RESUMO
Double gallbladder is a rare congenital biliary anomaly, but an accessory gallbladder arising from the left hepatic duct is a more remarkably rare congenital anomaly. We report a case of double gallbladder with adenocarcinoma and gallstones, which was preoperatively diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and then confirmed by open laparotomy. A review of the literature is presented.
RESUMO
The pathways of gastric cancer in young patients (40 years of age or younger) have not yet been determined. We therefore examined clinicopathologically and genetically 68 gastric cancers in young patients and 66 tumors in older patients (41 years of age or older). Mutations in B-raf and K-ras were identified by PCR-SSCP following sequencing. Microsatellite instability (MSI) and hMLH3 mutations were also examined. Histopathologically, diffuse-type gastric cancer and cancer in the whole of the stomach were found significantly more often in young patients than in older patients (21% vs. 2%, P = 0.0006, and 77% vs. 32%, P < 0.0001, respectively). Genetically, MSI and hMLH3 mutations were found significantly more often in tumors in young patients than in tumors in older patients (15% vs. 4%, P = 0.040, and 9% vs. 0%, P = 0.036, respectively). Tumors in young female patients were found significantly less often in the lower-third of the stomach and showed a significantly greater frequency of MSI, compared to tumors in young male patients (33% vs. 9%, P = 0.046, 5% vs. 30%, P = 0.010, respectively). These results suggest that the pathways of gastric carcinogenesis differ between young patients and older patients, and that the pathways differ between the sexes in young patients.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Feminino , Genes ras/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Repetições de Microssatélites , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas MutL , Mutação , Polimorfismo Conformacional de Fita Simples , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/genética , Fatores Sexuais , Neoplasias Gástricas/diagnósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer can progress through two pathways of genomic instability: chromosomal (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MSI). It is hypothesized that these two pathways are not always independent and that some tumors show overlap between these two mechanisms. METHODS: A total of 98 sporadic gastric cancers were classified based on their MSI status, using microsatellite assay with BAT26. Evidence for CIN was investigated by identifying loss of heterozygosity (LOH) events on chromosome arms, 5q, 10p, 17p, 17q, and 18q, which are regions harboring tumor suppressor genes that are significant in gastric cancer development. RESULTS: Twelve tumors (12%) showed high-frequency MSI (MSI-H). Overall, 43 of the tumors (44%) had at least one LOH event, with most frequent chromosomal losses observed on 10p and 18q (30%, respectively), followed by 5q (21%), 17p (14%), and 17q (12%). Interestingly, overlap was observed between CIN and MSI pathways. Of 43 cancers with LOH events, four (9%) were also MSI-H. It was also found that 48% of cancers without MSI-H had no LOH events identified, comprising a subgroup of tumors that were not representative of either of these two pathways of genomic instability. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that molecular mechanisms of genomic instability are not necessarily independent and may not be fully defined by either the MSI or CIN pathways in sporadic gastric cancers.
Assuntos
Instabilidade Genômica , Perda de Heterozigosidade , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologiaRESUMO
The efficacy and safety of gemcitabine at a starting dose of 1,000 mg/m2 administrated once a week for 3 weeks with 1 week's rest was investigated in elderly 11 patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer. Objective response was not documented. However, pain intensity, analgesic consumption and Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) were frequently improved. In total, a clinical benefit was observed in 8 out of 11 (73%) patients. Toxicity was mild and well tolerated. These results suggest that gemcitabine had a superior clinical benefit and a mild toxicity profile. Gemcitabine should be the standard treatment in elderly patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer.
