Development of Predictive Modeling for Removal of Multispecies Biofilms of Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni from Poultry Slaughterhouse Surfaces.

Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni are among the most common foodborne pathogens worldwide, and poultry products are strongly associated with foodborne pathogen outbreaks. These pathogens are capable of producing biofilms on several surfaces used in the food processing industry, including polyethylene and stainless steel. However, studies on multi-species biofilms are rare. Therefore, this study aimed to develop predictive mathematical models to simulate the adhesion and removal of multispecies biofilms. All combinations of microorganisms resulted in biofilm formation with differences in bacterial counts. E. coli showed the greatest ability to adhere to both surfaces, followed by S. Enteritidis and C. jejuni. The incubation time and temperature did not influence adhesion. Biofilm removal was effective with citric acid and benzalkonium chloride but not with rhamnolipid. Among the generated models, 46 presented a significant coefficient of determination (R2), with the highest R2 being 0.88. These results provide support for the poultry industry in creating biofilm control and eradication programs to avoid the risk of contamination of poultry meat.

Fruit pomace as a promising source to obtain biocompounds with antibacterial activity.

The demand for natural compounds to replace synthetic additives has aroused the interest of different sectors of society, especially the scientific community, due to their safety, biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity. Alternative sources for antimicrobial compounds have been explored, such as fruit pomace. These by-products have essential compounds in their composition with different potential for application in food and packaging. In this context, this review systematizes the use of pomace from different fruits as a source of antibacterial compounds. Also, it summarizes the extraction methods and the applications of these compounds. Grape pomace, cranberry, and apple extracts are the most explored for antibacterial control, especially against genus Listeria, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and Escherichia. In addition, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and proanthocyanins are the main compounds identified in the studied fruit pomace extracts. In the reviewed articles, the biocompounds recovery is performed by methods with the absence of high temperatures (>80 °C); in some studies, the solid-liquid extraction method at mild temperatures (<30 °C) was well explored, using ethanol and water as solvent. The use of fruit processing by-products for bacterial control highlights the possibility of favoring the three pillars of sustainability (social, economic, and environmental) in the food industry.

Use of monosodium glutamate in foods: the good, the bad, and the controversial side / Uso de glutamato monossódico em alimentos: o bom, o mau e o lado controverso

Introduction: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is known as a flavor-enhancing compound and also the fifth basic taste (umami). About the safety of using MSG as a food additive, some studies show indications that there is no threat and others showthe opposite. There is no consensus about the advantages and disadvantages of using MSG. Objective: To systematically review studies in the international literature on the knowledge of the pros and cons of using glutamate in food. Methods: Systematic review of studies published in journals indexed in ScienceDirect and PubMed databases. Articles published until 2020 were included. The aspects involving the advantages and disadvantages were discussed, as well as the health risks related to the MSG intake from diet. Results: The revised studies showed that MSG can reduce the amount of sodium in foods without modifying flavor. Although authorities indicate that MSG is safe for human consumption, some studies highlight that health risk is real. The use of MSG is still controversial because there are some misunderstandings in the applied amounts of MSG absorption and metabolism. Conclusion: MSG is widely applied in industrial and homemade food. The need for further studies is crucial, and aspects such as metabolism and amounts of MSG effectively consumed must be better evaluated.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel lyophilized extract delays lipid oxidation in tuscan sausages / Estabilidade oxidativa de linguiça tipo Toscana com extrato liofilizado da casca de romã (Punica granatum L.)

ABSTRACT: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) contains a high concentration of antioxidant and phenolic compounds. Pomegranate peel extracts at different concentrations were used as natural antioxidant to increased the lipid stability of fresh Tuscan sausages, comparing with sodium erythorbate (SE). Peels were subjected to ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction and lyophilization. The extract was previously characterized throught phenol and flavonoids determination. The Tuscan Sausages were prepared, and color, pH, peroxides, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were assessed at 1, 15, and 30 days of storage, at a mean temperature of 5 ± 1 ºC and under a 12-hour light cycle/day. Sausages containing 0.05 and 0.1% of peel extract showed results similar to sodium erythorbate in lipid peroxidation. Sausages treated with pomegranate peel extracts showed an adequate global acceptability level in the sensory analysis. Pomegranate peel extracts are; therefore, a promising natural alternative for maintaining the lipid stability of Tuscan sausages, promoting the protection of the meat and in addition, being able to bring beneficial of the pomegranate to the human health.

