Six Weeks of Confinement: Psychological Effects on a Sample of Children in Early Childhood and Primary Education.

Spain has been one of the countries most affected by the health crisis derived from COVID-19. Within this country, the city of Madrid has registered the highest number of infections and deaths. This circumstance led to the adoption of strict confinement measures for a period of 6 weeks. The objective of the present study was to investigate the psychological effects that this confinement has had on the psychological well-being of a sample of children from Madrid. A total of 167 families with children aged between 3 and 11 years participated in this study. The parents evaluated the children through the System of Evaluation of Children and Adolescents (SENA) scale in the month of February and refilled part of the same scale after the children had spent between 4 and 6 weeks confined. The comparison between the two measures showed no change among the 3-year-old children. However, change was observed among the 6-10-year-old. Children in Primary Education obtained lower scores in dimensions related to self-regulation (emotional, attentional, and behavioral) and in willingness to study. The results are discussed in light of the situation experienced between the months of March and May 2020.

The Relationship between Emotion Regulation and Emotion Knowledge in Preschoolers: A Longitudinal Study.

Numerous studies have shown the important role of both emotion regulation (ER) and emotion knowledge (EK) in child development. Despite the number of studies carried out on both variables, there is practically no research on the developmental relationship between these two constructs. We present a longitudinal study to explore the relationship between EK and ER in preschoolers in which we measured these variables over 3 academic years in a cohort of 108 preschool children using the Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC) and the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC). The ERC is divided into 2 subscales: Emotional Regulation (ER) and Lability/Negativity (L/N). Two cross-lagged models were constructed in order to examine the predictive power of ER and L/N on EK across the three time points. The results suggest that ER is an ability that precedes and predicts EK during preschool years. We also discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

La evaluación multi-informante de la regulación emocional en edad preescolar: un estudio longitudinal / The multi-informant assessment of emotion regulation in pre-school years: A longitudinal study

En la actualidad existe un gran consenso sobre la necesidad de utilizar la evaluación multi-informante, especialmente cuando tratamos con población infantil. En el ámbito de la regulación emocional no hay estudios que comparen la evaluación de distintos informantes en edades tempranas. Este trabajo pretende indagar sobre la coincidencia de padres y profesores a la hora de valorar la capacidad de autorregulación emocional de los niños y examinar la estabilidad de dicha valoración a lo largo del tiempo. Para ello, evaluamos la autorregulación emocional a través de padres (n = 34) y profesores (n = 87) en un grupo de 108 niños de 3 años al que hemos seguido a lo largo de tres cursos escolares. Se utilizó el cuestionario Emotion Regulation Checklist. Tanto padres como profesores perciben una disminución en los niveles de labilidad/negatividad a lo largo del tiempo, siendo mayores los cambios detectados por los profesores. En regulación emocional solo los profesores observaron cambios. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados tanto para la evaluación como para la intervención en los procesos de autorregulación en la infancia

There is a broad consensus today about the need to use multi-informant assessment, especially when dealing with young children. However, there have been no studies conducted to compare different informants assessing emotion regulation at an early age. The aim of this study was to inquire about the coincidence of parents and teachers in assessing children's emotion self-regulation and to assess the stability of this assessment over time. We assessed emotion self-regulation by parents (n = 34) and teachers (n = 87) in a group of 108 3-year-old children that we followed over three school years. The Emotion Regulation Checklist was used. The results show that both parents and teachers perceive a decrease in the levels of lability/negativity in children over time, with major changes identified by teachers. Regarding the emotion regulation dimension, only teachers observed changes. These findings have implications for both the assessment and the intervention on emotional self-regulation processes in childhood

Factores que inciden en el desarrollo de la teoría de la mente en niños con discapacidad auditiva / Fatores que influenciam no desenvolvimento da teoria da mente das crianças com deficiência auditiva / Factors affecting the development of theory of mindin deaf children

La pérdida de audición no sólo tiene consecuencias permanentes en el desarrollo del lenguaje oralsino que, por su papel fundamental en procesos cognitivos más complejos, puede alterar el desarrollo intelectual, emocional y social del niño. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar los estudios sobre el desarrollo de la teoría de la mente en los niños con discapacidad auditiva (DA) y, por lo tanto, trata de aclarar el panorama de la investigación reciente sobre cómo es la pauta de adquisición y qué factores explican dicha pauta en niños con DA. Se comprueba que los niños signantes tardíos presentan retraso con respecto a sus iguales oyentes en relación al desarrollo de la teoría de la mente aunque siguen la misma pauta de adquisición

A perda de audição não tem somente consequências permanentes no desenvolvimento da língua oral, mas, pelo papel fundamental que tem nos processos cognitivos mais complexos, pode alterar o desenvolvimento intelectual, emocional e social da criança. Este trabalho tem como objetivo revisar os estudos sobre o desenvolvimento da teoria da mente em crianças com deficiência auditiva e, portanto, busca apresentar o panorama da pesquisa recente sobre como é a pauta de aquisição da teoria da mente e quais são os fatores que explicam essas pautas nas crianças com deficiência auditiva. Comprova-se que aquelas crianças que aprendem língua de sinais de forma tardia apresentam um atraso com respeito a seus pares ouvintes no tocante ao desenvolvimento da teoria da mente, porém mantêm a mesma pauta de aquisição

Deafness has not only permanent eff ects on oral language development but its role in complex cogniti ve processes can alter the intellectual, emoti onal and social development. This paper aims to review the literature in recent years on development of theory of mind in deaf children and therefore clarify how is the patt ern of acquisiti on and what factors explain this patt ern in deaf children. The results indicate delay in the development of theory of mind in late signers compared to their hearing peers. Yet, the same patt ern of acquisiti on is found in deaf and hearing children.