Niños y adultos armando un rompecabezas digital e interactivo en el hogar / Children and Adults Assemblig a Digital and Interactive Puzzle at Home / Crianças e adultos montando um quebra-cabeça digital e interativo em casa

Esta investigación se propuso explorar y analizar las características que presenta la interacción entre niños y adultos con un juego digital e interactivo que implica la solución de un problema, el armado de rompecabezas en una tablet. Se realizaron observaciones seminaturalísticas en los hogares y se indagó mediante un cuestionario la tenencia y hábitos de uso de tecnologías. Las interacciones se analizaron con un sistema de categorías construido inductivamente. Adultos y niños participaron de manera activa en la tarea. Los adultos ayudaron a los niños en su mayo-ría por medio de preguntas, guías e informaciones, acompañadas con frecuencia de acciones no verba-les como señalamientos y arrastre de las piezas. Las intervenciones infantiles fueron en su mayoría no verbales. A pesar de encontrar una fuerte presencia de tecnologías en los hogares, se diferenciaron dos grupos respecto a hábitos de uso: un grupo reportó un bajo uso y los niños no accedían a tablets, otro expresó mayor uso y los niños las utilizabancon frecuencia. Las intervenciones en el armado del rompecabezas se diferenciaron en función de la experiencia infantil con tecnologías. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de investigaciones previas sobre la interacción adulto-niño con herramientas analógicas y digitales.

This study aimed to explore and analyze the charac-teristics of the interaction between children and adults with a digital and interactive game that involves solv-ing a problem, that is, assembling puzzles on a tablet. Semi-naturalistic observations of the interactions in the homes were carried out, and the possession and the habits of the use of were investigated through a survey. The interactions were analyzed with an induc-tively constructed category system. Adults and chil-dren actively participated in the task. Adults helped the children mainly through questions, guidance, and information, accompanied frequently by nonverbal actions, such as pointing at and sliding the pieces. Most of the children's interventions were nonverbal. Despite finding a significant technology presence in the homes, two groups were differentiated regard-ing their habits of use. One group reported little use of technology and no access to tablets for children. Another one expressed that the children used tablets frequently. The interventions in the task differed ac-cording to the children's experience with technologies. The results were discussed considering previous research on adult-child interaction with analogical and digital tools.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo explorar e analisar as características da interação entre crianças e adultos com um jogo digital e interativo que envolve a resolução de um problema, a montagem de quebra-cabeças em um tablet. Observações seminaturalísticas foram feitas nas residências e a posse e hábitos de uso de tecnologia foram indagados por meio de um questio-nário. As interações foram analisadas com um sistema de categorias construído indutivamente. Adultos e crianças participaram ativamente da tarefa. Os adul-tos ajudavam seus filhos principalmente por meio de perguntas, orientações e informações, muitas vezes acompanhadas de ações não verbais, como apontar e arrastar as peças. As intervenções das crianças foram em sua maioria não verbais. Apesar de constatar uma forte presença de tecnologias nas residências, dois grupos se diferenciaram quanto aos hábitos de uso. Um grupo relatou baixo uso e as crianças não acessavam tablets, outro grupo expressou maior uso e as crianças os utilizavam com frequência. As intervenções na montagem do quebra-cabeça foram diferenciadas de acordo com a experiência da criança com as tecnologias. Os resultados são discutidos à luz de pesquisas anteriores sobre a interação adulto-criança com ferramentas analógicas e digitais.

Presence of infection and analysis of HPV subtypes in girls younger than 9 years old attended at a referral service in Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is found in adults and adolescents and is associated with genital warts and cervical cancer. However, it has been detected in girls younger than 10 years old. Currently, there are no prevention methods for this age group, since it is not considered a risk group. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of infection and HPV subtype in girls under 9 years old attended at a referral service in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Forty-three girls younger than 9 years old had gynecological brush samples collected from vulval and perineal/anal regions. Viral detection and subtyping were done using polymerase chain reaction, restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing. Statistics was performed using Action Stat 3.1. The mean age of girls was 6.1 years. Sexual activity and abuse were not reported by 95.3%. Family stories showed viral infection in 9.3% of mothers, 4.7% of fathers and 9.3% of caretakers. None of these were related with the children infection. In the only case of mother's gestational HPV infection, the daughter tested negative. Genital warts and infection were observed in 7% and 13.9% of the patients, respectively. Viral subtypes detected were 6, 11, 38, and 42. These results demonstrate the presence of HPV infection in girls under 9 years of age. Prevalence studies are needed in order to evaluate a possible alteration in age of vaccination policy.