RESUMO: A romã (Punica granatum L.) contém uma alta concentração de compostos antioxidantes e fenólicos. Extratos de casca de romã em diferentes concentrações foram utilizados como antioxidante natural para aumentar a estabilidade lipídica de linguiça tipo Toscana, comparados ao eritorbato de sódio. As cascas foram submetidas à extração e liofilização aquosas por ultrassom. O extrato foi caracterizado por determinação de fenol e flavonóides. Os parâmetros cor, pH, peróxidos e ácido tiobarbitúrico foram avaliadas nos dias 1, 15 e 30 pós armazenamento, a temperatura de 5 ± 1 ºC e ciclo de luz de 12 horas/dia. As linguiças contendo 0,05 e 0,1% de extrato de casca apresentaram resultados semelhantes ao eritorbato de sódio quanto a peroxidação lipídica. Também apresentaram aceitabilidade global adequada na análise sensorial. Os extratos de casca de romã são, portanto, uma alternativa natural promissora para manter a estabilidade lipídica das linguiças toscanas, promovendo a proteção e podendo trazer benefícios da romã à saúde humana.

Effects of different concentrations of sodium azide and chloramphenicol on the preservation of raw milk samples / Efeitos de diferentes concentrações de azida sódica e cloranfenicol na preservação de amostras de leite cru

ABSTRACT: The preservation of milk samples for microbiological analyses by the Brazilian Network of Milk Quality Control Laboratories requires the addition of preservatives to maintain the microbiota from the time of sample collection to the moment of analysis. The number of microorganisms can change as a result of the active ingredients and concentration of the preservative, as well as due to interactions between the preservatives, incubation time, and packaging temperature. The objective of this research was to evaluate the conservation potential of different concentrations of sodium azide and chloramphenicol on the analytical shelf life of milk samples. Two farms were selected, one with a low bacterial count and one with a high bacterial count. The milk was dispensed into sterile vials and tested after the addition of the usual concentrations of sodium azide and chloramphenicol, doubled concentrations, tripled concentrations, and as a control, without preservatives. The samples were incubated at 3 ± 1 °C, 6 ± 1 °C, and 9 ± 1 °C for 14 days and analyzed daily for their bacterial count by flow cytometry. The tripled preservative concentrations improved conservation, increasing the timespan of the analytical viability of the samples without altering the results.

RESUMO: A conservação das amostras de leite destinadas para análises microbiológicas pela Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios de Controle da Qualidade do Leite requer adição de conservantes para a preservação da microbiota existente desde o momento da coleta até as análises. O número de microrganismos pode apresentar alterações decorrentes do princípio ativo e concentração do conservante, e ainda entre as interações conservante, tempo de incubação e temperatura de acondicionamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de conservação de diferentes concentrações de azida sódica e cloranfenicol sobre a vida útil analítica de amostras de leite. Foram selecionadas duas fazendas, sendo uma com baixa contagem bacteriana e outra com alta contagem bacteriana. O leite foi fracionado em frascos estéreis e testado nas seguintes condições: pastilhas com a concentração usual de azida sódica e cloranfenicol, com dupla concentração, com tripla concentração e sem a adição do conservante. As amostras foram incubadas por quatorze dias a 3 ± 1 °C, 6 ± 1 °C e 9 ± 1 °C, e analisadas diariamente por citometria de fluxo para a determinação da contagem bacteriana. A tripla concentração do conservante demonstrou maior conservação, possibilitando o aumento da viabilidade analítica das amostras sem alteração nos resultados.

Detection of virulence genes in Salmonella Heidelberg isolated from chicken carcasses.

