Geoepidemiology, seroprevalence and factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in domicilied cats from Paraíba (Brazil).

Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite responsible for toxoplasmosis, an emerging and often neglected zoonosis in South America, particularly Brazil. Felines, the only definitive hosts, excrete oocysts in their feces, potentially infecting all homeotherms. Domestic cats are primarily responsible for contaminating human environments with these oocysts. Monitoring their populations is therefore essential to ensure proper toxoplasmosis prophylaxis. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of T. gondii and exposure factors in a population of owner cats in the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. A total of 267 blood samples were collected from domestic cats aged between 1 and 15 years and tested with an immunofluorescence antibody test. The seroprevalence of antibodies against T. gondii was only 17.22% (46/267 individuals). This result therefore suggests a low contribution of domestic cats to T. gondii contamination of the urban environment. The cats' age and living environment were identified as risk factors for cat exposure to T. gondii.

Title: Géoépidémiologie, séroprévalence et facteurs associés à l'infection à Toxoplasma gondii chez les chats domiciliés à Paraíba (Brésil). Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii est le parasite responsable de la toxoplasmose, une zoonose émergente et souvent négligée en Amérique du Sud, notamment au Brésil. Les félins, seuls hôtes définitifs, excrètent des oocystes dans leurs selles, infectant potentiellement tous les homéothermes. Les chats domestiques sont les premiers responsables de la contamination des environnements humains avec ces oocystes. La surveillance de leurs populations est donc essentielle pour garantir une prophylaxie adéquate contre la toxoplasmose. Le but de cette étude était d'estimer la prévalence de T. gondii et les facteurs d'exposition dans une population de chats domestiques de la ville de João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brésil. Au total, 267 échantillons de sang ont été prélevés sur des chats domestiques âgés de 1 à 15 ans et testés avec un test d'immunofluorescence des anticorps. La séroprévalence des anticorps contre T. gondii n'était que de 17,22 % (46/267 individus). Ce résultat suggère donc une faible contribution des chats domestiques à la contamination du milieu urbain par T. gondii. L'âge et le milieu de vie des chats ont été identifiés comme facteurs de risque d'exposition du chat à T. gondii.

Prednisolone associated with doxycycline on the hematological parameters and serum proteinogram of dogs with ehrlichiosis / Efeitos da influência da prednisolona associada à doxiciclina nos parâmetros hematológicos e proteinograma sérico de cães com erliquiose

