Aceptación y desigualdades socioeconómicas en la vacunación frente a meningococo B en la Comunidad de Madrid en el periodo anterior a su inclusión en el calendario / Acceptance and socioeconomic inequalities in meningococcal B vaccination in the community of Madrid prior to its inclusion in the immunization schedule

Introducción: La principal medida de prevención frente a la enfermedad meningocócica invasiva es la vacunación. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la aceptabilidad y las desigualdades socioeconómicas en el acceso a la vacuna frente a meningococo B (MenB) en la Comunidad de Madrid en el periodo previo a la introducción de la misma en el calendario. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en la cohorte de niños/as nacidos entre 2016 y 2019, de tipo ecológico, empleando registros poblacionales electrónicos. Se describieron las coberturas de vacunación, se analizaron los factores asociados al estado vacunal, se describieron las distribuciones espaciales de cobertura de vacunación y de índice de privación (IP) y se analizó la asociación entre ambas mediante regresión espacial. Resultados: Se observó una tendencia creciente de las coberturas de primovacunación, pasando de un 44% en la cohorte de nacidos en el año 2016 a un 68% en la cohorte de 2019. Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el estado vacunal y el IP (OR de primovacunación en zonas con IP5 respecto a zonas con IP1: 0,38; IC 95%: 0,39-0,50; p<0,001). El análisis espacial mostró correlación inversa entre el IP y la cobertura de vacunación. Conclusiones: El ascenso de las coberturas de esta vacuna muestra aceptación por parte de la población. La relación entre nivel socioeconómico y cobertura de vacunación confirma la existencia de una desigualdad en salud, y subraya la importancia de su inclusión en el calendario.(AU)

Introduction: The main preventive measure against invasive meningococcal disease is vaccination. The aim of our study was to evaluate the acceptability of the meningococcal B (MenB) vaccine and socioeconomic inequalities in the access to the vaccine in the Community of Madrid in the period prior to its introduction in the immunization schedule. Materials and methods: We conducted an observational and ecological descriptive study in the cohort of children born between 2016 and 2019 using population-based electronic records. We calculated the vaccination coverage and analysed factors associated with vaccination status, determined the spatial distribution of vaccination coverage and the deprivation index (DI) and assessed the association between them by means of spatial regression. Results: We observed an increasing trend in primary vaccination coverage, from 44% in the cohort born in 2016 to 68% in the 2019 cohort. We found a statistically significant association between vaccination status and the DI (OR of primary vaccination in areas with DI5 compared to areas with DP1, 0.38; 95% confidence interval: 0.39-0.50; P<.001). The spatial analysis showed an inverse correlation between the DI and vaccination coverage. Conclusions: The rise in the coverages of the MenB vaccine shows acceptance by the population. The association between socioeconomic level and vaccination coverage confirms the existence of health inequality and underlines the importance including this vaccine in the immunization schedule.(AU)

Acceptance and socioeconomic inequalities in meningococcal B vaccination in the community of Madrid prior to its inclusion in the immunization schedule.

INTRODUCTION: The main preventive measure against invasive meningococcal disease is vaccination. The aim of our study was to evaluate the acceptability of the meningococcal B (MenB) vaccine and socioeconomic inequalities in the access to the vaccine in the Community of Madrid in the period prior to its introduction in the immunization schedule. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted an observational and ecological descriptive study in the cohort of children born between 2016 and 2019 using population-based electronic records. We calculated the vaccination coverage and analysed factors associated with vaccination status, determined the spatial distribution of vaccination coverage and the deprivation index (DI) and assessed the association between them by means of spatial regression. RESULTS: We observed an increasing trend in primary vaccination coverage, from 44% in the cohort born in 2016 to 68% in the 2019 cohort. We found a statistically significant association between vaccination status and the DI (OR of primary vaccination in areas with DI5 compared to areas with DP1, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.50; P<.001). The spatial analysis showed an inverse correlation between the DI and vaccination coverage. CONCLUSIONS: The rise in the coverages of the MenB vaccine shows acceptance by the population. The association between socioeconomic level and vaccination coverage confirms the existence of health inequality and underlines the importance including this vaccine in the immunization schedule.

Intervención grupal de promoción de hábitos saludables en el ámbito laboral: Programa IPHASAL / Group intervention to promote healthy habits in the workplace: IPHASAL Program

