Experiências migratórias e intergeracionais sobre a amamentação no espaço familiar: um estudo de representações sociais / Experiencias migratorias e intergeneracionales con respecto a la lactancia materna en el entorno familiar: un estudio de las representaciones sociales / Migratory and Intergenerational Experiences on Breastfeeding in the Family Space: A Study of Social Representations

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as experiências intergeracionais de mulheres migrantes da mesma família sobre a amamentação; apreender as representações sociais dessa população ao longo das gerações sobre a experiência de amamentar. Material e métodos: trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, fundamentada na Teoria das Representações Sociais, e realizada com 63 mulheres da mesma família e de diferentes gerações, 21 tríades no total. Utilizou-se, para a coleta dos dados, o Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras e, para a análise destes, o software Tri-Deux-Mots. Resultados: para as mulheres migrantes, a prática de amamentar permanece atrelada a benefícios fisiológicos e emocionais para o filho, exigindo abnegação e satisfação. No período de amamentação, as mulheres que se deslocam para novos territórios são mais vulneráveis em decorrência da adaptação geográfica, sociocultural e afetiva a que serão submetidas. Ressalta-se que o processo migratório pode influenciar na amamentação e estar na origem de conflitos de maternagem, especialmente entre gerações mais jovens, pois estas necessitam de referências familiares que, muitas vezes, permanecem distantes ou ausentes. Conclusões: constata-se que a diversidade sociocultural e o território influenciam grande parte das mulheres migrantes que amamentam, tornando-se necessário compreender os determinantes regionais e culturais, e as influências familiares e geracionais que permeiam esse processo.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar las experiencias intergeneracionales de mujeres migrantes de la misma familia sobre la lactancia; se aprehende las representaciones sociales de esa población a lo largo de las generaciones sobre la experiencia de amamantar. Material y métodos: investigación cualitativa, fundamentada en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales y realizada con 63 mujeres de la misma familia y de diferentes generaciones, 21 tríadas en total. Se utilizó, para la recolección de los datos, la Prueba de Asociación Libre de Palabras y, para el análisis de estos, elsoftwareTri-Deux-Mots. Resultados: para las mujeres migrantes, la práctica de amamantar permanece ligada a beneficios fisiológicos y emocionales para el hijo, exigiendo abnegación y satisfacción. En la lactancia, las mujeres que se desplazan a nuevos territorios son más vulnerables como consecuencia de la adaptación geográfica, sociocultural y afectiva a la que serán sometidas. El proceso migratorio puede influir en la lactancia y estar en el origen de conflictos de maternidad, especialmente entre generaciones más jóvenes, pues estas necesitan referencias familiares que, muchas veces, permanecen distantes o ausentes. Conclusiones: la diversidad sociocultural y el territorio influencian gran parte de las mujeres migrantes que amamantan, y es necesario comprender los determinantes regionales y culturales, y las influencias familiares y generacionales que permean ese proceso.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To analyze the intergenerational experiences of female migrants from the same family on breastfeeding; to grasp the social representations of this population over the generations about the experience of breastfeeding. Material and methods: This is a qualitative research based on Social Representations Theory and carried out with 63 women from the same family and from different generations, 21 triads in total. For the data collection, the Free Word Association Test was used and, for the analysis of these, the Tri-Deux-Mots software. Results: For migrant women, the practice of breastfeeding remains tied to physiological and emotional benefits for the child, requiring self-denial and satisfaction. In the breastfeeding period, women who move to new territories are more vulnerable due to the geographical, sociocultural and affective adaptation to which they will be subjected. It should be emphasized that the migratory process can influence breastfeeding and be the cause of maternal conflicts, especially among younger generations, since they require family references that often remain distant or absent. Conclusions: Socio-cultural diversity and territory influence the majority of breastfeeding migrant women, making it necessary to understand the regional, cultural, family, and generational influences that permeate this process.

Sexuality and HIV prevention: consensus and dissent of Catholic youths.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the consensus and dissent of Catholics youths about HIV/AIDS prevention from their representations about sexuality. METHODS: This is a quantitative and qualitative research based on the Theory of Social Representations carried out with 84 Catholics youths who answered online to the Free Word Association Test on Facebook and three questions about the influence of Catholic doctrine on the free exercise of sexuality and the adoption of practice safe sex. The techniques of Factorial Analysis of Correspondence and Semantic Content were used. RESULTS: On sexuality, only the young women with access to higher education represented the term as a free practice that should not lead to guilt. There was a consensus on chastity, virginity, and sex within marriage as effective means of HIV prevention. It is also representational consensus of the young people that sexual practice is pleasurable, however, condemned by the church, and that AIDS is a preventable disease. Social representations have revealed dissent between men and women, while they consider that the exercise of sexuality should be restricted to marriage, they advocate sexual freedom. As for AIDS, they represent that the syndrome stems from prejudice, and they consider that vulnerability favors contagion. CONCLUSIONS: In the consensuses among the young people studied, there are sexist prejudices and stereotypes that influence HIV/AIDS prevention actions. Therefore, health professionals, especially those of Nursing should propose actions aimed at this age group in educational activities about the adoption of preventive practices on safe sex, always considering the social representations around the subject.