During the last years, Brazilian government control programs have detected an increase of Salmonella Heidelberg in poultry slaughterhouses a condition that poses a threat to human health However, the reasons remain unclear. Differences in genetic virulence profiles may be a possible justification. In addition, effective control of Salmonella is related to an efficient epidemiological surveillance system through genotyping techniques. In this context, the aim of this study was the detection of 24 virulence-associated genes in 126 S. Heidelberg isolates. We classified the isolates into 56 different genetic profiles. None of the isolates presented all the virulence genes. The prevalence of these genes was high in all tested samples as the lowest number of genes detected in one isolate was 10/24. The lpfA and csgA (fimbriae), invA and sivH (TTSS), and msgA and tolC (intracellular survival) genes were present in 100% of the isolates analyzed. Genes encoding effector proteins were detected in the majority of SH isolates. No single isolate had the sefA gene. The pefA gene was found in only four isolates. We have also performed a screening of genes associated with iron metabolism: 88.9% of isolates had the iroN geneand 79.4% the sitC gene . Although all the isolates belong to the same serotype, several genotypic profiles were observed. These findings suggest that there is a diversity of S. Heidelberg isolates in poultry products. The fact that a single predominant profile was not found in this study indicates the presence of variable sources of contamination caused by SH. The detection of genetic profiles of Salmonella strains can be used to determine the virulence patterns of SH isolates.

Análise molecular para Toxoplasma gondii em linguiças suínas defumadas / Molecular analysis for Toxoplasma gondii in smoked swine sausages

A toxoplasmose é causada pelo protozoário Toxoplasma gondii, o qual acomete os humanos através da ingestão de carne mal passada ou crua. O presente trabalho descreve o emprego de PCR em linguiças suínas defumadas (salames) para detecção de T. gondii, aliado a utilização do teste de imunofluorescência indireta na avaliação sorológica de suínos encaminhados para abate. No estudo, avaliaram-se 18 amostras de salames e 50 amostras de soro sanguíneo de suínos. Na PCR todas as amostras de salames se apresentaram negativas e no teste de imunofluorescência indireta 8% dos animais foram positivos para T. gondii. Embora PCR-negativas, as linguiças produzidas originaram-se de matéria-prima suína proveniente de estabelecimento de abate, cujo presente estudo identificou soroprevalência de 8% para o protozoário. Dessa forma, o consumo de carne mal passada ou crua e de produtos a base de carne crua, como os salames, devem ser evitados, principalmente, em grupos de risco como crianças e idosos.

Tuberculose bovina: diagnóstico ante mortem e post mortem em bovinos leiteiros através da associação de análises / Bovine tuberculosis: diagnosis ante mortem and post mortem in dairy cattle through analysis association

Este estudo descreve o emprego de quatro métodos diagnósticos para a confirmação de casos de tuberculose em bovinos. Para tanto foram avaliados 211 bovinos leiteiros, dos quais 35,1% apresentaram reatividade no teste tuberculínico cervical comparativo, e 143 animais foram encaminhados para abate sanitário. No acompanhamento do abate e inspeção sanitária verificou-se que 51,8% dos bovinos apresentavam lesões visíveis compatíveis com tuberculose. Também foram coletados fragmentos teciduais de bovinos com e sem lesões macroscópicas, os quais na análise histológica apresentaram numerosas áreas de necrose caseosa e áreas de calcificação, e na coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen apresentaram bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes. Assim, as análises empregadas no estudo se mostraram importantes para o diagnóstico acurado de tuberculose bovina, além de alertar para o risco de saúde pública que pessoas que trabalham nos abatedouros e/ou em contato direto com bovinos doentes estão submetidas.

