Influence and Action Mechanisms of Governmental Relations Embeddedness for Fostering Green Production Demonstration Household: Evidence from Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Anhui Province, China.

As an innovative tactic, the core aspects of green products should be comprehensively demonstrated and firmly promoted to enhance their adoption. For doing so, continuous governmental support and interventions through distinct sets of networking and relationships could be crucial for synthesizing and diffusing the extent of green production demonstration households. Interestingly, the structural relationship between these two has not yet been evaluated comprehensively by the existing literature. Therefore, the study empirically analyzes the impact and mechanism of government relationships embedded in fostering green production demonstration households. The study compiles the empirical data from 963 farmers which were collected from the major tea-producing areas of Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Anhui provinces, China. In order to craft the findings, first we constructed the ordered Probit for benchmark regression analysis. Meanwhile, the Ordinary Standard Error Ordered Probit model, Ordered Logit model, and multivariate linear model were constructed for the robustness test. Third, the Extended Ordered Probit model and Bootstrap mediation effect model were used to test the path diagram. Finally, robustness testing and endogeneity processing test were used to explore the reliability of the findings. The results showed that: (i) Government relationship embedding has a positive effect on fostering green production demonstration households. In particular, factors such as relationships with general government staff, professional and technical personnel, and village cadre are most significant. (ii) Seemingly, the heterogeneity analysis shows that the farmers with large operating scales and low family economic status have a relatively stronger impact. (iii) Further mechanism research results show that government relations are embedded through government identification (policy identification, government trust), improving farmers' behavioral ability (production knowledge reserve, self-efficacy), and strengthening farmers' perceived value of green production (self-interest perception, altruistic values). Therefore, the government should strengthen the interactive mechanism embedded with farm households and extend support for green production demonstration zones. The farmers' information-sharing facilities and platforms should be modernized and highlighted according to the local conditions and long-term targeted strategies.

Impacts of Incentive and Disincentive Mechanisms for Ensuring Environmentally Friendly Livestock Waste Management.

Environmentally friendly waste management (EFWM) is a safer way of waste disposal that can foster a cleaner environment for both farms and their surroundings. It may lessen land, air, and water pollution, as well as moderate ecological footprints, and aid in sustainable agricultural development, which has become one of the major concerns of the modern era. To achieve these outcomes, incentives and control mechanisms initiated by the government may alter farmers' behavior. The study involved a review of relevant literature and the conduct of interviews with 499 pig breeders to evaluate the impacts of government incentives and control mechanisms on fostering the adoption of environmentally friendly waste management practices by farmers. A theoretical framework based on existing studies is proposed, utilizing a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to analyze the data and illustrate the relationships among incentives and control mechanisms. The results show that: (i) overall the impacts of incentive mechanisms were stronger and more effective than those of control mechanisms. Among them, subsidy policy and discount policy were the most influential for farmers' adoption behavior. However, penalty and disincentive policy also impacted the outcome variables; (ii) a significant relationship was observed among regulatory, disincentive, and subsidy policies and a moderate relationship among penalty, insurance, and discount policies. However, bonus-community service and social critic policies did not show any significant relationship with any other variables. The research findings can assist the Chinese government in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of two crucial mechanisms and promoting the adoption of environmentally friendly practices by farmers. The government should highlight and strengthen the importance of social obligations and orientation, as well as providing monetary support at the rural level to improve farmers' ability to adapt to environmentally friendly waste management practices.

Effects of Market Incentives and Livelihood Dependence on Farmers' Multi-Stage Pesticide Application Behavior-A Case Study of Four Provinces in China.

