Effect of Cow Dung Additions on Tropical and Mediterranean Earth Mortars-Mechanical Performance and Water Resistance.

Cow dung (CD) is a material that has been used for millennia by humanity as a stabilizer in earth building techniques in vernacular architecture. However, this stabilization has been little addressed scientifically. In this study, the effect of CD additions was assessed on earth mortars produced with one type of earth from Brazil and two other types from Portugal (from Monsaraz and Caparica). The effect of two volumetric proportions of CD additions were assessed: 10% and 20% of earth + sand. The German standard DIN 18947 was used to perform the physical and mechanical tests, and classify the mortars. In comparison to the reference mortars without CD, the additions reduced linear shrinkage and cracking. An increase in flexural and compressive strengths was not observed only in mortars produced with earth from Monsaraz. In mortars produced with the earth from Caparica, the addition of 10% of CD increased flexural strength by 15% and compressive strength by 34%. For mortars produced with the earth from Brazil, the addition of 10% of CD increased these mechanical strengths by 40%. The increase in adhesive strength and water resistance promoted by the CD additions was observed in mortars produced with all three types of earth. Applied on ceramic brick, the proportion of 10% of CD increased the adherence by 100% for the three types of earth. Applied on adobe, the same proportion of CD also increased it more than 50%. For the water immersion test, the CD additions made possible for the mortar specimens not to disintegrate after a 30 min immersion, with the 20% proportion being more efficient. The effects of the CD on mechanical performance, including adhesion, were more significant on the tropical earth mortars but the effects on water resistance were more significant on the Mediterranean earthen mortars. CD has shown its positive effects and potential for both tropical and Mediterranean earthen plasters and renders tested, justifying being further studied as an eco-efficient bio-stabilizer.

Ecuadorian Acanthocinini: description of two new species and transference and notes on Sympagus cooperi Monn & Monn.

Two new Acanthocinini are described from Ecuador: Nealcidion apunctatum sp. nov.; and Xenocona nubicola sp. nov. Sympagus cooperi Monn & Monn, 2017 is transferred to Stenolis Bates, 1864, and notes on the differences between these two genera are provided.

Description of a new Brazilian species of Acanthoderini, new records in American Cerambycinae and Lamiinae, and a replacement name for a genus (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae).

A new species of Acanthoderini is described from Brazil: Penaherreraus birai sp. nov. New records: Susuacanga rotundipennis (Bates, 1884) (Cerambycinae Eburiini) is recorded from the Mexican state of Jalisco; Psyrassa xestioides (Bates, 1872) (Cerambycinae, Elaphidiini) from the Mexican state of Oaxaca; Anisopodus dispar Bates, 1885 from Nicaragua (Lamiinae, Acanthocinini); and Lasiolepturges zikani Melzer, 1928 from Brazil (Pará) (Lamiinae, Acanthocinini). Variations in Urgleptes navarretei Santos-Silva, Nascimento, Botero & McClarin, 2021 are reported. Charlesella is proposed as a replacement name for Pygmaeopsis Schaeffer, 1908 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Desmiphorini), preoccupied by Pygmaeopsis Warren, 1907 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae).

Description of a new species of Poeciloxestia Lane from Venezuela (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae).

A new species, Poeciloxestia nitida sp. nov., is described from Venezuela. The alternative of couplet in two previous keys, in which the new species can be included, is commented.

On plate 24 by Maria Sibylla Merian in Metamorphosis insectorum surinamensium, and some types of Prioninae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

The status of the two specimens of Prioninae seen on Merian's plate 24 (1705) is discussed, and considered as being Mallodon spinibarbis (Linnaeus, 1758). Prionus similis Schönherr (1817) is revalidated and placed in incertae sedis in Prioninae. Information on the types of Cerambyx spinibarbis Linnaeus, 1758, C. cinnamomeus Linnaeus, 1758, and C. melanopus Linnaeus, 1767 are provided.

The incredible biodiversity of American Lamiinae (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae): description of four new species, synonymy, and taxonomical notes.

Four new species are described: Urgleptes noguerai sp. nov. (Acanthocinini), from Mexico; Styloleptus charynae sp. nov. (Acanthocinini), from Bolivia; Nealcidion achiraense sp. nov. (Acanthocinini), from Bolivia; and Estola nearnsi sp. nov. (Desmiphorini), from Bolivia. Notes on the differences between Pseudolepturges Gilmour, 1957 and Urgleptes Dillon, 1956 are provided. Styloleptus nigricans (Fisher, 1935) is synonymized with Leptostylus lilliputanus Thomson, 1865, and the species is transferred to Styloleptus Dillon, 1956.