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen un grave problema de salud pública. El ámbito laboral es óptimo para intervenir sobre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. El objetivo es evaluar una intervención grupal de promoción de hábitos saludables (programa IPHASAL) mediante apoyo entre iguales en el ámbito laboral. Método: En el programa participaron 325 trabajadores de 13 empresas con factores de riesgo cardiovascular (hipertensión, tabaquismo, exceso de peso, inactividad física). Antes y después del programa se midió peso y altura, tensión arterial y se pasó un cuestionario sobre hábitos de salud. El programa consistía en asistir a talleres formativos y sesiones grupales en las que los participantes compartían experiencias, conocimientos y progresos sobre hábitos saludables. El resultado se midió con el Índice Fuster BEWAT (IFB), calculado con la puntuación de 5 variables: tensión arterial, ejercicio, peso, alimentación y tabaco. Resultados: Los participantes sin criterios de exclusión en el proyecto fueron 273. El 79% asistió a 3 o más talleres y el 73,9% acudió a 3 o más sesiones. Todos los parámetros del IFB mejoraron significativamente tras el programa, siendo el mayor incremento en la actividad física y el menor en el tabaquismo. El IFB total aumentó un 17,4% (1,5 puntos), siendo superior el aumento en mujeres (19,6%) que en hombres (14,0%) y en el grupo más joven (21,6%). Conclusiones: La intervención grupal IPHASAL es aplicable al ámbito laboral y contribuye a mejorar el perfil de riesgo cardiovascular, ayudando a los trabajadores a potenciar el cambio hacia estilos de vida saludables. (AU)

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is a major public health problem. The workplace is an optimal setting to intervene on cardiovascular risk factors. The aim is to evaluate a group intervention to promote healthy habits (IPHASAL program) through peer support in the workplace. Method: The program involved 325 workers in 13 companies with cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, smoking, overweight, physical inactivity). Before and after the program, weight and height, blood pressure were measured and a questionnaire on health habits was administered. The program consisted of training workshops and group sessions in which participants shared experiences, knowledge and progress on healthy habits. The outcome was measured with the Fuster BEWAT Index (FBI), calculated with the score of 5 variables under study: blood pressure, exercise, weight, diet and smoking. Results: Participants without exclusion criteria in the project were 273. 79% attended 3 or more workshops and 73.9% attended 3 or more sessions. All FBI parameters improved significantly after the program, with the largest increase in physical activity and the smallest increase in smoking. Total FBI increased by 17.4% (1.5 points), with a higher increase in women (19.6%) than in men (14.0%) and in the youngest group (21.6%). Conclusions: The IPHASAL group program is applicable to the workplace and contributes to improving the cardiovascular risk profile, helping workers to promote change towards healthy lifestyles. (AU)

[Evaluation of COVID-19 emergency and state of alarm impact on Neonatal Screening Programs in Madrid: endocrine and metabolic disorders program and hearing program review.] / Evaluación rápida del impacto de la crisis sanitaria generada por la epidemia de COVID-19 en los programas de cribado neonatal en la Comunidad de Madrid: programa de cribado neonatal de enfermedades endocrino-metabólicas y programa de detección precoz de hipoacusia en recién nacidas/os.

OBJECTIVE: Under the declaration of the state of alarm (SA) in efforts to control COVID-19, normal development of health programs was threatened. The aim of the study was the evaluation of COVID 19 emergency and SA approval impact on neonatal Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Program (EMDP) and Neonatal Hearing Program (HP) in Madrid. METHODS: Qualitative and quantitative descriptive study was conducted. Semistructured interview was designed and developed to picture newborn screening activities taking place from January 1st to 31st of April 2020. To describe the undergo rates of newborn screening, neonatal screening information system (RECRINE) and martenity and prenatal care units were studied. Differences were analyzed using Chi2 test (p value = 0.05). RESULTS: More than 70% interviews were reported. Early hospital discharges, between 24 and 48h, were made in more than 80% hospitals. Screening programs were adapted in more than 75% health care centers. EMDP 19 diseases, RECRINE and Clinical Reference Units (RCU) referral were conducted. No significant incidences were observed in diagnostic confirmation and treatment in the RCU. RCU were adapted because of the reorganization of health care. 88.5% of the hospitals showed higher than 95% coverage rates on Hearing screening and SEM. No differences were observed compared to the pre-epidemic period. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates PCN professionals resilience. The importance of designing periodic evaluations to understand and alleviate the COVID-19 impact is remarkable. We need to assure 2020 newborns attention health care quality.

OBJETIVO: El estado de alarma decretado como medida de control de la epidemia COVID-19 supuso una amenaza en el correcto desarrollo de los programas de salud de la Comunidad de Madrid. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el impacto de la epidemia por COVID-19 y el estado de alarma decretado en los Programas de Cribado Neonatal (PCN) de Enfermedades Endocrino-Metabólicas (EEM) e hipoacusias en la Comunidad de Madrid. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo cuali-cuantitativo del 1 enero al 31 abril de 2020. Para describir las actividades desarrolladas en las etapas de los PCN se diseñaron cuestionarios semiestructurados. Para conocer las coberturas de cribado se analizaron el REgistro de CRIbado Neonatal (RECRINE) e información de los Servicios de Maternidad. Se analizaron diferencias utilizando el test de Chi2 (p valor=0,05). RESULTADOS: Las tasas de respuesta a los cuestionarios fueron mayores del 70%. Más del 80% de los hospitales dieron altas precoces entre las 24 y 48 horas de vida del recién nacido. Se diseñaron circuitos alternativos para realizar los PCN en más del 75% de los centros. Se aseguró el cribado de las diecinueve enfermedades del PCN de EEM, el RECRINE y la derivación a las Unidades Clínicas de Referencia (UCR). No se observaron incidencias importantes en confirmación diagnóstica y tratamiento en las UCR que se adaptaron a la reorganización de la asistencia sanitaria. Se observaron coberturas de cribado auditivo y de EEM superiores al 95% en el 88,5% de los hospitales. No se observaron diferencias frente al periodo preepidémico. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestro estudio demuestra la resiliencia de los profesionales que participan en el desarrollo de los PCN. Es remarcable la importancia de continuar diseñando evaluaciones periódicas para conocer y subsanar el impacto de la epidemia de COVID-19 según los estándares de calidad de atención a la población nacida en 2020 y sus madres.