Improvement in pesticide application and efficiency structure has long been recognized as having great significance in reducing pollution, ensuring food safety, and promoting green agricultural development. Based on theoretical analysis, using the survey data of 766 farmers in key tea areas in Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, and Anhui provinces in China, the study empirically analyzes the influence of market incentives and livelihood dependence on farmers' multi-stage pesticide application behavior. More specifically, the study employed ordered probit analysis to craft its findings. The dependent variable of this study is the multi-stage pesticide application problem of farmers, and the core independent variables are market incentives and livelihood dependence, and the judgment is based on the core variable coefficients of the econometric model of farmers at each stage. The study found the following: (i) Market incentives significantly prompted some farmers to give up synthetic pesticide application and farmers tend to choose green pesticides in the type of pesticide application. (ii) Livelihood dependence meant that the proportion of tea income significantly prompts farmers to apply pesticides, and also creates a tendency for farmers to choose green and low-toxic pesticides in the type of pesticide application. The planting period tends to have a moderate impact on applying green and low-toxic pesticides. (iii) The interaction term of market incentives and the proportion of tea income has no significant impact on farmers' multi-stage pesticide application behavior. The interaction term of market incentives and planting years has impacted negatively on whether farmers apply pesticides, and has no significant impact on farmers' choice of pesticide application types, but makes farmers increase the amount of green and low-toxic pesticides. (iv) The education level of the household head significantly promotes farmers to choose green and low-toxic pesticides. Seemingly, the brand effect of pesticides significantly encourages farmers to choose green and low-toxic pesticides. In external support, technical training significantly encourages farmers to choose green and low-toxic pesticides. Furthermore, better infrastructure and local market conditions significantly encourage farmers to reduce the use of conventional pesticides.

Determinants of Sick and Dead Pig Waste Recycling-A Case Study of Hebei, Shandong, and Henan Provinces in China.

Improper handling of sick and dead pigs may seriously affect public health, socio-economic conditions, and eventually cause environmental pollution. However, effective promotion of sick and dead pig (SDP) waste recycling has become the prime focus of current rural governance. Therefore, the study explores the impact of commitment, rewards, and punishments to capture the recycling behavior of farmers' sick and dead pig waste management. The study employs factor analysis, the probit model, and the moderating effect model to craft the findings. The study's empirical setup comprises the survey data collected from the Hebei, Shandong, and Henan provinces, representing the major pig-producing provinces in China. The study found that the commitment, reward, and punishment mechanisms are essential factors affecting the farmers' decision-making on recycling sick and dead pig waste. The marginal effect analysis found that the reward and punishment mechanism is more effective than the farmers' commitment. The study confirmed that in the recycling treatment of sick and dead pig waste, the farmers' commitment and the government's reward and punishment policy are the main factors that influence farmers to manage sick and dead pig waste properly. Therefore, the government should highlight the importance of effective waste management, and training facilities should also be extended firmly. The government should impose strict rules and regulations to restrict the irresponsible dumping of farm waste. Monitoring mechanisms should be put in place promptly.

A bibliometric analysis of sustainable agriculture: based on the Web of Science (WOS) platform.

The global trends of sustainable agriculture (SA) have expanded dramatically through many scholarly studies in this area. Many literary works have focused on several aspects of sustainable agriculture (SA), such as the effectiveness of pesticide management, impacts on cultivation and enhancement, quantifying with soil, water, and air, agro-ecological activities, ecological aspects, and other areas of focus. The review offers a structured bibliometric and network evaluation that will profoundly observe the recent trends of SA, which other studies in this field have not comprehensively analyzed before. The study's prime objectives are to investigate the progress, trends and themes, and provide a comprehensive mapping of the field of sustainable agriculture. The study utilizes the Web of Science core collection database to search, filter, and extract the published article from 1992-2020. The review commences by exploring over 3000 journal articles, those then filtered into some well-recognized matrix of impacts and published by impactful journals, institutions, and authors. The results indicate a stable growth in publications since 2006, with a sharp improvement from 2010. Thematic assessment of key concepts by exploring the abstract discovered a robust emphasis on quantitative resource associations within a strong subjective focus with farm capacities and inner-sectorial dominations. We reveal how the outcome may assist the sectors to facilitate better understandings and comprehend the challenging transitions based on brainstorming to action formulation.

The impact of the epidemic experience on the recovery of production of pig farmers after the outbreak-Evidence from the impact of African swine fever (ASF) in Chinese pig farming.