New records and geographic distribution of Cerambycidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Humid Chaco District, Argentina.

Fourteen species are recorded for the first time for Argentina: Amethysphaerion guarani Martins & Napp, 1992 (Cerambycinae, Elaphidiini); Apyrauna annulicornis Martins, 2005 (Cerambycinae, Elaphidiini); Coleoxestia pubicornis (Gounelle, 1909) (Cerambycinae, Cerambycini); Eburodacrys truncata Fuchs, 1956 (Cerambycinae, Eburiini); Ectenessidia nigriventris (Belon, 1902) (Cerambycinae, Ectenessini); Gorybia apatheia Martins, 1976 (Cerambycinae, Piezocerini); Hemilissa sulcicollis Bates, 1870 (Cerambycinae, Piezocerini); Pronoplon rubriceps (Gounelle, 1909) (Cerambycinae, Hexoplonini); Callisema rufipes Martins & Galileo 1990 (Lamiinae, Calliini); Recchia goiana Martins & Galileo, 1985 (Lamiinae, Aerenicini); Rosalba approximata (Melzer, 1934) (Lamiinae, Apomecynini); Rosalba digna (Melzer, 1934) (Lamiinae, Apomecynini); Hypsioma steinbachi Dillon & Dillon, 1945 (Lamiinae, Onciderini); Trypanidius maculatus Monné & Delfino, 1980 (Lamiinae, Acanthocinini).

Description of a new species of HippopsisLepeletier & Audinet-Serville and comments on the identity of H. quadrivittata Breuning (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Agapanthiini)

Hippopsis sexlineata, a new species from Ecuador is described. The identity of Hippopsis quadrivittata Breuning, 1940 sensu auctorum is discussed and considered to be Hippopsis fractilinea Bates, 1866.(AU)

Brazilian fauna of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera): description of a new species and new records.

The publication date of one of the works by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat is corrected. New records are provided for the following species and, in some cases, also with taxonomical notes: Cosmoplatidius lycoides (Gurin-Mneville, 1844); Eburodacrys notula Gounelle, 1909; Paranyssicus conspicillatus (Erichson, 1847); Argyrodines aurivillii (Gounelle, 1905); Hemilissa cornuta Bates, 1870; Isthmiade ichneumoniformis Bates, 1870; Chevrolatella tripunctata (Chevrolat, 1863); Oxymerus basalis (Dalman, 1823); Tropidion flechtmanni Santos-Silva, Nascimento & Biffi, 2019; Atrypanius remissus (Erichson, 1847); Nyssodrysternum amparense (Melzer, 1934); Nyssodrysternum rubiginosum Monn, 1975; Aegoschema moniliferum (White, 1855); Hippopsis quinquelineata Aurivillius, 1920; Callia fulvocincta Bates, 1866; Drycothaea angustifrons (Breuning, 1943); Drycothaea anteochracea (Breuning, 1974); Allocarterica buquetii (Thomson, 1860); Aerenea sulcicollis sulcicollis Melzer, 1932; Desmiphora (Desmiphora) lenkoi (Lane, 1959); Cacostola zanoa Dillon & Dillon, 1946; Sternycha diasi Martins & Galileo, 1990; and Anobrium punctatum Galileo & Martins, 2002. Correction of the Brazilian state of the type locality or previous records of the following species is provided: Chrysoprasis hypocrita Erichson, 1847; Coccoderus longespinicornis Fuchs, 1964; Compsibidion fairmairei (Thomson, 1865); Cycnidolon obliquum Martins, 1969; Dioridium hirsutum Zajciw, 1961; Eburodacrys rubicunda Monn & Martins, 1992; Engyum aurantium Martins, 1970; Oxymerus basalis (Dalman, 1823); Pachypeza phegea Dillon & Dillon, 1945; Aerenea brunnea Thomson, 1868. A forgotten record of Poeciloxestia minuta Fragoso, 1978 is pointed out. Trachyderes variegatus Perty, 1832 is considered a junior synonym of Andraegoidus nigrofasciatus (Gory, 1831). A new species of Acanthocinini (Lamiinae), Lophopoeum paiolai sp. nov., is described from Brazil and French Guiana.

