Is the injection of tramadol effective at control of pain after impacted mandibular third molar extractions? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Third molar extraction is among the most common surgical procedures performed by oral-maxillofacial surgeons. Postoperative pain, swelling and trismus are common, especially in wisdom teeth, due to trauma to local tissues and the duration of the surgical procedure, among other factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses' in order to answer the focused question: 'Is the local submucosal injection of tramadol effective at the control of postoperative pain in patients submitted to impacted mandibular third molar extractions?'. We analyzed papers published until March 30, 2021 in the MEDLINE|PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases. Gray literature was also consulted. Standard pairwise meta-analyses of direct comparisons were performed using a fixed-effect model; I2 ≥ 50 % or ≥ 75 % indicated moderate or high heterogeneity, respectively. Risk of bias was assessed by Cochrane Collaboration's tool. RESULTS: In total, 172 participants (98 males and 74 females, aged 18 or over) from three randomized placebo-controlled trials were considered for analysis. The submucosal injection of 2 ml of tramadol adjacent to the impacted mandibular third molar was effective in controlling pain up to 6-hours after surgery, in increasing the onset of consumption of rescue analgesic and in reducing the total number of rescue analgesics used. CONCLUSIONS: The submucosal injection of tramadol can be considered a safe and effective procedure for pain control after impacted mandibular third molar extractions.

Efeitos do sombreamento na anatomia foliar de Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng) Harms e Schinnus terebinthifolius Raddi / Effects of shading on leaf anatomy of Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng) Harms and Schinnus terebinthifolius Raddi

Realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de analisar as alterações na anatomia foliar de Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng) Harms e Schinnus terebinthifolius Raddi quando cultivadas em ambientes de sombra moderada ou densa, simulando as condições naturais encontradas em sistemas agroflorestais tradicionais do sul da Bahia, Brasil. Plantas das duas espécies, com aproximadamente um ano de idade, foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação sob quatro níveis de sombreamento (25%, 17%, 10% e 5%). Estudos anatômicos do limbo foliar foram realizados a partir de material incluído em parafina e seccionado em micrótomo rotativo. Os diferentes níveis de sombreamento ocasionaram alterações na estrutura do mesofilo de ambas as espécies, com diferenças significativas na espessura do parênquima paliçádico, limbo foliar, e densidade estomática. Nas condições em que o experimento foi realizado os resultados obtidos indicaram que G. integrifolia apresenta maior capacidade de aclimatação a ambientes de sombra moderada e densa do que S. terebinthifolius, sendo mais indicada para o cultivo em sistemas agroflorestais pré-estabelecidos.

This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the changes in the leaf anatomy of Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng) Harms and Schinnus terebinthifolius Raddi when grown in environments with moderate to dense shade, simulating the natural conditions found in traditional agroforestry systems in southern Bahia, Brazil. Plants of both species, being approximately one year-old, were grown at four irradiance levels (25%, 17%, 10% and 5%) in a greenhouse. Leaf anatomical studies were made from material embedded in paraffin and sectioned on a rotary microtome. The different irradiance levels caused a shift in the mesophyll anatomy of both species, with significant differences in palisade parenchyma thickness and leaf stomatal density. In the conditions of this experiment, the results indicated that G. integrifolia has a higher capacity for acclimatization to moderate to dense shade than S. terebinthifolius, and it is thus more suitable for cultivation in pre-established agroforestry systems.

Resistance of citrus genotypes to Phyllocnitis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

The development and reproduction of the citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, were evaluated in six citrus genotypes in order to identify genotypes with resistance traits that could be applied in a program for the development of citrus varieties resistant to the citrus leafminer. Tests were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions (25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10 percent RH, and 14h photophase). Seedlings of each genotype tested were infested with eggs obtained from a stock colony of CLM maintained on 'Cravo' lemon (Citrus limonia L. Osbeck), and the duration and survival of the eggs, larval and pupal stages, pupal size and weight, fecundity and longevity of adults, and sex ratio were evaluated. No influence was observed on the duration and survival of eggs, larvae and pupae of P. citrella. However, pupae obtained in the hybrid C x R4 were significantly smaller and lighter than pupae from the remaining treatments. Adult females from the hybrids C x R4 and C x R315 were the least fecund. However, the lowest value for the corrected reproductive potential (CRP) was recorded in the hybrid C x R315, suggesting that this genotype is the least favorable for the development and reproduction of CLM. On the other hand, the highest CRP value obtained in the 'Rugoso' lemon confirms the susceptibility of this genotype, indicating it as the most suitable for CLM.