The African swine fever (ASF) has triggered considerable shocks to the pig farming industry, which has become a significant animal disease epidemic. The study explores the effect of epidemic experience on post-outbreak production recovery from resilience and risk perception based on 340 micro-survey data from Sichuan, Henan, and Shandong provinces. Epidemic experience has been shown to impact the degree of post-outbreak production recovery positively, and farmers who have endured epidemics are more likely to recover their production after outbreaks. The mechanistic study indicates that past epidemics in African swine fever shocks can effectively improve farmers' cognitive resilience and management capability, enhance recovery, and reduce risk perception in the aftermath of production recovery. In order to alleviate the endogenous problems caused by selection bias, missing variables, and two-way causality. This paper uses factor analysis to comprehensively measure production recovery capacity and production risk perception, and uses propensity score matching(PSM), instrumental variable method and replacement measurement methods to conduct robustness tests, and find the conclusions are still robust. The empirical analysis shows that the experience of the epidemic will promote the recovery of farmers after the outbreak; the experience of the epidemic will significantly impact the recovery of production after the outbreak for both free-range and professional farmers.

Evaluating the roles of the farmer's cooperative for fostering environmentally friendly production technologies-a case of kiwi-fruit farmers in Meixian, China.

The agricultural cooperative may significantly impact the adoption of environmentally friendly production technologies, which eventually help the farmers with better living standards and productivity. However, critical evaluation of how and to what extent the cooperative organization's participation leads the farmer's adoption of environmentally friendly technology (EFT) is relatively unclear. Thus, to critically explore the knowledge gap, the study evaluates the effects of cooperative participation towards adopting environmentally friendly production technologies based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The key variables used in the study have been extracted from an extensive literature investigation, while the empirical data has been collected from October to December 2020 from 292 kiwi-fruit farmers within the Shaanxi province of China. Simultaneously, the partial least square of structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) tools has been utilized to craft the final assessment. The factor loadings of all three latent variables have been statistically significant and interrelated for quantifying the proposed model. The statistically proven framework portrayed that cooperative organizations' participation positively impacts and shapes behavioral factors and facilitates the adoption of environmentally friendly production technologies. The study found the social structure like China, the impacts of cooperation could be crucial. As cooperative participation is an ample predictor for facilitating environmentally friendly technologies, the government should broaden the technical supports, and agricultural extension should also provide extended training for a smooth transition of the cooperatives.

Evaluating the Impact of Institutional Performance and Government Trust on Farmers' Subjective Well-Being: A Case of Urban-Rural Welfare Gap Perception and Family Economic Status in Shaanxi, Sichuan and Anhui, China.

In the modern world, fostering comprehensive social sustainability has become one of the major concerns. Interestingly, rural livelihood may significantly comprise the compelling performance evaluations of governmental institutions' performances. Governmental institutions' performances in rural areas largely depend on whether they can gain relatively higher trust levels of marginal farmers. However, the critical interaction between these two prospects may foster farmers' subjective well-being (SWB). Therefore, the study aims to model and test institutional performance, government trust, and farmers' subjective well-being by utilising a survey of data from 963 farmer households in Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Anhui provinces, China. We have adopted structural equation modelling (SEM) to craft the study's findings. However, in the literature, political performance is widely quantified by the urban-rural welfare and economic status gap; thus, in the core model, we have incorporated and measured the mediating role of the urban-rural welfare gap and household economic status. The results show that institutional performance, social insurance performance, and ecological livability performance have a significant and positive impact on institutional performance and government trust and eventually derive farmers' SWB. However, the role of environmental livability performance is more substantial than social insurance performance in quantifying governmental trust and institutional performance. Moreover, it has a significant positive impact on the subjective well-being of farmers, and the effect of policy trust is not substantial. The results of further mediation and moderation effects show that social insurance performance and ecological livability performance can enhance the subjective well-being of farmers through the indirect transmission of institutional trust. In contrast, the mediating impact of policy trust is not significant. For farmers with higher economic status, institutional performance has a more substantial effect on the subjective well-being of farmers with a relatively smaller perception of the urban-rural welfare gap and lower family economic status.