ABSTRACT: The objective of the present study was to assess the treatment of dogs with ehrlichiosis (tropical canine pancytopenia (TCP)) with doxycycline hydrochloride associated or not with prednisolone on the hematological profile and serum proteins. Ten dogs with TCP were selected in the Small Animal Medical Clinic Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Campina Grande-UFCG-PB, Brazil. The diagnosis was obtained by clinical examination, hemogram and immunochromatographic test (with anti Ehrlichia canis antibodies). Samples were distributed randomly in two experimental groups of five animals each (n = 5), named GD and GDP. The GD group was treated with doxycycline (5 mg/kg, VO, BID for 28 days) and the GDP group was treated with doxycycline at the same dose and duration and prednisolone (2 mg/kg, VO, BID, for five days). Four blood collections were made during the treatment period: a base collection (M0), one at 10 days (M10), a second at 21 days (M21) and another at the end of the treatment (M28). These samples were used for the tests erythrogram, leucogram, plateletgram and proteinogram (dose of total proteins, pre-albumin, albumin, albumin, α-1 globulin, α-2 globulin, ß-globulin, ɣ-globulin and C- reactive protein) in the Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Veterinary Hospital-UFCG-PB. Results, that presented normal distribution, was submitted to the Tukey test (P<0.05). Comparison of treatments GD and GDP showed that both promoted discreet and similar response in the hematological parameters at different times. Results obtained allowed the conclusion that both therapeutic protocols resulted in clinical, hematological parameter and proteinogram improvement, but the use of prednisolone at the dose administered during the first five days of treatment did not show more beneficial effects than isolated administration of doxycycline.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos do tratamento de cães com erliquiose monocítica canina (EMC) com cloridrato de doxiciclina associada ou não à prednisolona sobre o perfil hematológico e de proteínas séricas. Foram selecionados, na Clínica Médica de Pequenos Animais do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), 10 cães com EMC. O diagnóstico foi obtido através de exame clínico, hemograma e teste de imunoensaio imunocromatográfico (com anticorpos anti Ehrlichia canis). As amostras foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais, com cinco animais cada (n=5), denominados GD e GDP. O grupo GD foi tratado com doxiciclina (5 mg/kg, VO, BID durante 28 dias) e o grupo GDP, tratado com doxiciclina na mesma dose e duração e prednisolona (2 mg/kg, VO, BID, durante 5 dias). Durante o período de tratamento, foram realizadas quatro coletas de sangue; uma coleta basal (M0), uma com 10 dias (M10), uma aos 21 dias (M21) e outra ao final do tratamento (M28). Dessas amostras foram realizados eritrograma, leucograma, plaquetograma e proteinograma (dosagem de proteínas totais, pré-albumina, albumina, α-1 globulina, α-2 globulina, ß-globulina, ɣ-globulina e proteína C-reativa) no Laboratório de Patologia Clínica do Hospital Veterinário da UFCG. Os resultados que apresentaram distribuição normal foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Ao comparar os tratamentos GD e GDP, observou-se que os dois promoveram resposta discreta e semelhante dos parâmetros hematológicos nos diferentes momentos. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que ambos os protocolos terapêuticos resultaram em melhora clínica e dos parâmetros hematológicos e do proteinograma. Porém, o uso da prednisolona na dose empregada durante os primeiros cinco dias de tratamento não demonstrou efeitos mais benéficos do que a administração isolada da doxiciclina.

Anatomy and morphometry of the skull of Amazona aestiva (Linnaeus, 1758; Psittaciformes, Aves) / Anatomia e morfometria do crânio de Amazona aestiva (Linnaeus, 1758; Psittaciformes, Aves)

Obtaining craniometric data is key to establishing parameters that can help in the anatomic identification and understanding of species. The aim of the present study was to establish the craniometric data and describe the main skull bones and structures of Amazona aestiva, which has become common in veterinary clinics, originated from the legalized purchase or trafficking of animals. A total of 20 adult specimens were used, donated for studies by the Paraíba Wild Animal Screening Center (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Paraíba (CETAS-PB)/IBAMA-PB, Brazil. The skulls were dissected and macerated with water. First were identified the frontal, maxilla, mandible, nasal, jugal and quadrate bones that served as a base to identify other bone structures that were then compared with the skull of other bird species already described in the literature, especially psitacids. Values were obtained by measuring with a digital pachymeter, and the maximum skull length was 63.0 mm, the maximum width 33.0 mm and the rhamphotheca was 33.8 mm long. No significant differences were observed between males and females and well developed cranial kinesis was a remarkable characteristic of the species. The data obtained serve as a base to identify and characterize the species. These data can also aid in the clinic, imaging and veterinary surgery.

A obtenção de dados craniométricos é fundamental para o estabelecimento de parâmetros que auxiliem na identificação anatômica e na compreensão das espécies. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estabelecer os dados craniométricos e descrever os principais ossos e estruturas do crânio do Amazona aestiva, que se tornou comum em clínicas veterinárias, oriundos de aquisição legal ou tráfico de animais. Foram utilizados 20 indivíduos adultos, doados para estudos do Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres da Paraíba (CETAS-PB) / IBAMA-PB, Brasil. Os crânios foram dissecados e macerados com água. Identificaram-se os ossos frontal, maxilar, mandibular, nasal, jugal e quadrado, que serviram de base para identificar outras estruturas ósseas que foram então, comparadas com o crânio de outras espécies de aves já descritas na literatura, principalmente psitacideos. Valores numéricos foram adquiridos através de mensuração com paquímetro digital, sendo o comprimento máximo do crânio de 63,0 mm, largura máxima de 33,0 mm e ranfoteca de 33,8 mm de comprimento. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre machos e fêmeas e, uma craniocinese bem desenvolvida foi característica marcante da espécie. Os dados obtidos servem de base para identificar e caracterizar as espécies. Estes dados também podem auxiliar na clínica, imagem e cirurgia veterinária.