Expanding knowledge of American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera): new species, new records, and morphological variations

Four new species are described: Xystochroma luteotarsis sp. nov. (Cerambycinae, Callichromatini), from Ecuador; Psyrassa tysoni sp. nov. (Cerambycinae, Elaphidiini), from Guatemala; Bisaltes (Bisaltes) lateralis sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Apomecynini), from Ecuador; and Nagma hovorei sp. nov. (Lamiinae, Calliini), from Ecuador. A key to species of Xystochroma Schmidt, 1924 is provided and Psyrassa tysoni sp. nov. is included in a previous key. Variation in the pubescent pattern of Rosalba strandi (Breuning, 1943) is reported and the species is newly recorded for Paraguay. Chromatic variation in Cyrtinus umbus Martins & Galileo, 2009 (Lamiinae, Cyrtinini) is provided and the species is redescribed based on a dark specimen; a new province record (Puntarenas, Costa Rica) and a new country record (Panama) are included. Chromatic variation and sexual dimorphism in Phaea quadrimaculata Wappes & Santos-Silva, 2021 (Lamiinae, Tetraopini) is reported, and a new Mexican state record (Oaxaca) is provided.

A new species and taxonomical and geographical notes on Neotropical Cerambycidae (Coleoptera)

Eburodacrys pilicornis Fisher, 1944 is redescribed based on a female from Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul), and new state record for Venezuela and new department record for Colombia are provided. Notes and new state records in Brazil for Tilloglomus spectabile Martins, 1975 are provided. The pronotal shape of Piezocera flavipennis (Zajciw, 1970) is commented on. Piezocera serraticollis Linell, 1897 is synonymized with P. monochroa Bates, 1885 and an updated key to species of Piezocera Audinet-Serville, 1834 is provided. Lepturges (Lepturges) luanae sp. nov. is described from Brazil (Goiás). New geographical records are provided for an additional 17 species belonging to three subfamilies (Cerambycinae, Lamiinae and Lepturinae): Gnomidolon cruciferum (Gounelle, 1909); Microibidion bimaculatum Mehl, Galileo, Martins & Santos-Silva, 2015; Lepturges (Lepturges) centralis Monné, 1978; Lepturges (Lepturges) mattogrossis Gilmour, 1962; Leptostylus perniciosus Monné & Hoffmann, 1981; Urgleptes villiersi Gilmour, 1962; Oreodera bituberculata Bates, 1861; Rosalba smaragdina (Breuning, 1940); Colobothea rubroornata Zajciw, 1962; Aerenea subimpetiginosa Breuning, 1948; Cicuiara nitidula (Bates, 1866); Desmiphora (Desmiphora) crocata Melzer, 1935; Estola acricula Bates, 1866; Gisostola bahiensis Martins & Galileo, 1988; Hypsioma chapadensis Dillon & Dillon, 1945; Lypsimena fuscata Haldeman, 1847; and Strangalia flavocincta (Thomson, 1861).(AU)

A new synonymy in Anisopodus White (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Acanthocinini)

Anisopodus subarmatus Melzer, 1931 is synonymized with A. jaculus (Gyllenhal, 1817) and a discussion about the type-locality of the latter is provided. Photographs of the lectotype of the former and of the holotype of the latter are provided.(AU)

On Eryphus Perty, 1832 (Dichophyiini), Eriphus Audinet-Serville, 1834 (Trachyderini, Trachyderina), and Eryphus Klug, 1829, with description of a new genus, and corrections on publication dates (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)

The validity of two forgotten names, EryphusKlug, 1829 and E. rubricollisKlug, 1829, is discussed. The former is considered a nomen oblitum and synonymized with EriphusAudinet-Serville, 1834, a nomen protectum; the latter is revalidated and Eriphus purpuratus Chevrolat, 1862 is considered a junior synonym of Eriphus rubricollis (Klug, 1829). A lectotype is designated to Eryphus rubricollisKlug, 1829. The date of the work where EriphusAudinet-Serville, 1834 was described is corrected. A new genus is described in Dichophyiini Gistel, 1848 to include the species currently allocated in Eryphus sensuNapp & Martins (2002). The dates of publication of genera and species described by Fairmaire & Germain (Révision des Coléoptères du Chili (suite)) are corrected.(AU)

The primary types of Bisaltes (Bisaltes) Thomson of the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de So Paulo, with notes and synonymies regarding other species of this subgenus and Bisaltes (Craspedocerus) Aurivillius (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae).