[Evaluation of a meningococcal ACWY catch-up vaccination program for adolescents on Community of Madrid.] / Evaluación de la vacunación de rescate frente a meningococo ACWY en adolescentes de la Comunidad de Madrid.

OBJECTIVE: In 2019 the Interterritorial Board of the Spanish National Health System approved the modification of the vaccination strategy against meningococcus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the meningococcal ACWY catch-up vaccination program in adolescents born in 2001 and 2002 in the Community of Madrid. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based study. Vaccine coverage was estimated and factors associated with vaccination were assessed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Vaccination coverage was 57.1% for those born in 2001 and 51.9% for those born in 2002. The probability of vaccination was higher in women (ORa=1.18), adolescents with chronic conditions (ORa=1.38), residents in rural areas (ORa=1.76) and in areas with lower socioeconomic level. Being born in 2002 (ORa=0.78) and abroad (ORa=0.35) were associated with a lower probability of vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Coverage is high compared to similar campaigns in other settings, although there is significant room for improvement, so our study can contribute to the design of strategies to optimize results.

OBJETIVO: En 2019, el Consejo Interterritorial del Sistema Nacional de Salud aprobó la modificación de la estrategia de vacunación frente a meningococo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la vacunación de rescate frente a meningococo A, C, W, Y en adolescentes nacidos en 2001 y 2002 en la Comunidad de Madrid. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal de base poblacional. Se determinó la cobertura vacunal y los factores asociados a la vacunación, utilizando modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: La cobertura vacunal fue del 57,1% para nacidos en 2001 y del 51,9% para nacidos en 2002. La probabilidad de vacunación fue mayor en mujeres (ORa=1,18), adolescentes con alguna enfermedad crónica (ORa=1,38), residentes en el ámbito rural (ORa=1,76) y en zonas con menor nivel socioeconómico. Haber nacido en 2002 (ORa=0,78) y en el extranjero (ORa=0,35) se asociaron a una menor probabilidad de vacunación. CONCLUSIONES: La cobertura es elevada en comparación con campañas similares en otros entornos, aunque existe un importante margen de mejora, por lo que nuestro estudio puede contribuir al diseño de estrategias para optimizar los resultados.

Evaluación de la vacunación de rescate frente a meningococo ACWY en adolescentes de la Comunidad de Madrid / Evaluation of a meningococcal ACWY catch-up vaccination program for adolescents on Community of Madrid

OBJETIVO: En 2019, el Consejo Interterritorial del Sistema Nacional de Salud aprobó la modificación de la estrategia de vacunación frente a meningococo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la vacunación de rescate frente a meningococo A, C, W, Y en adolescentes nacidos en 2001 y 2002 en la Comunidad de Madrid. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal de base poblacional. Se determinó la cobertura vacunal y los factores asociados a la vacunación, utilizando modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: La cobertura vacunal fue del 57,1% para nacidos en 2001 y del 51,9% para nacidos en 2002. La probabilidad de vacunación fue mayor en mujeres (ORa=1,18), adolescentes con alguna enfermedad crónica (ORa=1,38), residentes en el ámbito rural (ORa=1,76) y en zonas con menor nivel socioeconómico. Haber nacido en 2002 (ORa=0,78) y en el extranjero (ORa=0,35) se asociaron a una menor probabilidad de vacunación. CONCLUSIONES: La cobertura es elevada en comparación con campañas similares en otros entornos, aunque existe un importante margen de mejora, por lo que nuestro estudio puede contribuir al diseño de estrategias para optimizar los resultados

OBJECTIVE: In 2019 the Interterritorial Board of the Spanish National Health System approved the modification of the vaccination strategy against meningococcus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the meningococcal ACWY catch-up vaccination program in adolescents born in 2001 and 2002 in the Community of Madrid. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based study. Vaccine coverage was estimated and factors associated with vaccination were assessed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Vaccination coverage was 57.1% for those born in 2001 and 51.9% for those born in 2002. The probability of vaccination was higher in women (ORa=1.18), adolescents with chronic conditions (ORa=1.38), residents in rural areas (ORa=1.76) and in areas with lower socioeconomic level. Being born in 2002 (ORa=0.78) and abroad (ORa=0.35) were associated with a lower probability of vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Coverage is high compared to similar campaigns in other settings, although there is significant room for improvement, so our study can contribute to the design of strategies to optimize results