Heart anatomy and topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus, 1758).

INTRODUCTION: The morphological study of wild animals serves as a base for more advanced studies in clinical medicine, surgery, and pathology. Due to an urgent need and demand for professionals specialized in this area, studies of this nature have become indispensable and so the objective of the present study was to describe the heart morphology of Callithrix jacchus. METHODS: Ten anatomic pieces of common marmoset were used. The hearts were removed and dissected for better visualization and thus to makes a detailed description of the structures of the organ of the C jacchus species. RESULTS: The C jacchus heart is similar to that of other mammals, with small anatomical modifications such as division of the apex by the interventricular grooves, shallow fossa ovalis, and less salient intervenous tubercle. CONCLUSIONS: This study may serve as taxonomic base for research and also as a basis for clinical and surgical procedures with the C jacchus.

Trachea and lung anatomy applied to clinical and surgical procedures in Sapajus libidinosus (Spix, 1823).

BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to study the anatomy of the respiratory system of Sapajus libidinosus. METHODS: Ten corpses of adult animals were used. To analyze the bronchial tree, transparent acetic silicone was injected and then dissected. RESULTS: The trachea presented a mean of 32 rings. These spaces were delimited for tracheostomy and tracheotomy between the 1st and 3rd ring or between the 9th and 11th ring, and for thoracocentesis at the 7th or 8th intercostal space. For tracheostomy and tracheotomy, the best access point was in the ventral region of the neck and transverse incision of the rings. For thoracocentesis, cranioventral insertion of the catheter is recommended in the 8th intercostal space. CONCLUSIONS: The trachea and lung anatomy applied to clinical and surgical procedures the robust capuchin monkey is similar to both wild and domestic carnivores.

Scrotum bipartite in sheep as a parameter indicative of adaptation to semi-arid climates: A thermographic and reproductive study.

With the objective of assessing the influence of scrotum bipartition on scrotum-testiclar thermoregulation and semen quality in sheep native to a semiarid region, 14 adult crossbred rams were placed into groups, GI (7 with bipartition in the scrotum) and GII (7 without bipartition). Images were taken of the caudal scrotum surface using a Fluke (Ti25®) thermographic camera, for temperature analysis. Two semen collections were made, at an eight-day interval, by electroejaculation, to analyze macroscopic and microscopic parameters. It was observed that the surface temperatures of the proximal, medial and distal regions of the testicle and the epididymis tail did not present significant statistical difference (p > 0.05) between the groups. The GI showed a great ability to regulate the temperature in the tail region of the epididymis (p = 0.062), location of the bipartition, and the difference in temperature between the body surface and the epididymis tail was 0.54 °C much lower than the G2. Although no significant statistical difference (p > 0.05) was observed, the animals with bipartition presented higher means for body surface temperature, showing greater efficiency in heat dissipation and indicating that these animals used peripheral vasodilation on a larger scale to eliminate excess heat and thus had a lower energy expenditure. The semen parameters studied in both groups were within the desirable values for the species, with no differences between the groups (p > 0.05). Higher scrotum testiclar values were observed (scrotum circumference GI = 30.40 cm ±â€¯0.53 and GII = 28.42 ±â€¯1.13 cm, testicle length, right and left, respectively GI = 8.14 ±â€¯0.90 cm, 8.00 ±â€¯0.00 cm and GII = 7.28 ±â€¯0.04 cm, 7.28 ±â€¯0.48 cm) and bodyweight (GI = 44.57 ±â€¯5.25 Kg and GII = 39.85 ±â€¯1.57 Kg) in rams with scrotum bipartition (p > 0.05). It is concluded that scrotum bipartite in rams was shown to be an evolutionary indicator showing that animals with this characteristic dissipate heat more efficiently, have bigger scrotum-testicle biometrical parameters and heavier body weight. However, as the rams with scrotum bipartite presented division of less than 50% of the scrotum length, this degree did not influence the scrotum surface temperature and semen quality, as has been observed in goats with the same characteristic.

