RESUMO
HIV targets the gut mucosa early in infection, causing immune and epithelial barrier dysfunction and disease progression. However, gut mucosal sensing and innate immune signaling through mucosal pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) during HIV infection and disease progression are not well defined. Using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque model of AIDS, we found a robust increase in PRRs and inflammatory cytokine gene expression during the acute SIV infection in both peripheral blood and gut mucosa, coinciding with viral replication. PRR expression remained elevated in peripheral blood following the transition to chronic SIV infection. In contrast, massive dampening of PRR expression was detected in the gut mucosa, despite the presence of detectable viral loads. Exceptionally, expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR8 was downmodulated and diverged from expression patterns for most other TLRs in the gut. Decreased mucosal PRR expression was associated with increased abundance of several pathogenic bacterial taxa, including Pasteurellaceae members, Aggregatibacter and Actinobacillus, and Mycoplasmataceae family. Early antiretroviral therapy led to viral suppression but only partial maintenance of gut PRRs and cytokine gene expression. In summary, SIV infection dampens mucosal innate immunity through PRR dysregulation and may promote immune activation, gut microbiota changes, and ineffective viral clearance.
Assuntos
Disbiose/imunologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/fisiologia , Animais , Doença Crônica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Humanos , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Macaca mulatta , Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrão/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/microbiologia , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Receptor 8 Toll-Like/genética , Receptor 8 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Carga Viral , Replicação ViralRESUMO
In this study, Lactococcus lactis was engineered to express mutated internalin A on its surface and to secrete large amounts of listeriolysin O (LLO) in order to improve its potential as a vehicle for DNA vaccination. Western blotting experiments demonstrated that the bacterium expressed LLO in both the cytoplasmic and extracellular compartments, with higher quantities found in the culture supernatants. A hemolytic assay showed that the recombinant strain secreted 250 ng active LLO/mg total protein. This mInlA/LLO-producing strain of L. lactis may be used as an alternative tool in DNA vaccination against a number of infectious diseases or in cancer therapy.