Evaluation of the determinants of food security within the COVID-19 pandemic circumstances- a particular case of Shaanxi, China.

BACKGROUND: Agricultural food production and distribution industries may play a vital role in determining the current conditions of any country's food security and sustainable development goals. This paper examined the determinants of food security within three distinct aspects (effective utilization of food, food availability, and food access) within the COVID-19 epidemic situation. METHODS: The qualitative set-up of the study comprised with the identification of drivers by critical analysis of published papers and discussion held with some practitioners. The quantitative data used in this research were collected from a survey covering the agricultural food supply industry in China (Shaanxi Province). The survey was conducted from November to December 2020 and we mainly focus on three aspects of food security (effective utilization of food, food availability, and food access). The core analytical assumptions were made by employing exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS: After analyzing the data collected from 257 agricultural food productions and distribution personnel along with the hypothesis testing, it found that the determinants of the effective utilization of food were positively related to the determinants of food access (ß = 0.291, p = 0.029) and food availability (ß = 0.298, p = 0.011), and the determinants of food availability were positively related to the food access determinants (ß = 0.128, p = 0.002). The association and variance values between food availability and food access were 0.659 and 0.407; the association and variance values between for effective utilization of food and food availability aspects were 0.465 and 0.298, and between effective utilization of food and economy were 0.508 and 0.475. CONCLUSION: The study critically evaluated the interconnection among the crucial determinants within the banner of three dimensions, which will act as a major contribution to existing literature. This research will help the government and industry to develop policies and strategies for the successful implementation of all the associated determinants of food security in terms of the epidemic situation.

How Capital Endowment and Ecological Cognition Affect Environment-Friendly Technology Adoption: A Case of Apple Farmers of Shandong Province, China.

Ever-increasing global environmental issues, land degradation, and groundwater contamination may significantly impact the agricultural sector of any country. The situation worsens while the global agricultural sectors are going through the unsustainable intensification of agricultural production powered by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This trend leads the sector to exercise environmentally friendly technology (EFT). Capital endowment and ecological cognition may significantly impact fostering farmers' adoption of environmentally friendly technology. The government also tends to change the existing policies to cope with ever-increasing challenges like pollution control, maintaining ecological balance, and supporting agricultural sectors substantially by employing ecological compensation policy. The study's main objective is to explore the impacts of farmer's ecological compensation, capital endowment, and ecological cognition for the adoption of EFT. The empirical setup of the study quantifies with survey data of 471 apple farmers from nine counties of Shandong province. The study used Heckman's two-stage model to craft the findings. The results showed that 52.02% of fruit farmers adopted two environmentally friendly technologies, and 23.99% of fruit farmers adopted three forms of environmentally friendly technologies. At the same time, we have traced that the capital endowment, planting scale, family income, and technical specialization of fruit farmers significantly impact adopting EFT. The study also revealed that understanding ecological compensation policy has a significant positive effect on adopting environmentally friendly technology. Seemingly, ecological compensation policy has a specific regulatory effect on fruit farmers' capital endowment and ecological cognition. Therefore, it is necessary to extend the demonstration facilities, training, and frequently arrange awareness-building campaigns regarding rural non-point source pollution hazards and improve the cognition level of farmers. The agriculture extension department should strengthen the agricultural value chain facilities to make farmers fully realize the importance of EFT. Government should promote and extend the supports for availing new and innovative EFT at a reasonable price. Moreover, cooperative, financial, and credit organizations need to lead for the smooth transition of EFT. The agricultural cooperatives and formal risk-taking networks should act responsibly for shaping the behavioral factors of farmers.

Factors influencing place of delivery: Evidence from three south-Asian countries.