Photographs of the primary type (holotype or syntype) of eleven species of Bisaltes are provided for the first time: Bisaltes buquetii Thomson, 1868; Bisaltes flaviceps Breuning, 1940; Bisaltes fuscoapicalis Breuning, 1950; Bisaltes fuscodiscalis Breuning, 1943; Bisaltes fuscomarmoratus Breuning, 1966; Bisaltes pictus Breuning, 1940; Bisaltes strandi Breuning, 1940; Bisaltes subreticulatus Aurivillius, 1920; Bisaltes triangularis Breuning, 1940; Bisaltes (Craspedocerus) ptericoptoides Breuning, 1942 and Craspedocerus poecilus Aurivillius, 1900. Bisaltes (Bisaltes) picticornis Galileo Martins, 2003 is synonymized with Bisaltes (Bisaltes) spegazzinii Bruch, 1911; Bisaltes (Bisaltes) petilus Galileo Martins, 2009 is synonymized with Bisaltes (Bisaltes) pulvereus (Bates, 1866); Bisaltes (Bisaltes) argentiniensis Breuning, 1971 is synonymized with Bisaltes (Bisaltes) adustus (Burmeister, 1865); and Bisaltes (Bisaltes) columbianus Breuning, 1971 is synonymized with Bisaltes (Craspedocerus) poecilus Aurivillius, 1900. Photographs of the four primary types of species of Bisaltes (Bisaltes) at the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de So Paulo are provided. The inclusion of Bisaltes venezuelensis in this genus is questioned. The difference between Bisaltes (Bisaltes) and Bisaltes (Craspedocerus) is discussed and questioned.

New species and new records in Neoibidionini and Hexoplonini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae).

Four new species are described in Neoibidionini (Compsina): Corimbion wappesi, from Guatemala, Zacapa; Neocompsa pilosa, from Paraguay, Itap Neocompsa soniae, from Panama, Chiriqu and Heterachthes boliviensis, from Bolivia, La Paz. New country record, Trinidad and Tobago, as well as chromatic and morphological variations are reported to Gnomidolon incisum Napp Martins, 1985 (Hexoplonini), and Compsibidion vandenberghei Heffern, Santos-Silva Nascimento, 2018 (Neoibidionini, Neoibidionina). Additionally, a key to species of Corimbion Martins, 1970 are provided, and the two new species of Neocompsa Martins, 1965, and the new species of Heterachthes Newman, 1840 are included in a previous key.

Neoxela: A new replacement name for Xela Botero, Bezark amp; Santos-Silva, 2020 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae).

Recently, Botero, Bezark Santos-Silva (2020) described a new genus of Methiini (Cerambycinae), Xela, for their new species Xela tysoni, from Guatemala. Currently, the genus remains monotypic and the species is known only from their type locality. Unfortunately, the authors did not realize that the name had already been used for a trilobite species (Xela drena Jell, 1990). Herein, we propose a new replacement name for the genus.

New species, revalidation, synonymies, and new records in Bebelis Thomson (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Apomecynini).

Six new species of Bebelis Thomson, 1864 are described: B. wappesi, B. tinga, and B. skillmani, from Bolivia (Santa Cruz); B. nearnsi, from Bolivia (La Paz); B. parana, from Argentina (Corrientes); and B. imitatrix, from Argentina (Mendoza). Bebelis concisa Galileo Martins, 2006 and B. angusta (Fisher, 1947) are synonymized with B. modesta (Belon, 1903); B. inaequalis (Fisher, 1947) is synonymized with B. obliquata (Breuning, 1940); B. schwarzi (Fisher, 1947) is synonymized with B. picta Pascoe, 1875; and B. acuta geometrica (Bates, 1880) and B. laetabilis (Belon, 1903) are synonymized with B. acuta Pascoe, 1875. New states records for B. angusta and B. cuprina (Belon, 1903) are provided. Bebelis zeteki (Fisher, 1947) is revalidated and Bebelis aurulenta (Belon, 1903) is illustrated for the first time. A provisional key to species of Bebelis is provided.

Two new species of Acanthocinini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) from the Neotropical Region.

Two new species of Acanthocinini are described from the Neotropical region: Leptostylus skillmani, from Guatemala; and Anisopodus morrisi, from French Guiana. Additionally, the holotype of Leptostylus lilliputanus Thomson, 1865 is illustrated for the first time.

New species, synonymy, and new record in Neotropical Acanthocinini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae).

Three new species and one new genus of Bolivian Acanthocinini are described: Lepturges (Lepturges) auratus sp. nov.; Leptostylus dentatus sp. nov.; and Spiritusellus personatus, gen. nov. et sp. nov. Notes on the differences between Leptostylus batesi Casey, 1913, and L. hilaris Bates, 1872 are provided in the remarks of L. dentatus sp. nov. A new country record (Bolivia) is reported for Nealcidion latipenne (Bates, 1863) and Nyssodrysternum lanceolatum Monné & Tavakilian, 2011 is synonymized with Atrypanius infimus (Bates, 1885).