Tuberculose bovina em frigoríficos sob fiscalização estadual no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul nos anos de 2015 a 2017 / Bovine tuberculosis in slaughterhouse under state sanitary inspection in Rio Grande do Sul from 2015 to 2017

A vigilância em matadouros frigoríficos através da inspeção post mortem fornece um mecanismo importante para a detecção de infecções por tuberculose bovina (Mckinley et al 2018). As taxas de detecção de tuberculose bovina em matadouros frigoríficos dependem de fatores como eficácia da inspeção de produtos de origem animal bem como perfil de risco e susceptibilidade da população bovina abatida. Este trabalho teve por objetivo demonstrar a taxa de condenações por lesões sugestivas de Tuberculose bovina em estabelecimentos frigoríficos sob fiscalização Estadual no estado do Rio Grande do Sul entre janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2017. Nestes estabelecimentos foram abatidos em 2015 um total de 1.020.554 (100%) animais dos quais 3.622 (0,35%) condenados. Em 2016, 1.002.496 (100%) bovinos foram abatidos, e 5.587 (0,55%) foram condenados. Já em 2017 estes dados totalizaram 1.055.585 (100%) animais abatidos e 6.466 (0,61%) condenados. Os resultados demonstram um aumento gradativo da identificação de lesões sugestivas de tuberculose em matadouros frigoríficos no estado do RS nos anos estudados.

Salmonella Enteritidis forms biofilm under low temperatures on different food industry surfaces / Salmonella Enteritidis forma biofilme sob baixas temperaturas em diferentes superfícies da indústria de alimentos

ABSTRACT: We evaluated the influence of temperature on the ability of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) to form biofilms on stainless steel, polyethylene, and polyurethane surfaces under different hygiene procedures. These materials were placed on SE culture and incubated at 42±1 ºC, 36±1 ºC, 25±1 ºC, 9±1 ºC, and 3±1 ºC for 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. Hot water at 45 ºC and 85 ºC, 0.5% peracetic acid solution, and 1% quaternary ammonia were used for hygienization. Biofilm formation occurred at all temperatures evaluated, highlighting at 3 ºC which has not been reported as an ideal temperature for the adhesion of SE to these materials. The SE adhered more often to polyethylene surfaces than to polyurethane and stainless steel surfaces (P<0.05). Peracetic acid and water at 85 ºC had similar hygienization efficiency (P<0.05) followed by quaternary ammonia whereas water at 45 ºC was not effective. SE adhered to these materials under low temperatures which to date have been deemed safe for food preservation.

RESUMO: Avaliou-se o efeito da temperatura na capacidade de Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) formar biofilme em superfícies de aço inoxidável, polietileno e poliuretano e diferentes processos de higienização. Corpos de prova destes materiais foram postos frente a culturas de SE e incubados a 42±1 ºC, 36±1 ºC, 25±1 ºC, 9±1 ºC e 3±1 ºC por 4, 8, 12 e 24 horas. Para a higienização foram testados água aquecida a 45ºC e 85 ºC e soluções de ácido peracético 0,5% e amônia quaternária 1%. Verificou-se a formação de biofilmes em todas as temperaturas avaliadas, ressaltando-se a 3 ºC, ainda não citada como propícia para adesão de SE. Houve maior adesão ao polietileno do que ao poliuretano e ao aço inoxidável (P<0.05). Para higienização, o ácido peracético e a água a 85 ºC tiveram ação semelhante (P<0.05), seguidos por amônia quaternária, enquanto que a água a 45 ºC não foi eficaz. Todos os materiais avaliados propiciaram a aderência de SE, mesmo sob temperaturas baixas, consideradas até então seguras para a conservação dos alimentos.

Seletividade e produtividade de meios de cultura para isolamento de Campylobacter spp / Selectivity and productivity of culture media for isolation of Campylobacter spp

