Exploring the relationship between mental health-related problems and undergraduate student dropout: A case study within a civil engineering program.

Dropout has always been a concerning issue within higher education. This research explores the relationship between mental health-related problems and undergraduate students' dropout rates amid the COVID-19 pandemic and within a civil engineering program. The study is quantitative descriptive, with a non-experimental and longitudinal design. Results show that the dropout rates of civil engineering students from a private university have increased, comparing before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, primarily due to mental health-related problems. Three strong tendencies within these rates have been detected, directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was concluded that undergraduate students' mental health had been undermined due to the pandemics, which has had an immediate impact on the increase of dropout rates.

The effect of a multidisciplinary intervention program on hepatic adiposity in overweight-obese children: protocol of the EFIGRO study.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most frequent liver abnormality observed in overweight or obese children and is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. OBJECTIVES: (i) To evaluate the effect of a 22-week multidisciplinary intervention program on hepatic fat fraction in overweight or obese children and (ii) to examine the effect of the intervention on cardiometabolic risk factors, self-esteem and well-being. METHODS: A total of 160 children, 9-11 years, will be recruited by pediatricians and randomly assigned to control (N = 80) or intervention (N = 80) groups. The control group will receive a family-based lifestyle and psycho-educational program (2 days/month), while the intervention group will attend the same lifestyle education and psycho-educational program plus the exercise program (3 days/week). The duration of training sessions will be 90 min of exercise, including warm-up, moderate to vigorous aerobic activities, and strength exercises. The primary outcome is the change in hepatic fat fraction (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI). Secondary outcomes include cardiometabolic risk factors such as total adiposity (dual Xray absorptiometry), visceral adiposity (MRI), functional peak aerobic capacity (cardiopulmonary exercise testing), blood pressure, muscular fitness, speed­agility, and fasting blood insulin, glucose, C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, lipid profile and psychological measurements (questionnaires). All the measurements will be evaluated at baseline prior to randomization and after the intervention. DISCUSSION: This study will provide insight in the efficacy of a multidisciplinary intervention program including healthy lifestyle education, psycho-education and supervised exercise to reduce hepatic fat and cardiometabolic risk in overweight children.

Prognostic value of changes in resting-state functional connectivity patterns in cognitive recovery after stroke: A 3T fMRI pilot study.

Resting-state studies conducted with stroke patients are scarce. First objective was to explore whether patients with good cognitive recovery showed differences in resting-state functional patterns of brain activity when compared to patients with poor cognitive recovery. Second objective was to determine whether such patterns were correlated with cognitive performance. Third objective was to assess the existence of prognostic factors for cognitive recovery. Eighteen right-handed stroke patients and eighteen healthy controls were included in the study. Stroke patients were divided into two groups according to their cognitive improvement observed at three months after stroke. Probabilistic independent component analysis was used to identify resting-state brain activity patterns. The analysis identified six networks: frontal, fronto-temporal, default mode network, secondary visual, parietal, and basal ganglia. Stroke patients showed significant decrease in brain activity in parietal and basal ganglia networks and a widespread increase in brain activity in the remaining ones when compared with healthy controls. When analyzed separately, patients with poor cognitive recovery (n=10) showed the same pattern as the whole stroke patient group, while patients with good cognitive recovery (n=8) showed increased activity only in the default mode network and fronto-temporal network, and decreased activity in the basal ganglia. We observe negative correlations between basal ganglia network activity and performance in Semantic Fluency test and Part A of the Trail Making Test for patients with poor cognitive recovery. A reverse pattern was observed between frontal network activity and the above mentioned tests for the same group. .

Computer aided diagnosis system for Alzheimer disease using brain diffusion tensor imaging features selected by Pearson's correlation.

The aim of this paper is to obtain discriminant features from two scalar measures of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) data, Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Mean Diffusivity (MD), and to train and test classifiers able to discriminate Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients from controls on the basis of features extracted from the FA or MD volumes. In this study, support vector machine (SVM) classifier was trained and tested on FA and MD data. Feature selection is done computing the Pearson's correlation between FA or MD values at voxel site across subjects and the indicative variable specifying the subject class. Voxel sites with high absolute correlation are selected for feature extraction. Results are obtained over an on-going study in Hospital de Santiago Apostol collecting anatomical T1-weighted MRI volumes and DTI data from healthy control subjects and AD patients. FA features and a linear SVM classifier achieve perfect accuracy, sensitivity and specificity in several cross-validation studies, supporting the usefulness of DTI-derived features as an image-marker for AD and to the feasibility of building Computer Aided Diagnosis systems for AD based on them.