Prevalence of scrotum bipartition in sheep in the Paraiba backwoods, Brazil.

Goats and sheep have morphological characteristics for adaptation to desert and semiarid regions. The appearance of scrotum division known as scrotum bipartition has already been reported in goats. This anatomy increases the surface of each testicle exposed to environmental temperature, favoring heat dissipation and improving reproductive efficiency. Considering that there are already studies on the goat species demonstrating the presence of this characteristic as an influence on reproductive parameters, the prevalence of scrotum bipartition was estimated in the sheep herds reared in the municipality of Patos, Paraiba backwoods, Brazil. A total of 331 rams were examined from farms in four municipalities in the micro-region of Patos, Paraiba, Brazil, and the same study was also carried out at the municipal slaughterhouse in this city, where 456 animals were examined. According to the analysis, 66.67% of the farms visited presented one or more sheep with scrotum bipartition, with a prevalence of 11.48% on the farms and 14.47% at the slaughterhouse. The degree of bipartition was 9.59 ± 1.035% of the total scrotum length for the animals in the field and 12.89 ± 0.749% for those from the slaughterhouse, characterizing bipartition of less than 50% of the scrotum length. The variables intensive rearing (OR = 16.6) and the Dorper breed (OR = 6.91) were identified as factors associated to the presence of scrotum bipartition. It was concluded that scrotum bipartition is a characteristic present in sheep reared in the municipality of Patos in the semiarid region of Paraiba state, northeastern Brazil, and high prevalence was observed of farms with bipartition sheep, but a low number of animals with scrotum bipartition was identified.

Lobation and bronchopulmonary segmentation of Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758) / Lobação e segmentação broncopulmonar de Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Abstract The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) are small primates belonging to the family Cebidae, subfamily Callitrichinae and are the most well-known and common in adaptation to captivity. The scarcity of data in the literature on the anatomy of these marmosets and wild animals hinders the application of appropriate anesthetic and surgical procedures and therapeutics. In order to understand the anatomic variations in the lobation and bronchopulmonary segmentation the lungs were dissected from nine adult common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) corpses, five males and four females. In the marmosets, the right lung presented cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe and accessory lobe while the left lung presented cranial and caudal lobes. The fissures were very pro-eminent in both the lungs. The main right bronchus emitted independent branches, one for each lobe, and it followed in a straight line in the caudal lobe as a continuation of this bronchus and the same was observed in the main left bronchus. The bronchopulmonary segmentation in the right lung ranged from one to five branches in the cranial lobe; the middle lobe had a single branch; the caudal lobe had three to five branches and the accessory lobe had three branches. In the left lung the cranial lobe bronchopulmonary segmentation ranged from one to five branches while in the caudal lobe it was three to four branches.

Resumo: Os saguis-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) são pequenos primatas que pertencem à família Cebidae, subfamília Callitrichinae e são os mais conhecidos e comuns na adaptação ao cativeiro. A escassez de dados disponíveis na literatura sobre a anatomia desses saguis e de animais silvestres dificulta a aplicação de procedimentos anestésicos, cirúrgicos e terapêuticos apropriados. Visando conhecer as variações anatômicas da lobação e segmentação broncopulmonar foram dissecados os pulmões de nove cadáveres de saguis-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) adultos, sendo cinco machos e quatro fêmeas. Nos saguis, o pulmão direito apresentou lobo cranial; lobo médio; lobo caudal e lobo acessório; e o pulmão esquerdo os lobos cranial e caudal. As fissuras são bem proeminentes em ambos os pulmões. O brônquio principal direito emitiu ramos independentes, um para cada lobo, sendo que no lobo caudal seguiu em linha reta como a continuação deste brônquio e o mesmo foi observado no brônquio principal esquerdo. Em relação à segmentação broncopulmonar, o pulmão direito apresentou no lobo cranial variando de um a cinco ramos; lobo médio com um único ramo; o lobo caudal com três a cinco ramos e o acessório com três ramos. No pulmão esquerdo o lobo cranial teve uma variação de um a cinco e no caudal foi de três a quatro ramos.

Lissencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in a goat / Lisencefalia e hipoplasia cerebelar em caprino

A case of lissencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia was observed in a 30-day-old goat. The goat presented with sternal recumbence, absence of a menace response, intention tremors, ataxia, and nystagmus. The goat was euthanized and necropsied after having been hospitalised for eleven days. At necropsy, the surface of the brain was found to be smooth, the cerebral sulci and gyri were absent, and the cerebellum was reduced in size. Histologically, the grey matter and white matter were thicker and thinner than normal in cortices, respectively. The neurons were randomly arranged in the grey matter. In the cerebellum, the layers were disorganised, and cells were heterotopics. The histologic and gross lesions observed in this animal are characteristic of lissencephaly associated with cerebellar hypoplasia. The presence of a single goat affected suggests that the malformation was not of infectious origin and because lissencephaly is a malformation not previously described in goats, it is unlikely this case was inherited.

Um caso de lisencefalia e hipoplasia cerebelar é descrito em um caprino com 30 dias de idade. No exame físico, apresentava decúbito esternal permanente, ataxia, ausência do reflexo de ameaça, tremores de intenção e nistagmo. Após 11 dias de internamento, o caprino foi eutanasiado e necropsiado. Na necropsia, o cérebro não apresentava giros nem sulcos e o cerebelo estava reduzido de tamanho. Histologicamente, em todo o córtex cerebral, a substância cinzenta estava mais espessa e a substância branca mais fina que o normal. Os neurônios estavam distribuídos de forma aleatória na substância cinzenta. No cerebelo, as camadas estavam desorganizadas, com localização heterotópica das células. Os achados macroscópicos e histológicos são característicos de lisencefalia e hipoplasia cerebelar. A presença de um só animal afetado sugere que a malformação não é de origem infecciosa e o fato da lisencefalia nunca ter sido descrita antes em caprinos sugere que não é uma doença hereditária.

Malformações, abortos e mortalidade embrionária em ovinos causada pela ingestão de Mimosa tenuiflora (Leguminosae) / Malformations, abortion, and embryonic death in sheep caused by the ingestion of Mimosa tenuiflora (Leguminosae)

Para determinar a teratogenicidade de Mimosa tenuiflora, 15 ovelhas, distribuídas em dois grupos, foram introduzidos em área invadida pela planta. O Grupo 1, com seis ovelhas prenhes, foi introduzido na área experimental 20 dias após o acasalamento. O Grupo 2, formado por nove ovelhas não prenhes e um carneiro, foi introduzido na área experimental no início do experimento. O experimento começou no mês de outubro de 2009, período de estiagem, quando M. tenuiflora estava sementando. Nesse período as plantas foram rebaixadas a 40 cm de altura e os galhos com folhas e sementes foram disponibilizados para os ovinos na mesma área onde M. tenuiflora foi rebaixada. M. tenuiflora começou a rebrotar ainda na estação seca antes do período de chuvas. No período de rebrota, as ovelhas ficavam livres para pastar M. tenuiflora e recebiam concentrado em quantidade equivalente a 1% do peso vivo. Após as primeiras chuvas, em meados de janeiro do ano seguinte, quando o estrato herbáceo apareceu, essas ovelhas foram confinadas em baias, onde M. tenuiflora foi fornecida até o fim do experimento. A cada 15 dias eram realizados exames ultrassonográficos para acompanhamento da gestação. No Grupo 1, três ovelhas abortaram, cada uma um feto sem malformações. Outra ovelha pariu dois cordeiros, um com hiperflexão na articulação inter-falangeana proximal no membro torácico direito e outro sem malformações. Outra ovelha pariu um cordeiro com hiperflexão dos dois membros pélvicos na região da articulação tarso-metatársica. No grupo formado pelas ovelhas que foram acasaladas na área experimental, uma ovelha abortou um feto sem malformações e cinco pariram cordeiros normais. Três das ovelhas desse grupo não emprenharam durante todo o período experimental, mostrando retornos repetidos ao cio, sugerindo perda embrionária. Trinta e duas ovelhas e um carneiro, que permaneceram numa área vizinha a área experimental e foram utilizados como controle, pariram cordeiros normais. Conclui-se que M. tenuiflora, além de causar malformações causa, também, mortalidade embrionária e abortos em ovelhas.