Sexualidad y prevención del VIH: consenso y disenso de jóvenes católicos / Sexualidade e prevenção ao HIV: consensos e dissensos de jovens católicos / Sexuality and HIV prevention: consensus and dissent of Catholic youths

Objective. To analyze the consensus and dissent of Catholics youths about HIV/AIDS prevention from their representations about sexuality. Methods. This is a quantitative and qualitative research based on the Theory of Social Representations carried out with 84 Catholics youths who answered online to the Free Word Association Test on Facebook and three questions about the influence of Catholic doctrine on the free exercise of sexuality and the adoption of practice safe sex. The techniques of Factorial Analysis of Correspondence and Semantic Content were used. Results. On sexuality, only the young women with access to higher education represented the term as a free practice that should not lead to guilt. There was a consensus on chastity, virginity, and sex within marriage as effective means of HIV prevention. It is also representational consensus of the young people that sexual practice is pleasurable, however, condemned by the church, and that AIDS is a preventable disease. Social representations have revealed dissent between men and women, while they consider that the exercise of sexuality should be restricted to marriage, they advocate sexual freedom. As for AIDS, they represent that the syndrome stems from prejudice, and they consider that vulnerability favors contagion. Conclusion. In the consensuses among the young people studied, there are sexist prejudices and stereotypes that influence HIV/AIDS prevention actions. Therefore, health professionals, especially those of Nursing should propose actions aimed at this age group in educational activities about the adoption of preventive practices on safe sex, always considering the social representations around the subject.(AU)

Objetivo. Analizar los consensos y desacuerdos entre los jóvenes católicos sobre la prevención del VIH/SIDA a partir de sus representaciones sobre la sexualidad. Métodos. Investigación cuanti-cualitativa basada en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. 84 jóvenes católicos respondieron on-line en Facebook un cuestionario de Asociación Libre de Palabras y tres preguntas sobre la influencia de la doctrina católica en el libre ejercicio de la sexualidad y en la adopción de prácticas sexuales seguras. Se utilizaron las técnicas de Análisis Factorial de Correspondencias y de contenido semántico. Resultados. Sobre la sexualidad, solamente los jóvenes con acceso a la educación superior, representaron el término como una práctica libre que no debe causar culpabilidad. Hubo consenso en cuanto a la castidad, la virginidad y el sexo dentro del matrimonio como medios eficaces para la prevención del VIH. También fueron consensos representacionales entre los jóvenes que la práctica sexual es placentera, sin embargo es condenada por la Iglesia, además, que el SIDA es una enfermedad que puede prevenirse. Las representaciones sociales revelaron disensos entre hombres y mujeres puesto que mientras que ellos consideraban que el ejercicio de la sexualidad debe ser restringido al matrimonio, ellas defendieron la libertad sexual. En cuanto al SIDA, ellos estiman que el síndrome deriva del prejuicio y ellas consideran que la vulnerabilidad favorece el contagio. Conclusión. En los consensos entre los jóvenes participantes del estudio hay preconceptos y estereotipos sexistas que influyen en las acciones de prevención del VIH/SIDA. Por tanto, los profesionales de la salud, en especial los de Enfermería, deben proponer que en las actividades educativas sobre la adopción de prácticas preventivas sobre sexo seguro que se realizan en este grupo etário se tengan en cuenta las representaciones sociales sobre el tema.(AU)