Evaluación rápida del impacto de la crisis sanitaria generada por la epidemia de COVID-19 en los programas de cribado neonatal en la Comunidad de Madrid: programa de cribado neonatal de enfermedades endocrino-metabólicas y programa de detección precoz de hipoacusia en recién nacidas/os / Evaluation of COVID-19 emergency and state of alarm impact on Neonatal Screening Programs in Madrid: endocrine and metabolic disorders program and hearing program review

OBJETIVO: El estado de alarma decretado como medida de control de la epidemia COVID-19 supuso una amenaza en el correcto desarrollo de los programas de salud de la Comunidad de Madrid. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el impacto de la epidemia por COVID-19 y el estado de alarma decretado en los Programas de Cribado Neonatal (PCN) de Enfermedades Endocrino-Metabólicas (EEM) e hipoacusias en la Comunidad de Madrid. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo cuali-cuantitativo del 1 enero al 31 abril de 2020. Para describir las actividades desarrolladas en las etapas de los PCN se diseñaron cuestionarios semiestructurados. Para conocer las coberturas de cribado se analizaron el REgistro de CRIbado Neonatal (RECRINE) e información de los Servicios de Maternidad. Se analizaron diferencias utilizando el test de Chi2 (p valor=0,05). RESULTADOS: Las tasas de respuesta a los cuestionarios fueron mayores del 70%. Más del 80% de los hospitales dieron altas precoces entre las 24 y 48 horas de vida del recién nacido. Se diseñaron circuitos alternativos para realizar los PCN en más del 75% de los centros. Se aseguró el cribado de las diecinueve enfermedades del PCN de EEM, el RECRINE y la derivación a las Unidades Clínicas de Referencia (UCR). No se observaron incidencias importantes en confirmación diagnóstica y tratamiento en las UCR que se adaptaron a la reorganización de la asistencia sanitaria. Se observaron coberturas de cribado auditivo y de EEM superiores al 95% en el 88,5% de los hospitales. No se observaron diferencias frente al periodo preepidémico. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestro estudio demuestra la resiliencia de los profesionales que participan en el desarrollo de los PCN. Es remarcable la importancia de continuar diseñando evaluaciones periódicas para conocer y subsanar el impacto de la epidemia de COVID-19 según los estándares de calidad de atención a la población nacida en 2020 y sus madres

OBJECTIVE: Under the declaration of the state of alarm (SA) in efforts to control COVID-19, normal development of health programs was threatened. The aim of the study was the evaluation of COVID 19 emergency and SA approval impact on neonatal Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders Program (EMDP) and Neonatal Hearing Program (HP) in Madrid. METHODS: Qualitative and quantitative descriptive study was conducted. Semistructured interview was designed and developed to picture newborn screening activities taking place from January 1st to 31st of April 2020. To describe the undergo rates of newborn screening, neonatal screening information system (RECRINE) and martenity and prenatal care units were studied. Differences were analyzed using Chi2 test (p value = 0.05). RESULTS: More than 70% interviews were reported. Early hospital discharges, between 24 and 48h, were made in more than 80% hospitals. Screening programs were adapted in more than 75% health care centers. EMDP 19 diseases, RECRINE and Clinical Reference Units (RCU) referral were conducted. No significant incidences were observed in diagnostic confirmation and treatment in the RCU. RCU were adapted because of the reorganization of health care. 88.5% of the hospitals showed higher than 95% coverage rates on Hearing screening and SEM. No differences were observed compared to the pre-epidemic period. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates PCN professionals resilience. The importance of designing periodic evaluations to understand and alleviate the COVID-19 impact is remarkable. We need to assure 2020 newborns attention health care quality

Salt content in bread in Spain, 2014.

INTRODUCTION: excess salt intake is associated to the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Bread is one of the foods that contributes the most salt to the diet in Spain. It is important to monitor the salt content of bread. OBJECTIVE: to quantify the amount of salt in bread in Spain in 2014, and to compare it to the amount of salt in 2008. METHODS: this cross-sectional study was conducted in Spain in 2014, and 1,137 loaves of bread (three types: barra, a Spanish style, similar in shape to a baguette; baguettes and wholemeal) were purchased at bakeries with and without on-site workrooms and at supermarkets in all of Spain's autonomous communities. Salt content (g/100 g bread) was estimated by determining total sodium. In one subsample, mean salt content was estimated by determining chlorides; it was compared to previous data of 2008 salt content (chloride determination). RESULTS: the mean salt content was 2.08 g/100 g (SD: 0.32) with a minimum value of 0.30 and a maximum of 3.33. The mean salt content was similar in barraand baguette-type breads (2.09 g/100 g) and somewhat lower in wholemeal. The mean salt was 2.07 g/100 g in breads made with fresh dough and 2.12 g/100 g in breads made with frozen dough. The mean salt content (chlorides) was 1.64 g/100 g (SD: 0.42) in 2014 and 1.63 g/100 g (SD: 0.37) in 2008. This was not a significant difference (p = 0.428). CONCLUSIONS: the amount of salt in common bread in Spain remains stable from 2008.