[{"text": "A campilobacteriose é uma zoonose\r\nemergente de origem alimentar\r\ncausada por bactérias do gênero\r\nCampylobacter. Vários fatores dificultam\r\no isolamento deste patógeno\r\nem amostras naturalmente contaminadas,\r\npor isso devem ser utilizadas\r\nmetodologias normalizadas bem\r\ncomo meios de cultura com desempenho\r\nadequado, prevenindo a ocorrência\r\nde resultados falso negativos.\r\nAssim, avaliou-se a performance\r\nde meios de cultura recomendados\r\npelas ISO 10272-1 para detecção\r\nde Campylobacterspp. com testes\r\nde seletividade e produtividade em\r\nculturas puras e o desempenho destes\r\nmeios em amostras de carne de\r\nfrango artificialmente contaminadas.\r\nCepas ATCC de C. coli e C. jejuni e\r\ndos interferentes S. aureus, E. coli e\r\nProteusmirabilis foram inoculadas\r\nnos meios indicados pelas normas\r\noficiais e posteriormente inoculados\r\nem amostras fortificadas. Os meios\r\ntestados, tanto em culturas puras\r\nquanto em amostras fortificadas,\r\ntiveram desempenho satisfatório,\r\nmostrando boa seletividade e produtividade,\r\npermitindo que os laboratórios\r\noptem pela combinação de\r\nmeios com melhor performance para\r\nisolamento e identificação de Campylobacter\r\nspp. em amostras naturalmente\r\ncontaminadas.(AU)", "_i": "pt"}]

SEROVARS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF Salmonella spp. ISOLATED FROM TURKEY AND BROILER CARCASSES IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL BETWEEN 2004 AND 2006.

Salmonella spp. causes diseases in fowls, when species-specific serovars (Salmonella Pullorum and S.Gallinarum) are present in flocks, and public health problems, when non-typhoid serovars are isolated, as well as possible bacterial resistance induced by the preventive and therapeutic use of antimicrobials in animal production. This study describes the serovars and bacterial resistance of 280 Salmonella spp. strains isolated from turkey and broiler carcasses in Southern Brazil between 2004 and 2006. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most prevalent serovar (55.7%), followed by Heidelberg (5.0%), Agona (4.3%), Bredeney (3.9%), Hadar (3.2%), and Typhimurium (2.9%). Tennessee and S. Enterica subspecies enterica(O: 4.5) were isolated only in turkeys, and Hadar (18.6%) was the most prevalent serovar in this species. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed in 178 isolates (43 from turkeys and 135 from broilers). All isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin, and were resistant to bacitracin and penicillin. Broiler carcass isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid (48.9%), nitrofurantoin (34.3%), neomycin (9.6%), tetracycline (5.2%), and kanamycin (8.9%); and turkey carcass isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid (62.8%), tetracycline (34.9%), and neomycin (30.2%), with a significant difference in turkeys when compared to broiler carcass isolates. These results indicate the need for judicious use of antimicrobials in livestock production, given that the serovars identified are potential causes of food poisoning.

Antiseptics and microcosm biofilm formation on titanium surfaces.

Oral rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants is a way to restore esthetics and masticatory function in edentulous patients, but bacterial colonization around the implants may lead to mucositis or peri-implantitis and consequent implant loss. Peri-implantitis is the main complication of oral rehabilitation with dental implants and, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the potential effects of antiseptics such as chlorhexidine (CHX), chloramine T (CHT), triclosan (TRI), and essential oils (EO) on bacterial adhesion and on biofilm formation. To assess the action of these substances, we used the microcosm technique, in which the oral environment and periodontal conditions are simulated in vitro on titanium discs with different surface treatments (smooth surface - SS, acid-etched smooth surface - AESS, sand-blasted surface - SBS, and sand-blasted and acid-etched surface - SBAES). Roughness measurements yielded the following results: SS: 0.47 µm, AESS: 0.43 µm, SB: 0.79 µm, and SBAES: 0.72 µm. There was statistical difference only between SBS and AESS. There was no statistical difference among antiseptic treatments. However, EO and CHT showed lower bacterial counts compared with the saline solution treatment (control group). Thus, the current gold standard (CHX) did not outperform CHT and EO, which were efficient in reducing the biofilm biomass compared with saline solution.