Seis enfoques teórico-metodológicos para analizar textos escritos en un curso Blended Learning de un año / Six theoretical-methodological approaches to analyze written texts in a year-long Blended Learning cours

Virtual environment interaction has been studied from different theoretical-methodological approaches. The purpose of this paper is to describe the characteristics of written texts in a blended learning course, and to analyze six theoretical systems that contrast them with data. The collected data come from all the texts written in Moodle by the teacher in a year-long course. The variables were set up from six approaches (coding systems): (a)- Communities of inquiry; (b)- Teaching assistance dimensions; (c)- Macro and micro-scripting; (d)- Twelve ways of teaching; (e)- Rethinking the class; and (f)- Observation record. Reliability and multivariable analyses were carried out. Results showed different consistency of approaches. The analyzed texts revealed how interaction took place and showed pedagogical issues underlying the didactic proposals. Associations among categories produced three typical groups of texts related with the different variables from theoretical-methodological coding systems used: Cluster 1 gathered general instructions; Cluster 2 illustrated the virtual environment usage as repository; and Cluster 3 represented tutorial interactivity. Future studies should continue to explore these approaches, contrasting them with new data -and vice versa- to get a better understanding of socio-cognitive interaction among students and teachers in blended learning

La interacción del entorno virtual ha sido estudiada desde diferentes enfoques teórico-metodológicos. El propósito de este artículo es describir las características de los textos escritos en un curso de aprendizaje combinado y analizar seis sistemas teóricos que los contrastan con los datos. Los datos recopilados son de todos los textos escritos en Moodle por el profesor en un curso de un año. Las variables se configuraron a partir de seis enfoques (sistemas de codificación): (a) - Comunidades de investigación; (b) - Dimensiones de la asistencia docente; (c) - Macro y micro-scripting; (d) - Doce formas de enseñar; (e) - Repensando la clase; y (f) - Registro de observación. Se realizaron análisis de fiabilidad y multivariables. Los resultados mostraron diferente consistencia de los enfoques. Los textos analizados revelaron cómo tuvo lugar la interacción y mostraron problemas pedagógicos subyacentes a las propuestas didácticas. Las asociaciones entre categorías produjeron tres grupos típicos de textos relacionados con las diferentes variables de los sistemas de codificación teórico-metodológicos utilizados: el grupo 1 reunió instrucciones generales; El cluster 2 ilustra el uso del entorno virtual como repositorio; y Cluster 3 representó la interactividad tutorial. Los estudios futuros deben continuar explorando estos enfoques, contrastándolos con datos nuevos, y viceversa, para obtener una mejor comprensión de la interacción sociocognitiva entre estudiantes y maestros en el aprendizaje combinado

Child Health Surveillance: nurses perspective.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze conceptions of nurses on child health surveillance in family health units. METHOD: a qualitative study with thematic analysis of the data, based on the paradigm of Health Surveillance. Interviews were conducted with 13 nurses in a countryside city in the state of Sao Paulo. RESULTS: nurses conceived child health surveillance as an active monitoring, which should be comprehensive, identifying risks/vulnerabilities, through multidisciplinary and intersectoral actions that are dependent on maternal involvement. We found partial development of these assumptions in practice, due to difficulties such as lack of maternal involvement in the proposed actions, lack of time for discussion and adoption of measures in the units and disarticulation between levels and sectors of the city. CONCLUSION: a greater political and technical investment is needed to ensure the adoption of this model in different sectors and levels of care of the city.

Vigilância em Saúde da Criança: perspectiva de enfermeiros / Vigilancia en Salud Infantil: perspectiva de enfermeros / Child Health Surveillance: nurses perspective

RESUMOObjetivo:analisar concepções de enfermeiros sobre Vigilância em Saúde da Criança (VSC) em unidades de saúde da família.Métodos:estudo qualitativo, com análise temática dos dados, fundamentada no paradigma da Vigilância em Saúde. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 13 enfermeiros atuantes em município do interior paulista.Resultados:os enfermeiros conceberam VSC como acompanhamento ativo, integral, programado, identificando riscos/vulnerabilidades, por meio de ações multiprofissionais, intersetoriais e dependentes da participação materna. Constatou-se desenvolvimento parcial dessas premissas na prática, por dificuldades como falta de participação materna nas ações propostas, indisponibilidade de tempo para discussão e adoção de medidas nas unidades e desarticulação entre níveis e setores no município.Conclusão:é necessário maior investimento político e técnico para assegurar a adoção desse modelo nos diferentes setores e níveis de atenção do município.

RESUMENObjetivo:analizar las concepciones de los enfermeros en la vigilancia de la salud de los niños en las unidades de salud de la familia.Método:estudio cualitativo con el análisis temático de los datos, basado en el paradigma de la Vigilancia de la Salud. Se realizaron entrevistas con 13 enfermeras en la ciudad interior.Resultados:las enfermeras concibió la vigilancia de la salud del niño y la vigilancia activa, total, la identifi cación de riesgos/vulnerabilidades, a través de acciones multidisciplinario, intersectorial y dependiente de la participación materna. Encontramos lo desarrollo parcial de estos supuestos en la práctica, debido a las difi cultades, como la falta de participación de la madre en las acciones propuestas, la falta de tiempo para el debate y la adopción de medidas en las unidades y la falta de conexión entre los niveles y sectores en el condado.Conclusión:es necesaria una mayor inversión política y técnica para asegurar la adopción de este modelo en diferentes sectores y niveles de atención del municipio.