Salt content in bread in Spain, 2014 / Cantidad de sal en el pan en España, 2014

Introduction: excess salt intake is associated to the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Bread is one of the foods that contributes the most salt to the diet in Spain. It is important to monitor the salt content of bread. Objective: to quantify the amount of salt in bread in Spain in 2014, and to compare it to the amount of salt in 2008.Methods: this cross-sectional study was conducted in Spain in 2014, and 1,137 loaves of bread (three types: barra, a Spanish style, similar in shape to a baguette; baguettes and whole meal) were purchased at bakeries with and without on-site workrooms and at supermarkets in all of Spain’s autonomous communities. Salt content (g/100 g bread) was estimated by determining total sodium. In one subsample, mean salt content was estimated by determining chlorides; it was compared to previous data of 2008 salt content (chloride determination).Results: the mean salt content was 2.08 g/100 g (SD: 0.32) with a minimum value of 0.30 and a maximum of 3.33. The mean salt content was similar in barraand baguette-type breads (2.09 g/100 g) and somewhat lower in wholemeal. The mean salt was 2.07 g/100 g in breads made with fresh dough and 2.12 g/100 g in breads made with frozen dough. The mean salt content (chlorides) was 1.64 g/100 g (SD: 0.42) in 2014 and 1.63 g/100 g (SD: 0.37) in 2008. This was not a significant difference (p = 0.428).Conclusions: the amount of salt in common bread in Spain remains stable from 2008

Introducción: el consumo excesivo de sal está relacionado con un mayor riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. El pan es uno de los mayores contribuyentes a la ingesta de sal en España y es importante evaluar su contenido en sal. Objetivo: cuantificar la cantidad de sal en el pan en España en 2014 y compararla con la cantidad de sal que contenía en 2008. Métodos: este es un estudio transversal realizado en 2014. Se adquirieron 1.137 piezas de pan (barra o similar, baguette y pan integral) en panaderías con y sin obrador y en supermercados de todas las comunidades autónomas de España. El contenido de sal (g/100g de pan) se analizó mediante la determinación de sodio total. En una submuestra se estimó el contenido de sal mediante determinación de cloruros y se comparó con el contenido de sal con datos previos de 2008 (cloruros). Resultados: el contenido medio de sal fue 2,08 g/100 g (DE: 0,32), con un mínimo de 0,30 y un máximo de 3,33. El contenido medio de sal fue similar en barras y baguettes (2,09) y más bajo en pan integral. La media de sal fue de 2,07 g/100 g en pan elaborado con masa fresca y 2,12 g/100 g en pan de masa congelada. El contenido medio de sal medido mediante cloruros fue 1,64 g/100 g (DE: 0,42). La media de sal en resultados previos de 2008 era 1,63 g/100 g (DE: 0,37). La diferencia no fue significativa (p = 0,428). Conclusiones: la cantidad de sal en España permanece estable en los diferentes tipos de pan desde 2008

The relationship between hours of sleep, screen time and frequency of food and drink consumption in Spain in the 2011 and 2013 ALADINO: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of intake of food and beverages depends on a number of ill-defined behaviour patterns. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of screen time and sleep duration on food consumption frequency, and to describe frequencies and types of food consumption according to BMI category and parents' level of education. METHODS: We studied 6287 and 2806 children drawn from the 2011 and 2013 cross-sectional ALADINO studies respectively. Data were collected on number of hours of sleep, screen time, and weekly frequency of consumption of 17 food groups. Weight status was measured, and information was also collected on parents' educational level. Average food consumption frequencies were calculated by reference to hours of sleep and hours of screen time, and were defined as ≥4 times or <4 times per week (once per week for soft drinks and diet soft drinks). Differences in frequency were evaluated for screen times of more and less than 2 h per day, and for sleep durations longer or shorter than the daily average. We fitted logistic regression models to evaluate the independent association between screen exposure and hours of sleep on the one hand, and food consumption frequency on the other. RESULTS: Consumption of fruit and vegetables was lower among children who had parents with no formal or only primary school education. High levels of screen time were associated with a greater frequency of consumption of energy-dense, micronutrient-poor products and a lower frequency of consumption of fruit and vegetables. Sleeping a sufficient number of hours was associated with a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables. The results for 2011 were concordant with those for 2013. CONCLUSIONS: If efforts to ensure healthier eating habits among children are to be at all successful, they should focus on promoting a sufficient amount of sleep for children, limiting the time they spend watching television and/or playing with computers or video games, and educating parents accordingly.

[Possible introduction and autochthonous transmission of dengue virus in Spain]. / Posibilidad de introducción y circulación del virus del Dengue en España.