Objetivo. Analisar consensos e dissensos de jovens católicos/as sobre a prevenção ao HIV/aids a partir de suas representações sobre a sexualidade. Métodos. Pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, fundamentada na Teoria das Representações Sociais, realizada com 84 jovens católicos, que responderam on-line no Facebook ao Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras e três questão acerca da influência da doutrina católica no livre exercício da sexualidade e na adoção de prática sexuais seguras. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de Análise Fatorial de Correspondência e de Conteúdo Semântica. Resultados. Sobre a sexualidade, apenas as jovens com acesso ao ensino superior representaram o termo como uma prática livre que não deve acarretar culpa. Houve consenso quanto a castidade, a virgindade e o sexo dentro do matrimônio como meios eficazes de prevenção ao HIV. Também são consensos representacionais entre os jovens que a prática sexual é prazerosa, entretanto condenada pela igreja e que a AIDS é uma doença que pode ser prevenida As representações sociais revelaram dissensos entre homens e mulheres, enquanto eles consideram que o exercício da sexualidade deve ser restrito ao casamento, elas defendem a liberdade sexual, quanto a AIDS eles representam que a síndrome decorre do preconceito, elas consideram que a vulnerabilidade favorece o contágio. Conclusão. Nos consensos entre os jovens estudados, há preconceitos e estereótipos sexistas que influenciam as ações de prevenção do HIV/Aids. Portanto, os profissionais de saúde, sobretudo os de Enfermagem, devem propor que, nas atividades educativas sobre a adoção de práticas preventivas sobre sexo seguro, ações voltadas para essa faixa etária, considerando sempre as representações sociais em torno ao assunto.(AU)

El sexo es bueno, pero no puedo. Representaciones de mujeres y hombres con heridas crónicas / Sex is good, but I can't. Representations of chronically wounded women and men

Objetivo principal: Aprehender y analizar las representaciones sociales sobre el sexo, elaboradas por mujeres y hombres crónicamente heridos. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo. Análisis de contenido temático a partir de la aplicación del Test de Asociación Libre de Palabras y de Entrevistas en semi-estructuradas. Resultados principales: Surgieron tres categorías de análisis: el sexo es bueno y hace bien a la salud, el sexo puede empeorar la herida y el sexo es algo prohibido. Se concluye que las personas con heridas crónicas tienden a abstenerse de mantener relaciones sexuales por creer que podría conllevar implicaciones negativas para su salud y vitalidad. Conclusión principal: El personal de enfermería puede intervenir a través de la escucha terapéutica en la reelaboración de estas representaciones, desmitificando tabúes que comprometan la satisfacción de las necesidades sexuales de estas personas y su calidad de vida (AU)

Objective: Perceive and analyze social representations about sex, elaborated by women and men who have been chronically wounded. Methods: Qualitative study. Data were collected from fifty-one adults, patients of a public hospital in Salvador, through the Free Word Association Test and the in-depth Interview, and subsequently through Theme Content Analysis. Results: Three apprehended categories, meaningful to understand the sexual behavior of wounded men and women will be discussed: sex is good and healthy; sex may worsen wounds and, sex is something prohibited. Wounded people avoid sexual relations because they believe it may imply loss of vitality or that they will be less healthy. Conclusions: Nursing professionals can interfere with therapeutic listening for a re-elaboration of those representations, demystifying taboos that may compromise the satisfaction of a sexual relation and the quality of life (AU)

Cuerpos heridos, vida alterada: representaciones sociales de mujeres y hombres / Wounded bodies, life altered: social representations of women and men

Introducción: las mujeres y hombres con úlceras de miembros inferiores experiencian un deterioro continuo y progresivo que altera la vida en los ámbitos físico, social y emocional. Objetivo: captar las Representaciones Sociales sobre el cuerpo herido de mujeres y hombres que viven con heridas. Método: cualitativo. Participaron 25 mujeres y 25 hombres usuarios de uno hospital público de Brasil, en los años 2008-2009. Los datos fueron colectados a través de entrevistas en profundidad, las cuales fueron sometidas al análisis de contenido. Resultados: las mujeres representan sus cuerpos como repugnantes y poco atrayentes. Los hombres representan sus cuerpos como frágiles, inhabilitados para el trabajo. Conclusiones: las representaciones sobre el cuerpo herido influencian en la forma como mujeres y hombres enfermos presentan sus cuerpos, se sienten frente a otros cuerpos, y se comportan frente a los cambios producidos por las heridas (AU)

Introduction: Men and women having lower limb ulcers cope with a continuous and progressive deterioration which alter their lives physically, socially and emotionally. Objective: To understand the Social Representations concerning men and women's wounded bodies that live with ulcers. Method: Qualitative study with 25 women and 25 men from a public hospital in Brazil, between 2008 and 2009. The data were collected through interviews which were submitted to content analyses. Results: women represent their bodies as disgusting and little attractive. Men represent their bodies as fragile, not capable to work. Conclusions: The representations regarding wounded bodies influence the way ill women and men present their bodies, how they feel before other bodies and how they face the changes caused by the wounds (AU)