Antiseptics and microcosm biofilm formation on titanium surfaces

Abstract Oral rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants is a way to restore esthetics and masticatory function in edentulous patients, but bacterial colonization around the implants may lead to mucositis or peri-implantitis and consequent implant loss. Peri-implantitis is the main complication of oral rehabilitation with dental implants and, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the potential effects of antiseptics such as chlorhexidine (CHX), chloramine T (CHT), triclosan (TRI), and essential oils (EO) on bacterial adhesion and on biofilm formation. To assess the action of these substances, we used the microcosm technique, in which the oral environment and periodontal conditions are simulated in vitro on titanium discs with different surface treatments (smooth surface - SS, acid-etched smooth surface - AESS, sand-blasted surface - SBS, and sand-blasted and acid-etched surface - SBAES). Roughness measurements yielded the following results: SS: 0.47 µm, AESS: 0.43 µm, SB: 0.79 µm, and SBAES: 0.72 µm. There was statistical difference only between SBS and AESS. There was no statistical difference among antiseptic treatments. However, EO and CHT showed lower bacterial counts compared with the saline solution treatment (control group). Thus, the current gold standard (CHX) did not outperform CHT and EO, which were efficient in reducing the biofilm biomass compared with saline solution.

Miopatia dorsal cranial como causa de condenação em abatedouros de frangos de corte

O Brasil é um dos líderes mundiais em criação e abate de frangos de corte e para tanto a genética, nutrição, instalações e equipamentos sofreram inúmeras evoluções,favorecendo principalmente a eficiência alimentar. Devido à necessidade de aumentar a escala de produção para atender às demandas do mercado, o sistema de produção e abate foi intensificado e automatizado, o que teve como consequência uma maior susceptibilidade das aves aos problemas de manejo e de condenações nos abatedouros. Em meio a diversas causas de condenação em abatedouros do Rio Grande do Sul pode-se destacar a Miopatia Dorsal Cranial (MDC) onde o músculo anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) é afetado. A miopatia altera a qualidade visual da carne e não tem uma etiologia única conhecida, mas tem causado preocupações nas linhas de abate de frangos de corte em função da disparidade de condenações existentes entre abatedouros. Grandes prejuízos vêm ocorrendo,em virtude da condenação parcial e total por essa miopatia. Este trabalho teve por objetivo apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a miopatia dorsal cranial em frangos de corte e discutir os critérios de julgamento adotados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) para esta lesão.

Brazil is one of the world leaders in breeding and slaughtering of poultries and for both the genetics, nutrition, plant and equipment have undergone numerous developments, favoring especially the feed efficiency. Due to the need to increase the scale of production to meet the market demands, the production system and slaughter was enhanced and automated, which has resulted in a greater susceptibility of poultries to the problems of management and condemnation in the slaughterhouses. Amid the various causes of condemnation in slaughterhouses of Rio Grande do Sul can highlight the Cranial Dorsal Myopathy (MDC) where the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle (ALD) is affected. The myopathy alters the visual quality of the meat and doesn't have a single known etiology, but has caused concerns in slaughtering of poultries in function of the disparity existing between condemnation criteria in slaughterhouses. Large losses have been taking place as a result of the partial and total condemnation by this myopathy. This work aims to present a bibliographical review about the cranial dorsal myopathy in poultries and discuss the judging criteria adopted by Brazilian Inspection Service (SIF)for this injury.

Número mais provável miniaturizado e microbiologia convencional para isolamento de Salmonella spp. em abatedouros de frangos de corte / Miniaturized most probable number and conventional microbiology for isolation of Salmonella spp. in poultry slaughterhouses

Os produtos de origem avícola podem ser importantes veículos de transmissão de Salmonella spp. para humanos e, dentre os vários parâmetros que determinam a qualidade de um alimento, destacam-se os que definem suas características microbiológicas. Objetivou-se detectar e quantificar Salmonella spp. na tecnologia de abate de frangos de corte por microbiologia convencional (MC) e número mais provável miniaturizado (mNMP). As coletas foram realizadas em duas visitas a três abatedouros sob Inspeção Federal e em seis pontos de coleta em triplicata, definidos como: recepção das aves (swabs de cloaca e esponjas de gaiolas de transporte antes e após a higienização) e carcaças (após pré resfriamento em chiller, após o gotejamento e antes da embalagem primária e congeladas a -12oC por 24 horas), totalizando 108 amostras...