Dengue has become a major public health problem worldwide. Ae. albopictus, vector responsible for transmission, was first detected in Catalonia in 2004. Since then, it has established along Mediterranean coast. The aim of this paper is to describe the risk of importation and possible autochthonous transmission of dengue virus in Spain, qualitatively reviewing factors that could influence the emergence of dengue in our country, and the implications for public health. No autochthonous transmission has occurred in our country to date, but infected travelers coming from endemic countries are arriving to Spain constantly. The transmission of this disease could occur on the Mediterranean coast. Transmission would be more likely in the warmer months due to cultural habits and higher vector densities. While most of the population would be susceptible, given the characteristics of the disease, the impact on health's population would be low. The main public health strategy to reduce the risk of importation and possible dengue transmission should focus on primary prevention, to prevent interaction of the virus, vector and human. These three components must be addressed in a comprehensive and multisectoral plan of action, intensifying some activities in the areas of greatest risk. Coordination of public health from all sectors involved is essential for the proper functioning of this integrated response plan for vector-borne diseases.

Posibilidad de introducción y circulación del virus del Dengue en España / Possible introduction and autochthonous transmission of Dengue virus in Spain

El dengue se ha convertido en un importante problema de salud pública mundial. Ae. albopictus, vector competente para su transmisión, se detectó por primera vez en Cataluña en 2004. Desde entonces se ha establecido por la costa Mediterránea. El objetivo del artículo es describir el riesgo de importación y posible transmisión del dengue en España, revisando cualitativamente los factores que podrían influir en su emergencia en nuestro país, así como las implicaciones que tendría a nivel de salud pública. Aunque el virus no circula actualmente en España, constantemente llegan personas infectadas procedentes de países endémicos. La transmisión de esta enfermedad podría ocurrir en la costa mediterránea. Sería más probable en los meses más cálidos por los hábitos socioculturales y las mayor presencia del vector.Aunque la mayoría de la población es susceptible, el impacto en la salud de la población sería bajo dadas las características de la enfermedad. La estrategia fundamental de salud pública para reducir el riesgo de importación y posible transmisión del dengue debe enfocarse a la prevención primaria para evitar la interacción del virus, el vector y los seres humanos. Estos tres componentes deben abordarse dentro de un plan de acción integral y multisectorial, intensificando algunas actividades en las zonas de mayor riesgo. La coordinación desde salud pública de todos los sectores implicados es imprescindible para el correcto funcionamiento de este plan integral de respuesta ante enfermedades transmitidas por vectores (AU)

Dengue has become a major public health problem worldwide. Ae. albopictus, vector responsible for transmission, was first detected in Catalonia in 2004. Since then, it has established along Mediterranean coast. The aim of this paper is to describe the risk of importation and possible autochthonous transmission of dengue virus in Spain, qualitatively reviewing factors that could influence the emergence of dengue in our country, and the implications for public health. No autochthonous transmission has occurred in our country to date, but infected travelers coming from endemic countries are arriving to Spain constantly. The transmission of this disease could occur on the Mediterranean coast. Transmission would be more likely in the warmer months due to cultural habits and higher vector densities. While most of the population would be susceptible, given the characteristics of the disease, the impact on health’s population would be low. The main public health strategy to reduce the risk of importation and possible dengue transmission should focus on primary prevention, to prevent interaction of the virus, vector and human. These three components must be addressed in a comprehensive and multisectoral plan of action, intensifying some activities in the areas of greatest risk. Coordination of public health from all sectors involved is essential for the proper functioning of this integrated response plan for vector-borne diseases (AU)

Dispersion of Aedes albopictus in the Spanish Mediterranean Area.

Emergence and re-emergence of arboviral disease in new areas of southern Europe is becoming a public health problem. Since Aedes albopictus was first detected in 2004 in Catalonia, it has spread along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Results of an entomological surveillance carried out by the Spanish Ministry of Health to monitor the expansion of Ae. albopictus along the Spanish Mediterranean coast between 2009 and 2012 are presented. Besides the new locations in Valencia and Murcia regional communities, it was identified in five municipalities in the Balearic Islands in 2012. A comprehensive plan aiming the control of invasive vector-borne diseases including entomological surveillance should be considered.

Situación epidemiológica y de los factores de riesgo de transmisión de Leishmania Infantum en España / Review of the current situation and the risk factors of Leishmania Infantum in Spain

En España la leishmaniasis es una zoonosis endémica presente en la mayor parte del territorio peninsular e Islas Baleares. El parásito que se detecta es la Leishmania infantum y el principal reservorio es el perro. Los vectores competentes para transmitir el parásito son los flebotomos, de los que existen dos especies distribuidas por todo el territorio peninsular e Islas Baleares. En este artículo se revisa la situación actual y el comportamiento de la leishmaniasis en España. Se analiza y compara la información sobre la enfermedad procedente de las altas hospitalarias y de la Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica así como los factores de riesgo identificados en estudios anteriores que facilitan la transmisión. Desde 2009 está teniendo lugar un brote en el suroeste de la Comunidad de Madrid, destacando el elevado número de casos, cerca de 400 y la detección de un nuevo reservorio, la liebre. Las condiciones que pueden incrementar la incidencia de la leishmaniasis están asociadas al aumento del número de vectores infectados, al de la densidad del flebotomo, al de hospedadores o la aparición de nuevos reservorios en un área geográfica. Esta infección tiene una dinámica de transmisión compleja y para responder oportunamente a los brotes debe estar previamente desarrollado un plan de acción integral y multisectorial en el que participen todas las instituciones involucradas. Ante un brote, es importante estudiar los factores que condicionan la transmisión del lugar y adaptar el plan de acción a sus características específicas(AU)

