; n=11) praticou Pilates solo (60 minutos, duas vezes semanais) por 12 semanas. Foram avalia-das: a flexibilidade por fotogrametria, a força de preensão manual pelo dinamômetro e a resis-tência abdominal pelo número de repetições do exercício abdominal realizado em um minuto. No grupo P, houve aumento significativo da resistência abdominal (12,5%) e na força de pre-ensão manual esquerda (33%) e direita (12%); no grupo C, houve aumento da força de preen-são manual direita (22%). Não foram observadas diferenças na flexibilidade. Doze semanas de Pilates solo foram suficientes para melhorar a aptidão física de mulheres saudáveis. Contu-do, esse tempo pode não ter sido suficiente para evidenciar diferenças em relação à prática de outras atividades físicas, visto que não houve diferença em relação ao grupo controle.

This study evaluated the effect of mat Pilates on the strength and flexibility of healthy wom-en. The control group (C, n = 11) maintained the habitual physical activity practice; Pilates group (P, n = 11) practiced mat Pilates (60 minutes, twice a week) for 12 weeks. Flexibility was evaluated by photogrammetry. The handgrip strength was measured with a dynamometer and abdominal endurance by the number of repetitions of abdominal exercise in a minute. In group P there was a significant increase in abdominal endurance (12.5%) and left (33%) and right (12%) handgrip strength; in group C there was an increase in right grip strength (22%). There were no differences in the flexibility. Twelve weeks of training with mat Pilates were sufficient to improve muscle fitness of healthy women. Nevertheless, this period might not be sufficient to lead to differences in comparison with an active control group.

Este estudio evaluó el efecto de Pilates suelo en la fuerza y en la flexibilidad de mujeres salu-dables. El grupo control (C, n = 11) mantuvo la actividad física habitual; el grupo Pilates (P, n = 11) practicó Pilates suelo (60 minutos, dos veces por semana) durante 12 semanas. Se eva-luó la flexibilidad con fotogrametría, la fuerza de empuñadura con un dinamómetro y la resis-tencia abdominal con el número de repeticiones de ejercicios abdominales realizados en un minuto. En el grupo P hubo un aumento significativo de resistencia abdominal (12,5%) y en la empuñadura izquierda (33%) y derecha (12%); en grupo C aumentó la fuerza de prensión derecha (22%). No fueron observadas diferencias en la flexibilidad. Doce semanas de Pilates suelo fueron suficientes para mejorar la condición física de la mujeres saludables. Sin embar-go, ese período puede no haber sido suficiente para mostrar diferencias en relación a la prácti-ca de otras actividades físicas, pues no hubo diferencia en relación al grupo de control.

Gall-inducing insects from Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil / Insetos indutores de galhas da Floresta Atlântica de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil

An inventory of gall inducing insects and their host plants in the Atlantic forest of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil is presented. Samples of galls and their host plants were taken in six fragments of Atlantic forest. One hundred thirty-six different morphotypes of insect galls on 79 host plant species belonging to 35 plant families and 53 genera were recorded. The host plant families most attacked by galling insects were: Lecythidaceae, Myrtaceae, and Nyctaginaceae. The most frequent galling taxa were Diptera of the Cecidomyiidae family (95%), followed by Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Galls occurred most frequently on leaves and stems, had globoid and elliptical shapes, green color and absence of trichomes on the external walls. The data indicate an intermediary richness of gall inducing insects when compared to other Brazilian Atlantic forests.

Um inventário de insetos galhadores e suas plantas hospedeiras foi realizado para a Mata Atlântica de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. As galhas e suas plantas hospedeiras foram amostradas em seis fragmentos de Mata Atlântica. Cento e trinta e seis diferentes morfotipos de galhas de insetos em 79 espécies de plantas hospedeiras pertencentes a 35 famílias de plantas e 53 gêneros foram registrados. As famílias de plantas mais atacadas por insetos galhadores foram: Lecythidaceae, Myrtaceae e Nyctaginaceae. O grupo mais frequente de galhador foi Diptera da família Cecidomyiidae (95%), seguido por Lepidoptera e Coleoptera. Galhas ocorreram mais frequentemente sobre as folhas e caules, possuíam um formato globoso e formas elípticas, de cor verde e ausência de tricomas nas paredes externas. Os dados indicam uma riqueza intermediária de insetos indutores de quando comparado com outras florestas atlânticas brasileiras.

Richness of gall-inducing insects in the tropical dry forest (caatinga) of Pernambuco

Diversity of gall-inducing insects in the tropical dry forest (caatinga) of Pernambuco. We report on the richness of galling insects in the vegetation of caatinga of Pernambuco state, Brazil. We recorded 64 different types of galls collected primarily from leaves and stems of 48 species of host plants belonging to 17 families and 31 genera. The most common gall morphological types were spheroid and discoid, glabrous, predominantly green and with one chamber. The main gall inducing taxon was the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). The results of this study contribute to existing knowledge of galling insect and host-plant diversity in caatinga.