Neurocognitive disorder detection based on feature vectors extracted from VBM analysis of structural MRI.

Dementia is a growing concern due to the aging process of the western societies. Non-invasive detection is therefore a high priority research endeavor. In this paper we report results of classification systems applied to the feature vectors obtained by a feature extraction method computed on structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) volumes for the detection of two neurological disorders with cognitive impairment: myotonic dystrophy of type 1 (MD1) and Alzheimer disease (AD). The feature extraction process is based on the voxel clusters detected by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis of sMRI upon a set of patient and control subjects. This feature extraction process is specific for each kind of disease and is grounded on the findings obtained by medical experts. The 10-fold cross-validation results of several statistical and neural network based classification algorithms trained and tested on these features show high specificity and moderate sensitivity of the classifiers, suggesting that the approach is better suited for rejecting than for detecting early stages of the diseases.

EGILS consensus report. Gastric extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT.

This consensus report of the EGILS (European Gastro-Intestinal Lymphoma Study) group includes recommendations on the management of gastric extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT. They are based on data from the literature and on intensive discussions and votings of the experts during their annual meetings.

Saúde Bucal e Qualidade de Vida de Usuários dos Serviços Odontológicos de Vitória (ES) / Oral Health and Dental Services UsersÆ Quality of Life

Objetivo: Medir a percepção e o impacto dos problemas de saúde bucal na qualidade de vida de 270 usuários dos serviços odontológicos de Vitória (ES). Método: O indicador subjetivo Dental Impact on Daily Living (DIDL) foi utilizado para medir o impacto dos problemas bucais nas dimensões da qualidade de vida û dor conforto, restrição alimentar, desempenho e aparência. Foram testadas como possíveis preditoras de impacto as variáveis independentes sexo, condição socioeconômica, escolaridade, faixa etária, utilização de serviços, necessidade declarada de prótese total e parcial. Os dados foram coletados no período de junho à julho de 2005 por três auxiliares de saúde bucal pelo método de entrevista padronizada. Para a análise estatística, foi utilizado a correlação intraclasse e o alfa de Cronbach. A associação das variáveis independentes com os escores do DIDL foi medida pelo teste Quiquadrado. Resultados: O motivo da utilização dos serviços odontológicos mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significantes no escore total e nas dimensões dor, conforto e restrição alimentar, ou seja, indivíduos que utilizavam os serviços por motivo de urgência demonstraram maior insatisfação; os usuários abaixo de 40 anos, classe B e C e aqueles que não necessitavam de prótese removível estavam mais satisfeitos com sua condição bucal, com impactos significantes somente na análise por dimensão. Não houve diferença quanto à satisfação com a saúde bucal entre participantes do sexo masculino e feminino.

Conclusão: Usuários regulares de serviços odontológicos declararam-se mais satisfeitos com suas condições bucais o que mostra a importância da freqüência das visitas ao cirurgião-dentista na qualidade de vida. As condições de saúde bucal apresentam impactos na vida diária das pessoas, por isso torna-se urgente a utilização dos indicadores subjetivos capazes de capturar tais impactos, no sentido de garantir políticas e estratégias apropriadas, bem como a excelência da Atenção em Saúde e à Qualidade de vida

Objective: Evaluate the perception and impact caused by oral health problems in the living quality of 270 dental servicesÆ users in Vitória, Espírito Santo State. Methods: The impact was measured using the DIDL - Dental Impact Daily Living - subjective indicator that involves five dimensions - pain, comfort, eating restriction, performance and appearance. Data was collected through standardized interview done by three dental auxiliaries between june and july 2005. As impact predictors were available sex, social class, instruction, age, dental services utilization and perceived prothesis need. Data was collected by three dental auxiliaries using standard interviews in june/july 2005. The intraclasscorrelation and Cronbach alfa measured the internal reliability. The association between independent variables and DIDL scores was measured using Chi-Square test. Results: The reason that motivated dental utilization showed significant differences in global score and pain, comfort and eating restriction dimensions, showing that irregular dental servicesÆ users were less satisfied; the ones aged less 40 years, from social classes B and C, and declared no prosthesis need were more satisfied with their oral condition presenting significant impacts only at dimension analysis. There was no difference detected in oral health satisfaction perceived by males and females. Conclusion: Regular dental services users declared more satisfaction with oral health conditions, what shows the importance of frequent dental visits in quality of life. Oral health conditions impacts peopleÆs daily life what means the importance of subjective indicators able to capture these impacts to direct health policies

Radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with and without cirrhosis.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of death in patients with cirrhosis. Around 12% of all cases are associated with chronic liver disease without cirrhosis. The aim of our study was to compare primary tumor ablation rates, local tumor progression, safety, and long-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation for single (less than 3.5 cm in diameter) or multiple HCC nodules (up to three nodules, each less than 3 cm) in both types of patients. METHODS: We treated 200 consecutive HCC patients recruited from a local sonographic screening program: 175 with cirrhosis and 25 with non-cirrhotic chronic liver disease. RESULTS: Complete ablation was achieved in 150 of the 175 patients (85.7%) (174 of the 206 nodules treated, 84.4%) in the cirrhotic group and in 24 of the 25 patients (96%) (27 of the 29 nodules treated; 93%) in the non-cirrhotic group. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of local tumor progression rates 1, 3, and 5 years after treatment (11%, 23%, and 24% among cirrhotics vs. 4%, 14%, and 14% among non-cirrhotic patients). Multifocal disease was more frequent among the cirrhotics. One-, three- and five-year survival rates were also similar in the cirrhotic (93%, 77%, and 61%) and non-cirrhotic groups (92%, 72%, and 64%). There were no treatment-related deaths. Severe complications occurred only in the cirrhotic group (2.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Radiofrequency ablation is safe and effective treatment for HCC in patients with or without cirrhosis. The latter group has a significantly lower rate of multifocal disease.

Most patients with minimal histological residuals of gastric MALT lymphoma after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori can be managed safely by a watch and wait strategy: experience from a large international series.

BACKGROUND: Eradication of Helicobacter pylori is the established initial treatment of stage I MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma. Patients with minimal persisting lymphoma infiltrates after successful eradication of H pylori are considered treatment failures and referred for radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or surgery. AIM: To report a watch and wait strategy in such patients. METHODS: 108 patients were selected from a larger series of patients treated at various European institutions. Their mean age was 51.6 years (25 to 82), and they were all diagnosed as having gastric marginal zone B cell lymphoma of MALT type stage I. After successful H pylori eradication and normalisation of the endoscopic findings, lymphoma infiltrates were still present histologically at 12 months (minimal histological residuals). No oncological treatment was given but the patients had regular follow up with endoscopies and multiple biopsies. FINDINGS: Based on a follow up of 42.2 months (2-144), 102 patients (94%) had a favourable disease course. Of these, 35 (32%) went into complete remission. In 67 (62%) the minimal histological residuals remained stable and no changes became evident. Local lymphoma progression was seen in four patients (5%), and one patient developed a high grade lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with minimal histological residuals of gastric MALT lymphoma after successful eradication of H pylori had a favourable disease course without oncological treatment. A watch and wait strategy with regular endoscopies and biopsies appears to be safe and may become the approach of choice in this situation. Longer follow up is needed to establish this definitively.

[Stomach lymphomas: minimum diagnostic requirements for gastrointestinal histopathological diagnosis]. / Linfomi gastrici: requisiti diagnostici minimi in diagnostica istopatologica gastrointestinale.

Gastric lymphomas have been the subject of intensive studies in the last years and important progress has been made regarding their etiopathogenesis and therapy. Diagnosis of gastric lymphoma is usually made on bioptic material taken at endoscopy. Histopathologic diagnosis is frequently difficult. This paper summarizes the main diagnostic criteria of this setting. It analyses the morphological, immunohistochemical and molecular features to be considered for the differential diagnosis between: reactive process vs low grade B-cell gastric MALT lymphoma, B-cell MALT lymphoma vs other low grade lymphomas involving the stomach and low grade vs high grade gastric lymphoma. The histopathological aspects of gastric biopsies after antibiotic treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication and the role of molecular analysis in the follow-up of these patients are also considered.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatitis C and B virus infection, alcohol intake, and hepatolithiasis: a case-control study in Italy.