BACKGROUND: High maternal mortality is still a significant public health challenge in many countries of the South-Asian region. The majority of maternal deaths occur due to pregnancy and delivery-related complications, which can mostly be prevented by safe facility delivery. Due to the paucity of existing evidence, our study aimed to examine the factors associated with place of delivery, including women's preferences for such in three selected South-Asian countries. METHODS: We extracted data from the most recent demographic and health surveys (DHS) conducted in Bangladesh (2014), Nepal (2016), and Pakistan (2017-18) and analyzed to identify the association between the outcome variable and socio-demographic characteristics. A total of 16,429 women from Bangladesh (4278; mean age 24.57 years), Nepal (3962; mean age 26.35 years), and Pakistan (8189; mean age 29.57 years) were included in this study. Following descriptive analyses, bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted. RESULTS: Overall, the prevalence of facility-based delivery was 40%, 62%, and 69% in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, respectively. Inequity in utilizing facility-based delivery was observed for women in the highest wealth quintile. Participants from Urban areas, educated, middle and upper household economic status, and with high antenatal care (ANC) visits were significantly associated with facility-based delivery in all three countries. Interestingly, watching TV was also found as a strong determinant for facility-based delivery in Bangladesh (aOR = 1.31, 95% CI:1.09-1.56, P = 0.003), Nepal (aOR = 1.42, 95% CI:1.20-1.67, P<0.001) and Pakistan (aOR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.03-1.32, P = 0.013). Higher education of husband was a significant predictor for facility delivery in Bangladesh (aOR = 1.73, 95% CI:1.27-2.35, P = 0.001) and Pakistan (aOR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.99-1.43, P = 0.065); husband's occupation was also a significant factor in Bangladesh (aOR = 1.30, 95% CI:1.04-1.61, P = 0.020) and Nepal (aOR = 1.26, 95% CI:1.01-1.58, P = 0.041). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the educational status of both women and their husbands, household economic situation, and the number of ANC visits influenced the place of delivery. There is an urgent need to promote facility delivery by building more birthing facilities, training and deployment of skilled birth attendants in rural and hard-to-reach areas, ensuring compulsory female education for all women, encouraging more ANC visits, and providing financial incentives for facility deliveries. There is a need to promote facility delivery by encouraging health facility visits through utilizing social networks and continuing mass media campaigns. Ensuring adequate Government funding for free maternal and newborn health care and local community involvement is crucial for reducing maternal and neonatal mortality and achieving sustainable development goals in this region.

Evaluation of preventive, supportive and awareness building measures among international students in China in response to COVID-19: a structural equation modeling approach.

BACKGROUND: Education institutions promptly implemented a set of steps to prevent the spread of COVID-19 among international Chinese students, such as restrictive physical exercise, mask wear, daily health reporting, etc. Success of such behavioral change campaigns largely depends on awareness building, satisfaction and trust on the authorities. The purpose of this current study is to assess the preventive, supportive and awareness-building steps taken during the COVID-19 pandemic for international students in China, that will be useful for planning such a behavioral change campaign in the potential pandemic situation in other parts of the world. METHODS: We conducted an online-based e-questionnaire survey among 467 international students in China through WeChat. The data collection duration was from February 20, 2020 to March 10, 2020 and we focused on their level of awareness, satisfaction, and trust in authorities regarding pandemic measures. Simple bivariate statistics was used to describe the background characteristics of the respondents along with adoption of the partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) as the final model to demonstrate the relationship between the variables. RESULTS: In our study, the leading group of the respondents were within 31 to 35 years' age group (39.82%), male (61.88%), living single (58.24%) and doctoral level students (39.8%). The preventive and supportive measures taken by students and/or provided by the respective institution or authorities were positively related to students' satisfaction and had an acceptable strength (ß = 0.611, t = 9.679, p < 0.001). The trust gained in authorities also showed an acceptable strength (ß = 0.381, t = 5.653, p < 0.001) with a positive direction. Again, the personnel awareness building related to both students' satisfaction (ß = 0.295, t = 2.719, p < 0.001) and trust gain (ß = 0.131, t = 1.986, p < 0.05) in authorities had a positive and acceptable intensity. Therefore, our study clearly demonstrates the great impact of preventive and supportive measures in the development of students' satisfaction (R2 = 0.507 indicating moderate relationship). The satisfied students possessed a strong influence which eventually helped in building sufficient trust on their institutions (R2 = 0.797 indicating above substantial relationship). CONCLUSIONS: The worldwide student group is one of the most affected and vulnerable communities in this situation. So, there is a profound ground of research on how different states or authorities handle such situation. In this study, we have depicted the types and magnitude of care taken by Chinese government and educational institutions towards international students to relieve the panic of pandemic situation. Further research and such initiatives should be taken in to consideration for future emerging conditions.

