Galectin-3 induces endothelial cell morphogenesis and angiogenesis.

Increasing evidence suggests that carbohydrate-binding proteins play an essential role in tumor growth and metastasis. However, conflicting results on their function in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation during angiogenesis have been reported. We have examined the role of galectin-3 in the regulation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and neovascularization. Galectin-3, a carbohydrate-binding protein, with specificity for type 1 and 11 ABH blood group epitopes and polylactosamine glycan containing cell surface glycoproteins, is the major nonintegrin cellular laminin-binding protein. Because galectin-3 expression was shown to be associated in some tumor systems with metastasis, we questioned whether it induces endothelial cell morphogenesis. Here we show that galectin-3 affects chemotaxis and morphology and stimulates capillary tube formation of HUV-EC-C in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Endothelial cell morphogenesis is a carbohydrate-dependent process, as it is neutralized by specific sugars and antibodies. These findings demonstrate that endothelial cell surface carbohydrate recognition event(s) can induce a signaling cascade leading to the differentiation and angiogenesis of endothelial cells.

Galectin-3 and L1 retrotransposons in human breast carcinomas.

Galectin-3 is a galactoside binding protein found at elevated levels in a wide variety of neoplastic cells and thought to be involved in cognitive cellular interactions during transformation and metastasis. Previously, we have shown that introduction of human galectin-3 (Mr 31,000) cDNA into the human breast cancer cells BT-549 which are galectin-3 null and non-tumorigenic in nude mice resulted in the establishment of four galectin-3 expressing clones. Three of them acquired tumorigenicity when inoculated in the mammary fat pad of nude mice. Here, we questioned what is the molecular difference between the nude mouse tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic galectin-3 expressing BT-549 cell clones. Differential display analysis and Northern blotting revealed that, unlike the tumorigenic clones, neither the parental cells nor the non-tumorigenic clone expressed a 6.5 Kb transcript. A 607 bp PCR (polymerase chain reaction) product from the differentially displayed mRNA revealed a 93% sequence homology with the human L1 retrotransposon previously suggested to play a role in the pathobiology of some breast cancers. In addition, we show that the two gene products, i.e., galectin-3 and L1, are co-expressed in breast carcinoma specimens and in other nude mouse tumorigenic cell lines.