To determine the teratogenicity of Mimosa tenuiflora, 15 sheep, divided into two groups, were introduced into an area invaded by the plant. Group 1 consisted of six pregnant ewes that were introduced into the experimental area 20 days after mating. Group 2 consisted of nine non pregnant sheep and a ram introduced into the area at the start of the experiment. The experiment began in October 2009, during the dry season, when M. tenuiflora was seeding. During this period the M. tenuiflora plants were pruned to 40cm tall and the branches with leaves and seeds were provided to the experimental sheep in the same area. After prunning M. tenuiflora began to sprout even in the dry season, and the sheep were free to graze the plant. They also received concentrate ration in amount equivalent to 1% of their body weight. After the first rains in mid-January 2010, when the herbaceous layer appeared, the pregnant sheep were confined in stalls, and M. tenuiflora was cut in the field and given to the sheep until the end of the experiment. Every 15 days each sheep was examined by ultrasound to control pregnancy. In Group 1, three sheep aborted single fetuses without malformations. One sheep delivered two lambs, one with hyperflexion of the proximal inter-phalangeal joint of the right forelimb and another without malformations. Another sheep delivered a lamb with a hyperflexion of both hindlimbs in the region of the tarsal-metatarsal joint. Only one sheep delivered a normal lamb. In Group 2, one sheep aborted a fetus without malformations and five delivered normal lambs. Three sheep of this group returned to estrus repeatedly and did not get pregnant during the mating period, suggesting embryonic loss. Thirty two ewes and one ram, that stayed in a paddock neighbor to the experimental paddock and were used as control group, delivered normal lambs. It is concluded that M. tenuiflora cause malformations, embryonic mortality and abortion in sheep.

Feo-hifomicose sistêmica em cão / Systemic phaeohyphomycosis in a dog

Descrevem-se os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e histopatológicos de feo-hifomicose sistêmica em um cão. Clinicamente observou-se cansaço, ascite, apatia, hiporexia, perda de peso e polidipsia. O animal estava sendo tratado para erliquiose e babesiose. Após 11 dias, o cão retornou com hepatopatia grave e veio a óbito em 48 horas. Na necropsia, observaram-se nódulos enegrecidos em vários órgãos da cavidade abdominal. Histologicamente, havia reação granulomatosa necrosante com hemorragia, associada a miríades de hifas fúngicas pigmentadas intralesionais em múltiplos órgãos, caracterizando feo-hifomicose sistêmica. Ressalta-se a importância de incluir esta doença no diagnóstico diferencial de hepatopatias graves em cães com ascite.

The objective of this study was to describe clinical, laboratorial and histopathological findings of systemic phaeohyphomycosis in a dog. The animal was presented with a history of fatigue, ascites, lethargy, weight and appetite loss and polydipsia. The therapy for erliquiose and babesiosis was started. After 11 days, the dog returned with severe liver disease and died after forty-eight hours. At necropsy, there were black nodules in various abdominal organs. Histologically, necrotizing granulomatous reaction with hemorrhage associated with myriads of intralesional pigmented fungal hyphae was observed in multiple organs, characterizing systemic phaeohyphomycosis. Thus, it is important to include this illness in the differential diagnosis of severe liver diseases in dogs with ascites.