Women's empowerment and their experience to food security in rural Bangladesh.

Global discourses have advocated women's empowerment as a means to reduce their own's food insecurity, which is also key development challenges in Bangladesh. However, little empirical research has conducted on this issue, especially in the rural area of Bangladesh. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the relationship of six domains of women's empowerment with their food security in rural Bangladesh using a partial least square structural equation modelling approach. Our empirical analysis indicates that women's accesses to their legal and familial rights and decision-making roles in households increase their bargaining power over the utilization of resources and to choices of food which significantly and negatively decrease their food insecurity. Moreover, information and communication technologies and infrastructure facilities also negatively and significantly associated with women's food insecurity. However, women's leadership has a negative but not significant effect on their food insecurity, as low self-esteem rural women feel no ease in publicly addressing their inequalities. By understanding family composition from women's perceptions, the results from our research can assist policymakers to develop more suitable strategies to enhance the empowerment status of rural women and reduce their food insecurity.

Modeling drivers for successful adoption of green business: an interpretive structural modeling approach.

Like most other developing countries, Bangladesh is facing tremendous pressure to mitigate climate change effects and prior environmental degradation, further creating a vulnerable condition in mitigating its environmental, social, and economic circumstances. Green business approaches could be one of the better weapons for these severe conditions as they quantify the incorporation of environmental and social concerns without compromising economic development. They have gained considerable attention from governments, industries, and researchers over the past few years. The main aim of this paper is designed to build up a structured model (interpretive structural modeling) of drivers for adopting green business (GB) in the context of emerging economies. The interpretive structural modeling (ISM) will allow the assessors in the regulatory, market, and other sectors to promote the smooth utilization of green business strategies by defining and recognizing the linkages among the drivers associated with the green business. The driver's intimate relationship enables a hierarchy by compiling their dependence and driving power. For demonstrating the structural modeling for the identified drivers, we used combined "Matriced' Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée á un Classement" (MICMAC) analysis and ISM model for characterizing the drivers as indicated by their driving and dependence power. Throughout, the evaluation of the available literature followed by a discussion with experts (both industrial and academic) was done for the identification of the drivers for green business adoption. A structured model (ISM) and MICMAC (as fuzzy analytical tools) analysis are required to give a boon set of knowledge to the assessors of the legislature and business industry, which further lead them for resource maximization in a sustainable way to embrace green strategies into their core business process.

Does organizational participation affect farmers' behavior in adopting the joint mechanism of pest and disease control? A study of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province.

BACKGROUND: In China, there are a lack of well-established relationships regarding farmers' behavior and participation in farmer organizations. The main objective of this study was to explore the effects and mechanisms of organizational participation in the joint control of pest and disease among kiwifruit growers (within the members of organizations). To fulfill this objective, the present study utilized survey data from 577 kiwifruit growers collected from Meixian County, Shaanxi Province, China. A combined method utilizing the instrumental variable (IV) ordered probit and bootstrap multiple mediation effect models were employed to determine the effects of participation by farmers' organizations in the joint control of pest and disease among kiwifruit growers. RESULTS: A positive relationship was found between organizational participation and the joint control of pests and diseases. The empirical analysis of this study found that organizational support, organizational learning and organizational norms have mediating effects in the process of farmers' participation in the joint control of pests and disease. It is essential to go beyond individual behavior and tackle group decision-making at the farm level. CONCLUSION: This study found a positive effect of organizational participation in joint pest and disease control mechanisms. Moreover, whether the farm is situated in the demonstration zone for kiwifruit cultivation, planting experience, planting area, whether there are people in the family who are village cadres, and the number of older adults in the family significantly positively affect the degree of pest and disease control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Structural equation modeling for three aspects of green business practices: a case study of Bangladeshi RMG's industry.

