Review on advancements of pyranopyrazole: synthetic routes and their medicinal applications.

Pyranopyrazoles are among the most distinguished, biologically potent, and exciting scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. Synthesis and design of pyranopyrazoles using functional modifications via multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are thoroughly found in synthetic protocols by forming new C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds. This review aims to focus on the biological importance of pyranopyrazoles as well as on a diverse synthetic approach for their synthesis using various catalytic systems such as acid-catalyzed, base-catalyzed, ionic liquids and green media-catalyzed, nano-particle-catalyzed, metal oxide-supported catalysts, and silica-supported catalysts. In this review, we have summarized data on the advancements in synthesizing pyranopyrazole from the last two decades to the mid-2023 and research papers describing the importance of these scaffolds. This review will be significant for synthetic organic chemists and researchers working in organic chemistry.

Unraveling the access to the regioselective synthesis of highly functionalized pyranopyrazoles using an ionic liquid catalyst.

An efficient and green strategy for the regioselective synthesis of highly functionalized pyranopyrazole via one-pot condensation of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone or EAA and hydrazine hydrate, substituted aromatic aldehydes with NMSM [(E)-N-Methyl-1-(methylthio)-2-nitro-ethenamine] in the existence of IL [(EMIM)Ac] as catalyst with solvent-free condition (SFC) is described. This domino protocol produces biologically substantial heterocycles through Knoevenagel condensation proceeded by Michael addition and O-cyclization with an eradication of methanethiol group, which create the one stereo-center and creation of "C-C, C-N, C-O, C=C, C=N, bonds." The final product is produced by exceptionally easy filtering after the reaction mass was triturated with ethanol. The strategy's noteworthy features include the use of biodegradable IL catalyst, excellent to exceptional yield with rapid reaction times, applicability to a wide range of substrate, clear reaction profile, and straightforward workup process.

Author Correction: Low-Temperature Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction Grown Anatase TiO2 Nanocrystalline Films for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell and Gas Sensor Applications.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.

Prehospital shock index, modified shock index, and pulse pressure heart rate ratio as predictors of massive blood transfusions in modern warfare injuries: A retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Massive hemorrhage is the leading preventable cause of death in modern warfare injuries. Early and accurate detection of source of hemorrhage and massive blood transfusions remain the mainstay of management in such cases. Hemodynamic indices like shock index (SI), modified shock index (MSI), and pulse pressure heart rate (PP/HR) ratio have shown promising results in predicting massive transfusion in trauma patients. The present study aimed at assessing the accuracy of SI, MSI, and PP/HR ratio to predict the requirement of massive blood transfusions. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was done from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2016 of the data taken from the trauma register of our hospital. Data were analyzed, and scores of SI, MSI, and PP/HR ratio were evaluated using area under receiver operating curves (AUROCs). Massive transfusion was defined as requirement of ≥10 packed red blood cells (PRBCs) in the first 24 hours or ≥4 PRBCs in first hour of hospital admission. RESULTS: Of the 326 warfare casualties received, a total of 254 patients were enrolled, and 51(23%) patients required massive transfusion on arrival. SI had an AUROC value of 0.798 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.739-0.848) which is comparable to MSI at 0.787 (95% CI = 0.728-0.839) and PP/HR ratio with a value of 0.744 (95% CI = 0.681-0.800), (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: SI, MSI, and PP/HR ratio are equally efficient in predicting massive transfusion in warfare injuries and can be used as rapidly available marker for prediction of massive transfusion in warfare injuries which can be lifesaving and time-saving.

Low-Temperature Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction Grown Anatase TiO2 Nanocrystalline Films for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell and Gas Sensor Applications.

A low-temperature (90 °C) and directly grown anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocrystalline film using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) for perovskite solar cell and gas sensor applications. TiO2 nanocrystalline electron transfer layer (ETL) improves the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells due to faster charge transport kinetics as well as slower charge recombination process. The optimized TiO2 nanocrystalline ETL (15 L) demonstrates as high as ~10% PCE with a short circuit current density of 18.0 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage of 0.81 V and fill factor of 66.3% in perovskite solar cells. Furthermore, room-temperature ammonia sensing characteristics of TiO2 nanocrystalline film (25 L) were  demonstrated for various concentration levels of ammonia in dry air conditions. A high room-temperature response of 80% was achieved at 100 ppm of ammonia with rapid response and recovery signatures of 30 and 85 s, and nearly fifteen days stability, respectively. The response of the sensor to other gases such as formaldehyde, petrol, ethanol acetone, and ammonia etc, indicated a high selectivity towards volatile organic compounds of ammonia gas. The room temperature operation, with high selectivity, repeatability and fast transition times, suggests potentially useful in flexible and cost-effective production in optoelectrochemical device technology.

Natural Carbonized Sugar as a Low-Temperature Ammonia Sensor Material: Experimental, Theoretical, and Computational Studies.

Carbonized sugar (CS) has been synthesized via microwave-assisted carbonization of market-quality tabletop sugar bearing in mind the advantages of this synthesis method, such as being useful, cost-effective, and eco-friendly. The as-prepared CS has been characterized for its morphology, phase purity, type of porosity, pore-size distribution, and so on. The gas-sensing properties of CS for various oxidizing and reducing gases are demonstrated at ambient temperature, where we observe good selectivity toward liquid ammonia among other gases. The highest ammonia response (50%) of a CS-based sensor was noted at 80 °C for 100 ppm concentration. The response and recovery times of the CS sensor are 180 and 216 s, respectively. This unveiling ammonia-sensing study is explored through a plausible theoretical mechanism, which is further well-supported by computational modeling performed using density function theory. The effect of relative humidity on the CS sensor has also been studied at ambient temperature, which demonstrated that the minimum and maximum (20-100%) relative humidity values revealed 16 and 62% response, respectively.