Poultry products can be important modes of transmission of Salmonella spp. to humans and, among several parameters used to determine food quality, microbiological characteristics play an essential role. The aim of this study was to determine and quantify Salmonella spp. at broiler slaughtering facilities. This was done by conventional microbiology and by the miniaturized most probable number (mMPN) methods. Three federally-inspected slaughterhouses were visited, where samples were collected in triplicate from six sites: reception of live birds (cloacal swabs and sponge samples from transport cages before and after sanitation) and carcass processing (after pre-chiller, after dripping, and before primary packaging and refrigeration at -12oC for 24h), totaling 108 samples...

Perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e eficácia de sanitizantes frente aos isolados de Salmonella spp: oriundos de carcaças suínas no Rio Grande do Sul / Antimicrobial sensitivity and efficacy of sanitizers against the Salmonella spp: isolated from swine slaughterhouse in southern Brazil

Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos e a eficácia de três sanitizantes frente a isolados de Salmonella spp. oriundos de carcaças na tecnologia de abate de suínos. Avaliaram-se 120 amostras, das quais 39 foram positivas para Salmonella spp. Os princípios ativos testados foram penicilina G 10 U, amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico 30mcg, ampicilina 10mcg, cloranfenicol 30mcg, tetraciclina 30mcg, estreptomicina 10mcg, neomicina 30mcg, gentamicina 10mcg, enrofloxacina 5mcg, sulfazotrim 25mcg, sulfonamida 300mcg e trimetropima 5mcg. Nos testes com sanitizantes utilizaram-se clorexidina, amônia quaternária e ácido peracético com tempos de contato de um, cinco, 10 e 15 minutos. Os índices de resistência aos antimicrobianos foram de 100 por cento para penicilina, 94,9 por cento para tetraciclina, 89,7 por cento para trimetropima e 87,2 por cento para ampicilina. Nenhum dos princípios ativos foi 100 por cento eficaz frente aos isolados testados, observando-se melhor ação para amoxicilina+ácido clavulânico (86,7 por cento), neomicina (86,7 por cento) e cloranfenicol (64,1 por cento). Nos testes de eficácia dos sanitizantes, o ácido peracético a 0.5 por cento foi efetivo a partir de 10 minutos (94,6 por cento) e 15 minutos (97,3 por cento) de contato; amônia quaternária a 1 por cento por 10 minutos (89,2 por cento) e 15 minutos (97,3 por cento) e clorexidina a 0.5 por cento por 10 minutos (70,3 por cento) e 15 minutos de contato (72,8 por cento). Todas as amostras testadas apresentaram multirresistência e seis [...] O sanitizante mais efetivo frente aos isolados testados foi o ácido peracético a 0.5 por cento por 15 minutos, reforçando a necessidade de monitorar também a efetividade de produtos sanitizantes frente aos isolados de Salmonella spp.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity and efficacy of three sanitizers against Salmonella spp. isolated from carcasses in swine slaughterhouse. Thirty nine of 120 samples were positive for Salmonella spp. The antimicrobials tested included: penicillin G 10 U, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 30mcg, ampicillin 10mcg, chloramphenicol 30mcg, tetracycline 30mcg, streptomycin 10mcg, gentamicin 10mcg, neomycin 30mcg, enrofloxacin 5mcg, sulfazotrim 25mcg, sulfonamide 300mcg and trimetropim 5mcg. In the tests with sanitizers were used chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonia and peracetic acid, which were put in contact intervals of 1, 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Antimicrobial resistance was observed using penicillin (100 percent), tetracycline (94.9 percent), trimetropim (89.7 percent), and ampicillin (87.2 percent). None of the antimicrobials was 100 percent effective against the samples tested. Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (86.7 percent), neomycin (86.7 percent) and chloramphenicol (64.1 percent) showed better antimicrobial action. In tests of efficacy of sanitizers, 0.5 percent peracetic acid was effective at 10 minutes (94.6 percent) and 15 minutes (97.3 percent) of contact; 1 percent quaternary ammonia at 10 minutes (89.2 percent) and 15 minutes (97.3 percent) and 0.5 percent chlorhexidine at 10 minutes (70.3 percent) and 15 minutes (72.8 percent). All samples tested were multidrug resistance and six (15.3 percent) showed resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide and tetracycline (ACSSuT group) indicating the need to monitor the spread of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from swine. The most effective sanitizing against the bacteria tested was 0.5 percent peracetic acid per 15 minutes, reinforcing the need to monitor the effectiveness of products sanitizers against Salmonella spp.