In Spain, leishmaniasis is an endemic zoonosis present in most of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. The parasite detected is Leishmania infantum and the main reservoir is the dog. Competent vectors to transmit the parasite are sandflies, of which there are two species distributed throughout the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. This article reviews the current situation and the behaviour of leishmaniasis in Spain. It analyzes and compares information about the disease from hospital discharges and from the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network. It also analyses the risk factors that facilitate transmission identified in previous studies. Since 2009 an outbreak is occurring in the southwest part of the Community of Madrid, with a significant number of cases, about 400 and the detection of a new reservoir, the hare. The conditions that can increase the incidence of leishmaniasis are linked to the increase number of infected vectors, increase sandfly density, increase hosts or the appearance of new reservoirs in a geographic area. This infection has got a complex transmission dynamic. To timely respond to outbreaks a comprehensive and multisectoral action plan should be developed joined by all the institutions involved in the preparation and response. Before an outbreak occurs, it is important to study all the factors affecting the transmission in that place and to adapt the action plan to the specific characteristics(AU)

[Review of the current situation and the risk factors of Leishmania infantum in Spain]. / Situación epidemiológica y de los factores de riesgo de transmisión de Leishmania infantum en España.

In Spain, leishmaniasis is an endemic zoonosis present in most of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. The parasite detected is Leishmania infantum and the main reservoir is the dog. Competent vectors to transmit the parasite are sandflies, of which there are two species distributed throughout the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. This article reviews the current situation and the behaviour of leishmaniasis in Spain. It analyzes and compares information about the disease from hospital discharges and from the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network. It also analyses the risk factors that facilitate transmission identified in previous studies. Since 2009 an outbreak is occurring in the southwest part of the Community of Madrid, with a significant number of cases, about 400 and the detection of a new reservoir, the hare. The conditions that can increase the incidence of leishmaniasis are linked to the increase number of infected vectors, increase sandfly density, increase hosts or the appearance of new reservoirs in a geographic area. This infection has got a complex transmission dynamic. To timely respond to outbreaks a comprehensive and multisectoral action plan should be developed joined by all the institutions involved in the preparation and response. Before an outbreak occurs, it is important to study all the factors affecting the transmission in that place and to adapt the action plan to the specific characteristics.

Evolución del consumo de drogas por inmigrantes entre los años 2004 y 2008 / Trends in drug consumption among immigrants between 2004 and 2008

ObjetivoConocer el perfil de los inmigrantes drogodependientes atendidos en Castilla y León.MétodoEstudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Descripción y comparación sociodemográfica y del consumo de drogas mediante ji al cuadrado de Pearson.Resultados80,8% varones; edad media de 33,8 años (DE: 9,0), 72,3% de América Latina, Portugal y Europa del Este; 51,6% han residido en España 5 años o menos; droga principal, heroína (43,8%); vía de consumo, fumada (43,5%); iniciaron el consumo en su país de origen (64,3%). Respecto a 2004, se encontraron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en los hombres: edad media (33,8 frente a 30,9 años), consumo de droga principal durante ≥21 años (19,2% frente a 8,3%); y en las mujeres: droga principal heroína+cocaína (25,6% frente a 3,6%), consumo durante 16 a 20 años (27,9% frente a 4,0%).ConclusionesEl patrón de consumo difiere según la procedencia. La droga más consumida es la heroína, siendo relevante el consumo inyectado. Se plantea la necesidad de reforzar actuaciones de reducción de daños en este colectivo, vigilar la situación y adaptar los servicios(AU)

ObjectiveTo determine the sociodemographic and drug use profile of immigrants attended in Castile-Leon (Spain).MethodsWe performed a retrospective descriptive study comparing sociodemographic profiles and drug use variables through Pearson's chi-square test.ResultsA total of 80.8% of drug users were men, with a mean age 33.8 years (SD: 9.0); 72.3% were from Latin America, Portugal and eastern Europe and 51.6% had lived for 5 years or less in Spain. The main drug used was heroine (43.8%), via smoking (43.5%); most drug users started using in the country of origin (64.3%). Comparisons between 2008 and 2004 showed the following significant differences: for men: mean age (33.8 vs 30.9); length of main drug use:≥21 years (19.2% vs 8.3%); for women: main drug use: heroin plus cocaine (25.6% vs 3.6%); length of main drug use: 16-20 years (27.9% vs 4.0%).ConclusionsThe pattern of drug use differed by country of origin. The most commonly used drug was heroin, and injection was a frequent route of administration. We identified a need to strengthen harm-reduction interventions in this collective, enhance surveillance and adapt health services(AU)