Effects of ventilation rate per person and per floor area on perceived air quality, sick building syndrome symptoms, and decision-making.

UNLABELLED: Ventilation rates (VRs) in buildings must adequately control indoor levels of pollutants; however, VRs are constrained by the energy costs. Experiments in a simulated office assessed the effects of VR per occupant on perceived air quality (PAQ), Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms, and decision-making performance. A parallel set of experiments assessed the effects of VR per unit floor area on the same outcomes. Sixteen blinded healthy young adult subjects participated in each study. Each exposure lasted four hours and each subject experienced two conditions in a within-subject study design. The order of presentation of test conditions, day of testing, and gender were balanced. Temperature, relative humidity, VRs, and concentrations of pollutants were monitored. Online surveys assessed PAQ and SBS symptoms and a validated computer-based tool measured decision-making performance. Neither changing the VR per person nor changing the VR per floor area, had consistent statistically significant effects on PAQ or SBS symptoms. However, reductions in either occupant-based VR or floor-area-based VR had a significant and independent negative impact on most decision-making measures. These results indicate that the changes in VR employed in the study influence performance of healthy young adults even when PAQ and SBS symptoms are unaffected. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The study results indicate the importance of avoiding low VRs per person and low VRs per floor area to minimize decrements in cognitive performance.

Ionic liquid promoted synthesis, antibacterial and in vitro antiproliferative activity of novel α-aminophosphonate derivatives.

Ionic liquid ethyl ammonium nitrate is used as an excellent catalyst and solvent for three-component one-pot reaction of an aldehydes, amines and diethylphosphite to form novel α-aminophosphonates at room temperature. Among the various catalysts, the preparation of ethyl ammonium nitrate is an environmental friendly, cost effective and recyclable catalyst. Compounds 4b, 4c, 4d, 4f and 4j were found more potent antibacterials against pathogenic microorganisms. Whereas, compounds 4a, 4g, 4h and 4j inhibits growth of active Escherichia coli NCIM 2645 and Salmonella typhi NCIM 2501. Compound 4j was found a promising antiproliferative agent against A549 and SK-MEL2 human melanoma cell lines.

Improvements in simulated real-world relevant performance for patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: impact of desloratadine.

BACKGROUND: Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) diminishes task performance and decreases quality of life. Antihistamines are frequently used to treat the symptoms of SAR. First generation antihistamines often have their own detrimental effects upon human functioning while second generation antihistamines appear to have fewer or no undesirable side-effects. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the impact of desloratadine on simulated real-world performance demands in individuals suffering from SAR. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study where asymptomatic participants were treated with placebo and symptomatic participants were treated with desloratadine or placebo. They then participated in a real-world equivalent task performance simulation that assessed information processing capacity at multiple levels of task difficulty ranging from easy to difficult decision-making tasks. RESULTS: Desloratadine either completely restored performance to the level of the asymptomatic placebo control or improved performance in six of the nine performance categories, where it had been diminished by the presence of SAR. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that treatment with desloratadine has considerable beneficial effects on work place performance when individuals suffer from SAR.

Value of a cognitive simulation in medicine: towards optimizing decision making performance of healthcare personnel.

Medical errors can be reduced or avoided by training in both factual knowledge and in optimal information processing. The latter is of special importance when task settings are complex, when information about a patient's condition is ambiguous and uncertain, and when rapid changes can occur. Simulations can contribute to effective training in these areas of functioning without putting patients at risk. The strategic management simulation (SMS) has been used worldwide with many high level professionals. Its application to assessing and training medical decision makers is discussed.

Strategic management simulations is a novel way to measure resident competencies.

BACKGROUND: The Strategic Management Simulation (SMS) has been used extensively to test and train higher cognitive functions in persons who occupy professional and leadership positions (i.e., skills like those needed by a surgeon). METHODS: The SMS was used to predict surgical residents' competency in decision making. Skills required for integrative surgical decision making including critical thinking, crisis management, flexibility, factual knowledge, and team building were assessed. Surgical residents with at least 2 years of experience participated. In additional, attending faculty familiar with the residents' work evaluated each resident with a standard comprehensive rating scale. Simulation performance on multiple measures was compared with faculty ratings. RESULTS: A number of measures obtained on simulation performance (eg, activity level, response speed, initiative, adequate usage of and appropriate search for relevant information) generated high correlations with comprehensive faculty assessment (eg, measures of crisis management, team interactions, flexibility of approach). CONCLUSION: The simulation technique is able to accurately assess performance of surgical residents (on a number of parameters) in a relatively brief time period. Simulation data were highly similar to faculty ratings that were based on at least 2 years of experience with the resident.

Excess coffee consumption in simulated complex work settings: detriment or facilitation of performance?

Twenty-four managers who normally consume between 400 and 1,000 mg of caffeine per day participated in all-day quasi-experimental simulations. In a crossover, doubleblind design, they made complex managerial decisions either on treatment with their typical daily dose of caffeine or on treatment with 400 mg of caffeine in excess of daily consumption. The effect of caffeine treatment on various validated performance indicators was investigated. The impact of excess caffeine consumption was mild. Increased caffeine facilitated speed of response to incoming information but decreased utilization of opportunity. No significance was obtained for other measures of managerial effectiveness (such as activity, breadth, strategy, and emergency response).