Avaliação in vitro de clorexidina, amônia quaternária e ácido peracético frente a amostras de Salmonella Heidelberg isoladas de abatedouro avícola em 2005 e 2009 / In vitro evaluation of chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonium and peracetic acid against Salmonella Heidelberg isolated from poultry slaughterhouse in 2005 and 2009

Objetivou-se avaliar a ação de três princípios ativos rotineiramente utilizados na higienização de abatedouros avícolas frente a amostras de Salmonella Heidelberg isoladas em diferentes pontos da tecnologia de abate de um mesmo frigorífico. Foram testadas 20 amostras de S. Heidelberg (14 isoladas em 2005 e seis em 2009) frente a clorexidina (0,5%), amônia quaternária (0,5%) e ácido peracético (1%) nos tempos de contato de 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos. Todas as amostras foram sensíveis ao ácido peracético 1% em todos os tempos testados. Observou-se que 100% das amostras isoladas em 2005 foram sensíveis a amônia quaternária enquanto que as isoladas em 2009 apresentaram 33% de resistência com 5 minutos de contato e 16,6% com 10 minutos de contato. Com relação à clorexidina, 25% dos isolados em 2005 mostraram-se resistentes após 5 minutos de contato enquanto que 33% das amostras isoladas em 2009 foram resistentes neste tempo e 17% no tempo de 10 minutos de contato. Pode-se concluir que o ácido peracético teve ação in vitro sobre as amostras isoladas em 2005 e 2009, enquanto que a clorexidina e a amônia quaternária tiveram sua ação reduzida frente às amostras de 2009, indicando a progressão da resistência bacteriana frente a estes sanitizantes e a necessidade de testes periódicos e rotação de princípios ativos nos programas de higienização dos frigoríficos.

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the in vitro sensibility of Salmonella Heidelberg to three commercially available disinfectants used for sanitization in poultry slaughterhouses. A total of 20 S. Heidelberg were tested (14 isolated in 2005 and six in 2009), and as active ingredients were used chlorhexidine (0.5%), quaternary ammonium (0.5 %) and peracetic acid (1%) at contact intervals of 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutes. All isolates were found to be sensitive to peracetic acid at four specific contact intervals. One hundred percent of S. Heidelberg isolated in 2005 was found to be sensitive to quaternary ammonium, while 33% of 2009 isolates were resistant at a 5-minute contact interval and 16.6% at 10-minutes. With respect to chlorhexidine, 25% of the 2005 isolates were resistant at a 5-minute contact interval, 33% of the 2009 isolates were resistant with the same time, and 17% at a 10-minute contact interval. It can be concluded that the highest disinfectant activity in vitro was found to be with peracetic acid for S. Heidelberg isolates in 2005 and 2009, whereas chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium had a reduced action against 2009 isolates, indicating the progression of bacterial resistance against these sanitizers and the need for periodic evaluation and rotation of active principles for sanitization.

Quantification of biofilm production on polystyrene by Listeria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a poultry slaughterhouse

This study assessed biofilm formation on polystyrene by Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, L. welshimeri and Escherichia coli, isolated from a slaughtering plant, grown on tryptic soy broth (TSB) using different glucose concentrations. The tested bacteria produced biofilm in at least one of the concentrations used, and some of them were strong biofilm producers.