Diversidade de insetos indutores de galhas na floresta tropical seca (caatinga) de Pernambuco. Este artigo reporta sobre a riqueza de insetos galhadores na vegetação de caatinga de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram registrados 64 diferentes tipos de galhas coletadas principalmente em folhas e caules de 48 espécies de plantas hospedeiras pertencentes a 17 famílias e 31 gêneros. Os tipos morfológicos de galhas mais comuns foram esferóide e discóides, glabro, predominantemente verde e com uma câmara. O principal táxon indutor de galhas foi Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Os resultados deste estudo contribuem para o conhecimento da diversidade de insetos galhadores e planta-hospedeira na caatinga.

Two new species of Lopesia Rübsaamen (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associated with Mimosa hostilis (Mimosaceae) in Brazil / Duas espécies novas de Lopesia Rübsaamen (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associadas a Mimosa hostilis (Mimosaceae) no Brasil

Two new species of Lopesia Rübsaamen (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associated with Mimosa hostilis (Mimosaceae) in Brazil Two new species of Lopesia Rübsaamen (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Lopesiini), L. mimosae Maia, sp. nov. and L. pernambucensis Maia, sp. nov., that induce galls on Mimosa hostilis Benth. (Mimosaceae) are described and illustrated based on material from "caatinga" in Pernambuco, Brazil.

Duas novas espécies de Lopesia Rübsaamen, 1908 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Lopesiini), L. mimosae Maia, sp. nov. and L. pernambucensis Maia, sp. nov., que induzem galhas em Mimosa hostilis Benth. (Mimosaceae) são descritas e ilustradas com base em material da caatinga de Pernambuco, Brasil.

Asphondylia fructicola, a new species of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) associated with Solanum sp. (Solanaceae) from Brazil / Asphondylia fructicola, uma nova espécie de Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) associada com Solanum sp. (Solanaceae) do Brasil

Asphondylia fructicola sp. nov. is described and illustrated on the basis of the larva, pupa, male, female, and gall. This species induces galls on fruits of Solanum sp. (Solanaceae) in Amazonia, Brazil.

Asphondylia fructicola sp. nov. é descrita e ilustrada com base na larva, pupa, macho, fêmea e galha. Essa espécie induz galhas nos frutos de Solanum sp. (Solanaceae) na Amazônia, Brasil.

Impact of a gall midge Parkiamyia paraensis (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on the Amazonian plant Parkia pendula (Fabaceae)

We observed the occurrence of large numbers of galls induced by Parkiamyia paraensis (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on the leaflets of Parkia pendula (Fabaceae) in northern Para, Brazil. We addressed two questions in this study: i) what is the proportion of attacked plants in the field, and nursery conditions?; and ii) what is the impact of galls on the host plant? An average of 86 percent of the plants were galled in the field. Galled P. pendula were distinct from healthy individuals due to their prostrated architecture and death of terminal shoots. Approximately 50 percent of the total available leaves and 35 percent leaflets were attacked by P. paraensis on saplings under nursery conditions. Each one-year old plant supported an average of 1,300 galls, and an average of 60g allocated to galled tissue. Otherwise, attacked individuals were taller and heavier than healthy plants. Attacked plants weighed five times more than healthy plants. When the weight of the galls was removed, the total weight (aerial part without galls) of attacked plants was drastically reduced, indicating that most of the biomass of attacked plants was due to the attack by P. paraensis galls. Although the data indicate a paradox, as young plants attacked by the galling herbivore appear to develop more vigorously than unattacked plants, we suggest that P. paraensis negatively affect P. pendula development.

Observou-se a ocorrência de um grande número de galhas induzidas por Parkiamyia paraensis (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) nos folíolos de Parkia pendula (Fabaceae) no norte do Pará, Brasil. Este estudo foi direcionado para responder duas perguntas: i) qual é a proporção de plantas atacadas no campo e em condições de estufa? e ii) qual é o impacto das galhas na planta hospedeira? Uma média de 86 por cento das plantas apresentaram galhas no campo. Indivíduos com galhas de P. pendula eram distintos dos indivíduos saudáveis devido à arquitetura curvada e pela morte dos ramos terminais. Aproximadamente 50 por cento do total de folhas e 35 por cento dos folíolos de plantas jovens foram atacados por P. paraensis em condições de estufa. Para cada ano de idade, a planta apresentou uma média de 1.300 galhas e uma média de 60g alocadas para o tecido galhado. Indivíduos atacados eram mais altos e mais pesados que plantas saudáveis. Plantas atacadas possuíam cinco vezes mais biomassa que plantas saudáveis. Quando o peso das galhas foi removido, o peso das plantas atacadas (parte aérea sem galhas) foi drasticamente reduzido, indicando que a maior parte da biomassa de plantas atacadas foi tomada pelas galhas de P. paraensis. Embora possa existir um paradoxo, onde plantas jovens atacadas por herbívoros galhadores desenvolvam mais vigorosamente do que plantas não atacadas, sugere-se que P. paraensis afetem negativamente o desenvolvimento de P. pendula.