ABSTRACTObjective:to analyze conceptions of nurses on child health surveillance in family health units.Method:a qualitative study with thematic analysis of the data, based on the paradigm of Health Surveillance. Interviews were conducted with 13 nurses in a countryside city in the state of Sao Paulo.Results:nurses conceived child health surveillance as an active monitoring, which should be comprehensive, identifying risks/vulnerabilities, through multidisciplinary and intersectoral actions that are dependent on maternal involvement. We found partial development of these assumptions in practice, due to diffi culties such as lack of maternal involvement in the proposed actions, lack of time for discussion and adoption of measures in the units and disarticulation between levels and sectors of the city.Conclusion:a greater political and technical investment is needed to ensure the adoption of this model in different sectors and levels of care of the city.

Analysis of genome instability in breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, previously associated with genomic instability. Our aim was to analyze microsatellite markers in order to determine patterns and levels of instability, as well as possible correlations with histopathological parameters. Polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 107 breast carcinomas at twelve microsatellite loci. Some of the markers were selected because of their relation to steroid hormone metabolism, which seems to be related to sporadic breast cancer risk. D5S346 and D17S250 markers showed a statistically significant frequency of MSI. LOH in D3S1611, D17S250, AR and ER-ß were associated with some parameters of worse prognosis. Marker group analysis showed that CYP19, AR and ER-ß were related to histological grade III, ER-negative and PR-negative cases. Our results suggest that marker group analysis may be preferred to the single marker strategy, being predictive of worst prognosis when single markers are unable to provide such information. A further evaluation of steroid metabolism genes and their association with low penetrance genes in breast cancer may be useful.

Polymorphism analysis of MTHFR, factor II, and factor V genes in the Pomeranian population of Espirito Santo, Brazil.

Pomeranian populations worldwide immigrated originally from the north of Europe, and because of their preferential marriage, religion, and cultural habits, they show little or no reproductive mixing with local populations. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) C677T, Factor V Leiden, and Factor II G20210A polymorphisms are linked to augmented clotting and their frequencies may vary according to population ethnicity. We aimed to assess the frequencies of these thrombophilic alleles in the Pomeranian population residing in Espirito Santo and compare with the general population of the Espirito Santo state, Brazil. A total of 200 individuals were analyzed. The intrapopulation fixation index of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism was 0.03736. The observed heterozygosity was 0.44 and 0.4 for the general and Pomeranian populations, respectively. According to the chi-square test, both populations are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Four polymorphic alleles were detected for Factor II (2.02%) and 8 for Factor V (4.81%). Our results show that there is gene flow between the general and the Pomeranian population of Espirito Santo, which should no longer be considered an isolated population.

Simplified buccal DNA extraction with FTA Elute Cards.

DNA isolation is the initial step of most genetic studies, and ideally it should use a reliable and non-invasive method. Buccal samples are adequate for such purposes, being painless, easy to collect and a very reliable DNA source. FTA Elute Cards are relatively new on the market and are designed for rapid blood DNA extraction, in which DNA is solubilized in water, instead of attached to the paper matrix. In this study, we sought to test if FTA Elute Cards are suitable for buccal DNA extraction. Furthermore, several time and temperature conditions were analyzed in order to determine the best concentration/time ratio. Twenty-five different conditions were tested in quadruplicate and extracted DNA was quantified by real-time PCR.

Molecular analysis of spinocerebellar ataxia trinucleotide repeat behavior in normal individuals of a Brazilian population.

There is a current lack of molecular studies analyzing the behavior of trinucleotide repeat expansions causative of Late Onset Spinocerebellar Ataxias in the Brazilian population. Therefore, this manuscript analyses normal families, as well as one hundred normal individuals of the Espirito Santo State to determine the trinucleotide repeat behavior and the allelic frequencies found in this population. The analysis of normal families demonstrated that, instead of being always stably transmitted over generations, expansions can occur between two generations of unaffected individuals, possibly contributing for the appearance of the ataxic phenotype. Allelic frequency studies demonstrated that some alleles are prevalent in the population, namely, allele 32 for the ATXN1 locus (21.5%); allele 21 for the ATXN2 locus (50%); allele 21 and 23 for the ATXN3 locus (14% each); allele 12 for the ATXN6 locus (21%) and allele 10 for the ATXN7 locus (22.5%).