[Trends in drug consumption among immigrants between 2004 and 2008]. / Evolución del consumo de drogas por inmigrantes entre los años 2004 y 2008.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the sociodemographic and drug use profile of immigrants attended in Castile-Leon (Spain). METHODS: We performed a retrospective descriptive study comparing sociodemographic profiles and drug use variables through Pearson's chi-square test. RESULTS: A total of 80.8% of drug users were men, with a mean age 33.8 years (SD: 9.0); 72.3% were from Latin America, Portugal and eastern Europe and 51.6% had lived for 5 years or less in Spain. The main drug used was heroine (43.8%), via smoking (43.5%); most drug users started using in the country of origin (64.3%). Comparisons between 2008 and 2004 showed the following significant differences: for men: mean age (33.8 vs 30.9); length of main drug use: > or =21 years (19.2% vs 8.3%); for women: main drug use: heroin plus cocaine (25.6% vs 3.6%); length of main drug use: 16-20 years (27.9% vs 4.0%). CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of drug use differed by country of origin. The most commonly used drug was heroin, and injection was a frequent route of administration. We identified a need to strengthen harm-reduction interventions in this collective, enhance surveillance and adapt health services.

[Factors determining inappropriate days of stay in a third-level hospital]. / Factores determinantes de la estancia inadecuada en un hospital de tercer nivel.

BACKGROUND: To identify the factors associated with a higher risk of inappropriate days of stay. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Crude and adjusted inappropriateness rates were calculated using negative binomial regression to obtain information about the relative risk of each variable. The Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP) was applied to collect information about patients' hospital stays. RESULTS: A total of 34.17% (95%CI, 33.28-35.08) of the stays were inappropriate. Women, age older than 65 years, elective admission, and stays in medical services showed the highest inappropriateness risk. Lack of correct patient follow-up in the medical record increased the risk of inappropriateness to 36%. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of continual registration of the patient's clinical course increased the risk of inappropriate days of stay in the hospital. The use of the negative binomial is a valid and simple option for analysis of this type of phenomenon.

Factores determinantes de la estancia inadecuada en un hospital de tercer nivel / Factors determining inappropriate days of stay in a third-level hospital

Introducción: Identificar los factores asociados a un mayor riesgo de estancias inadecuadas. Material y método: Se calcularon las tasas crudas y ajustadas de inadecuación mediante regresión binomial negativa, obteniéndose los riesgos relativos para distintas variables. La recogida de datos se realizó mediante el Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol. Resultados: El 34,17% (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 33,28-35,08) de las estancias fueron inadecuadas. Las mujeres, los mayores de 65 años, los ingresos programados y las estancias en servicios médicos tuvieron más riesgo de inadecuación. La ausencia en la historia clínica de un seguimiento continuado del paciente incrementa el riesgo de inadecuación un 36%. Conclusiones: La ausencia de un registro continuado de la evolución clínica del paciente es un factor que incrementa el riesgo de estancias inadecuadas. La utilización de la binomial negativa es una alternativa válida y sencilla para el análisis de este tipo de fenómenos

Background: To identify the factors associated with a higher risk of inappropriate days of stay. Material and method: Crude and adjusted inappropriateness rates were calculated using negative binomial regression to obtain information about the relative risk of each variable. The Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP) was applied to collect information about patients' hospital stays. Results: A total of 34.17% (95%CI, 33.28-35.08) of the stays were inappropriate. Women, age older than 65 years, elective admission, and stays in medical services showed the highest inappropriateness risk. Lack of correct patient follow-up in the medical record increased the risk of inappropriateness to 36%. Conclusions: Lack of continual registration of the patient's clinical course increased the risk of inappropriate days of stay in the hospital. The use of the negative binomial is a valid and simple option for analysis of this type of phenomenon

Factors associated with the appropriate use of preoperatory hospital stays: historical cohort study.

BACKGROUND: To ensure the highest efficiency, health services should be provided with the least possible complexity. The aim of this study is to quantify the degree of appropriateness in preoperatory hospital stays and to analyse those factors associated with a greater inappropriate use. METHODS: Historical cohort study. The histories of 440 hospitalised patients who underwent at least one surgical procedure were analysed. Data collection was carried out by doctors not involved in the services studied, following the Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol. A bivariate and multivariate analysis of the factors associated with the appropriateness of preoperatory stays was carried out. RESULTS: The mean number of days of preoperatory stay was 5.5 (SD 5.11), of which a mean number of 2.5 days were considered to be inappropriate (SD 4.11). The overall rate of inappropriateness was 45.2% (CI 95% 43.3-47.1). The multivariate analysis showed a positive association of the inappropriateness of the preoperatory stay with weekend days, programmed admission, hospital stays longer than 7 days, medical records incorrectly or incompletely documented and the age groups of 45-65 and the >65 with respect to the <45 age group. Sex and an incorrect or incomplete nursing register did not show such an association. CONCLUSION: The inappropriate use of hospital stay during preoperatory care affects almost half the period and there are some risk determinants that could act as indicators at admission. In addition, the efficiency of care provision was found to vary greatly from the point of view of its appropriateness.