Degradabilidade in situ do rolão e farelo de milho em caprinos e ovinos deslanados mantidos em sombra natural e artificial no semi-árido paraibano / Degradability in situ of ground cob corn and corn (maize) bran in goats and wooless sheep kept in natural and artificial shade in the semi-arid region of Paraíba

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a degradabilidade "in situ" do rolão de milho e do farelo de milho em caprinos e ovinos deslanados, mantidos em ambientes de sombra natural e artificial, no Semiárido paraibano. Foram utilizados quatro caprinos e quatro ovinos distribuídos em dois ambientes, um natural e outro artificial. Foram incubados sacos de náilon, contendo amostras do rolão e farelo de milho nos tempos de 6, 12, 24 e 48 e 72 horas para o alimento volumoso e 6, 12, 24, 48 horas para o concentrado. Os efeitos dos ambientes e das espécies na fração b e c da MS no rolão de milho foram independentes. No ambiente artificial, a média da degradabilidade da fração b (55,36 por cento) foi superior à média obtida no ambiente natural (50,97 por cento) e a fração c apresentou maior valor no ambiente natural (40,90 por cento) do que o artificial (36,51 por cento). Quanto à fração b e c da MS do farelo de milho, não houve interação entre espécies e ambientes, a degradabilidade da fração b da MS para a espécie caprina foi superior à ovina com 60,77 por cento e 56,47 por cento, respectivamente. Ocorrendo o inverso para a fração c, onde os ovinos apresentaram média superior aos caprinos (31,93 e 27,63 por cento). Houve efeito da ambiente para a DP da MS do rolão de milho, os valores da fração b no ambiente natural e artificial foram (50,97 e 55,36 por cento) respectivamente. A DP da MS do farelo de milho para a espécie caprina foi maior do que para a espécie ovina (72,37 e 68,07 por cento, respectivamente). A degradabilidade efetiva a 5 por cento da MS foi maior para caprinos (31,17 por cento) do que para ovinos (28,48 por cento). A DE da MS (calculada com taxa de passagem de 2 e 5 por cento/ h) do farelo de milho para a espécie caprina foi superior (60,34 e 49,18 por cento) a da ovina (56,88 e 46,51 por cento, respectivamente). Concluiu-se que tanto a espécie como o ambiente influenciam na degradabilidade dos alimentos. Os ovinos e caprinos ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate "in situ" degradability of ground cob corn and corn (maize) bran in goats and wooless sheep kept in natural and artificial shade environments in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. Four goats and four sheep were used, being distributed in two environments, one natural and the other artificial. Nylon sacks were incubated containing samples of ground cob corn and corn (maize) bran in intervals of 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours for the bulk food, and 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours for the concentrate. The effects of the environments and of the species in fractions b and c of dry matter in the cob corn were independent. In the artificial environment, the average of the degradability of fraction b (55,36 percent) was higher than the average obtained in the natural environment (50,97 percent); and fraction c presented a higher value in the natural environment (40,90 percent) than in the artificial (36,51). With respect to fractions b and c of the dry matter of the corn bran, there was no interaction between species and environments; and the degradability of fraction b of dry matter for the goats was higher than for the sheep, with 60,77 percent and 56,47 percent, respectively. With respect to fraction c, the inverse was verified. The sheep presented a higher average than the goats (31,93 and 27,63 percent). There was environmental effect for potential degradability of dry matter of the cob corn. The values of fraction b in the natural and artificial environments were 50,97 and 55,36 percent, respectively. The potential degradability of corn bran for the goats was higher than for the sheep (72,37 and 68,07 percent, respectively). The effective degradability to 5 percent of the dry matter was higher for the goats (31,17 percent) than for the sheep (28,48 percent). The effective degradability of the dry matter (calculated with passage rate of 2 and 5 percent/h) of the corn bran for the goats was superior (60,34 and ...

