Promises of industry 4.0 under the magnifying glass of interdisciplinarity: revealing operators and managers work and challenging collaborative robot design.

The goal of this article is to propose a cross-perspective around Collaborative Robotics-seen as a remarkable example of technologies 4.0 in an industrial context-by calling on sociology, activity-centred ergonomics, engineering, and robotics expertises. The development of this cross-perspective is thought to be a key issue to improve the design of work organisation for the Industry 4.0. After a socio-historical review of promises of Collaborative Robotics, the interdisciplinary approach developed and applied in a French Small & Medium Enterprise (SME) is presented. In this case study, two work situations are focused on in an interdisciplinary perspective: on the one hand, the one of operators whose professional gestures are intended to be supported by collaborative robots, and on the other the one of managers and executives as responsible for socio-technical changes. Our results reveal the technical and socio-organisational challenges faced by SMEs beyond the introduction of given technologies: analysing the relevance and feasibility of cobotisation projects with regard to the complexity of professional gestures and preserving the quality of work and performance under a continuous pressure to change (organisations, technologies). These findings support discussions of promises of collaborative robotics, and more generally Industry 4.0, regarding effective worker/technology collaboration and the possibility of "healthy" and performant work; they reiterate requirements for work-centred and participatory design, for reconnection in a sensory experience in a more and more digitalized work and open ways for more interdisciplinary approaches.

Unplanned Extubations in Intensive Care Unit: evidences for risk factors. A literature review.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Unplanned extubations (UE) are getting more and more relevant in Critical Care, becoming a quality and care safeness outcome. This happens because after an UE the patient can face some complications concerning the airway management, respiratory and hemodynamic problems, lengthen in the hospital stay and in the mechanical ventilation time.  The aim of this review is identify and classify the factors that could increase UE risk. METHODOLOGY: A systematic review of scientific articles was performed consulting the databases PubMed, Cinahl, Medline, EBSCOhost and Google Scholar. Articles from 2006 to 2011 were included. Pediatric Care settings were excluded. RESULTS: 21 articles were selected. From the results emerged that risk factors associated to the patient are widely controversial. Yet restlessness, a low level of sedation and a high level of consciousness seem to be highly related to UE. Organizational risk factors, as workload, nurse:patient ratio, and the use of interdisciplinary protocols seem to play an important role in UE. CONCLUSION: According the current literature, the research on UE still has to handle a wide uncertainty. There is the need for more studies developing conclusive evidences on the role of different risk factors. Anyway, literature highlights the importance of the nurse and of the healthcare system organization in reducing UE incidence.