Green business (GB) had often been regarded as a pervasive trend that underlies the operations and performance of businesses. By portrayal of three aspects view of the green business, this paper evaluates green business approaches within the Bangladeshi ready-made garments (RMG) sector and provides a structured framework for the factors affecting the utilization of green business approaches. This study further evaluates how the environmental, societal, and economic impact derived green business practices. The framework is experimentally tested by the partial least square approach to structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) concentrated on survey responses quantifying the green business practices within 40 RMG organizations situated in Dhaka and Chittagong, Bangladesh. The findings demonstrate that there is a positive relationship between environmental, social, and economic aspects. More specifically, the PLS-SEM estimation demonstrates that the interaction between environmental and economic sustainability has a substantial proportion of values towards profiling GB practice. Meanwhile, there is a vast gap for profiling the performances of environmental and economic aspects through social aspects within the RMG sectors of Bangladesh. Also, there is a significant difference between the predicted and factual green business adoption tendencies and views among different industrial enterprises, especially for waste management and water pollution based on the findings of the SEM-PLS model. Throughout the context of the rapid growth of socioeconomic development and new technological advancement, social level performance possess comparably weak influences of GB strategy on the within Bangladeshi RMG sectors. In the meantime, as the stricter law has a vital impact on the firm's strategies for becoming more environmentally friendly practices, it instituted as an essential variable for quantifying social sustainability. Moreover, the study recommends some suggestions emphasizing the part of the identified model in the context of encouraging business organizations to indulge in environment-oriented socio-economy actions and thus change the emphasis of potential GB study directions.

Overview of green business practices within the Bangladeshi RMG industry: competitiveness and sustainable development perspective.

Green business initiatives have become a prime driving force towards sustainable development across the world. The economy of Bangladesh is now on a pick as she has been moving towards nearly hitting the target for becoming a middle-income economy by 2021, and for attaining so, the development of industrial sectors is unavoidable. The booming industrial sectors have been resulting in a massive depletion of natural resources, greenhouse gas erosion, and toxic waste disposal, which further can cause uncontrolled degradation of air, soil, and water. In this highly competitive world, like most other businesses, ready-made garment (RMG) firms are facing tremendous pressure for being more competitive and availing a decisive position towards the reduction of pollution and impacts of ecological footprint. This nation brings a new paradigm of doing business called green business (GB). Principles of green business compact with emerging approaches for producing, marketing, and disposing of the products, which maintain environmental safety and business competitiveness. Green-oriented business strategy can act as a crucial tactic for gaining a competitive advantage over the potential competitors and assess them with a better way to uphold their stand towards attaining sustainable development. Since the modern purchaser is continuously being attracted to green-oriented RMG industries, they want to attain their responsibility to Mother Nature. Especially for the RMG sectors of Bangladesh, environmental concern is highly crucial since it is the most significant economic sectors of this country. The prime objective of this study is to provide an overview of green business strategy associated with the RMG sectors of Bangladesh, which further assist the sectors with competitive advantages. In order to fulfill the prime objectives of the paper, the authors conferred various books, journals, and research papers related to green business and competitiveness within the context of Bangladeshi RMG sectors. Furthermore, the study arranged some casual discussions with industry professionals in corporate social responsibility (CSR), environmental protectionist, sustainable development executives, and ecology-friendly performance officer to provide substantial assistance for focusing on the precise direction of foundation evaluation and synthesis. In contextualization of the intensification of green business strategy and environmental degradation, we proposed a framework to quantify the green business strategy with the view of gain competitive advantages across the RMG sectors in Bangladesh.