Temperatura superficial e índice de tolerância ao calor de caprinos de diferentes grupos raciais no semi-árido nordestino / Superficial temperature and index of tolerance to the heat of goat of different genetic groups in semi-arid

Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a temperatura superficial e o índice de tolerância ao calor de caprinos (F1) resultantes de cruzamentos entre as raças Boer, Savana, Kalahari, Anglo Nubiana e Moxotó, com caprinos SRD, da região Nordeste. Foram utilizados 30 caprinos inteiros, com idade média de seis meses e peso médio de 25,17kg, sendo seis de cada grupo genético: ½Boer + ½SRD (BS), ½Anglo-Nubiana + ½SRD (ANS), ½Savana + ½SRD (SS), ½Kalarari + ½SRD (KS) e ½Moxotó + ½SRD (MS), mantidos em regime de confinamento. Os parâmetros estudados foram a temperatura superficial e o índice de tolerância ao calor (ITC). Verificou-se que os grupos raciais apresentaram diferença significativa para a temperatura superficial, todavia o ITC foi semelhante para todos. Assim a utilização desses grupos raciais para incrementar a produtividade caprina no semi-árido pode ser aconselhada.

One aimed with this work to determine the superficial temperature and the index of tolerance to the heat of goats (F1) resultants of crossings among these breed, Boer, Savanna, Kalahari, Anglo Nubiana and Moxotó, with goat in no definite breed of the northeast area. Thirty goats were used, with medium age of six months and medium weight of 25,17kg being six of each genetic group: ½Boer + ½SRD (BS), ½Anglo-Nubiana + ½SRD (ANS), ½Savana + ½SRD (SS), ½Kalarari + ½SRD (KS) and ½Moxotó + ½SRD (BAD), maintained in confinement regime. The studied parameters were the superficial temperature and the index of tolerance to the heat (ITC). One verified that the genetic groups presented significant difference for the superficial temperature, though ITC went similar for all. So, the use of these genetic groups to increase the goats productivity in the semi-arid can be advised.

Respostas fisiológicas de caprinos de diferentes grupos genéticos no semi-árido paraibano / Fisiological responses of the caprines from different genetic groups in the semi-arid of Paraíba

Realizou-se este experimento na Estação Experimental de Pendência pertencente à EMEPA-PB, localizada no Município de Soledade-PB, com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos de caprinos de diferentes grupos genéticos sob as condições do semi-árido. Foram utilizados 30 caprinos machos inteiros, com peso médio de 25,17 kg, sendo seis animais de cada grupo genético: ½ Boer + ½ SRD (BO), ½ Anglo-Nubiana + ½ SRD (AN), ½ Savana + ½ SRD (SA), ½ Kalarari + ½ SRD (KA) e ½ Moxotó + ½ SRD (MO). Verificou-se efeito significativo (P<0,05) de grupos genéticos para a freqüência respiratória e hematócrito. Tendo o BO apresentado freqüência respiratória superior (P<0,05) ao AN e MO; e hematócrito inferior (P<0,05) ao MO. O turno afetou significativamente (P<0,05) a temperatura retal e a freqüência respiratória, com médias superiores à tarde. Para as demais variáveis não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos genéticos estudados. Permitindo concluir que os animais estudados estão bem adaptados ao clima semi-árido.

This experiment was realized in Pendencia's experimental station of EMEPA-PB in Soledade- PB city. It aimed to avaliate the fisiological and hematological parameters of caprines from diferent genetic groups in the semi-arid conditions. Thirty males weithing about 25,17 kg were used, being six animals from each genetic group: ½ Boer + ½ SRD (BO), ½ Anglo-Nubiana + ½ SRD (AN), ½ Savana + ½ SRD (SA), ½ Kalarari + ½ SRD (KA) e ½ Moxotó + ½ SRD (MO). It was verified significative effect (P<0,05) among the genetic groups for breathing frequency and hematocrit. The BO presented breathing frequency more elevated (P<0,05) than the AN and MO; and its hematocrit was less elevated (P<0,05) than the MO. The period affects sifgnificatively (P<0,05) the rectal temperature and breathing frequency, being the superior averages in the afternoon period. For the other parameters there were not significative differences among the genetic groups studied. Besides this, it can be concluded that the studied animals are adaptaded to the semi-arid climatic conditions.