OBJECTIVE: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare type of primary liver cancer (PLC) arising from intrahepatic bile ducts. We carried out a case-control study to assess the association between ICC and hepatitis B and C virus (HBV and HCV) infections, alcohol intake, and hepatolithiasis in Brescia, North Italy. METHODS: Among 370 subjects with histology-based diagnosis of PLC who were resident in the area and hospitalized in 1995-2000, 26 (7%) ICC cases were identified. A total of 824 subjects unaffected by hepatic diseases and frequency-matched with PLC cases by age, sex, date, and hospital of admission were recruited as controls. RESULTS: Among ICC cases the mean age was 65 years, 80.8% were males, and 38.5% had cirrhosis. Seropositivity for anti-HCV, HBsAg, alcohol intake >80 g/day and history of hepatolithiasis were found in 25%, 13%, 23.1%, and 26.9% of ICC cases and in 5.8%, 6.7%, 32.9%, and 10.6% of controls, respectively. The odds ratios adjusted for demographic factors by logistic regression (95% confidence interval; 95% CI) were 9.7 (1.6-58.9) for anti-HCV, 2.7 (0.4-18.4) for HBsAg, and 6.7 (1.3-33.4) for hepatolithiasis, whereas no association was found with alcohol drinking. CONCLUSIONS: HCV and hepatolithiasis may be risk factors for ICC in Western countries.

Relapse of low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma after Helicobacter pylori eradication: true relapse or persistence? Long-term post-treatment follow-up of a multicenter trial in the north-east of Italy and evaluation of the diagnostic protocol's adequacy.

The effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on early stage gastric low-grade MALT lymphoma in 76 patients with follow-up of at least 1 year (12-63 months, mean 28) is reported. No regression was found in five cases after 12-48 months. In one case surgical resection detected the involvement of perigastric lymph nodes overlooked by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Neither progression of the disease nor a high-grade component was documented by repeated gastric mappings, EUS and complete stagings in the other four cases. After histological remission five relapses of low-grade and one relapse of high-grade MALT lymphoma were found 12-48 months after eradication. Subsequent histological remission, without any additional therapy, was found in three relapsed cases. A rapid and persistent histological remission was obtained in 56 patients (73%). A late remission was observed in six cases. Monoclonal remission was found in half of the patients and was frequently delayed. Persistent monoclonality was associated with histological remission in the vast majority of patients. Our data confirm H. pylori eradication as the first choice therapy for early stage gastric low-grade MALT lymphoma and recommend extensive bioptic mapping and endoscopic sonography both in the local staging and in the regression evaluation. The rare cases of late remission encourage us to wait for at least 1 year after eradication of H. pylori. Longer follow-up studies will clarify the meaning of histological relapse/persistence and late remission. The study of non-responder cases could show us a step in lymphomagenesis.

Etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italian patients with and without cirrhosis.

We performed a case-control study to assess the role of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (HGV), TT virus, alcohol intake, and tobacco smoking as risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the presence or absence of cirrhosis. We prospectively recruited 174 patients with a first diagnosis of HCC admitted to the main hospitals in Brescia, North Italy. On the basis of histological, clinical, and radiological criteria, the presence of cirrhosis was established in 142 cases, excluded in 21 cases, and remained undefined in 11 cases. Among the HCC cases without cirrhosis, a histological picture of normal liver was found in a single patient, chronic viral hepatitis was found in 11 patients, alcoholic hepatitis was found in 5 patients, nonspecific reactive hepatitis was found in 3 patients, and hemochromatosis was found in 1 patient. As controls, we also included 610 subjects unaffected by hepatic diseases and admitted to the same hospitals as cases. The odds ratios for having HCC according to positivity for HCV RNA, HBsAg and/or HBV DNA, and alcohol intake > 80 g/day (95% confidence interval) were as follows, in the presence and absence of cirrhosis, respectively: (a) 33.5 (17.7-63.4) and 19.7 (6-64.8) for HCV RNA; (b) 17.6 (9.0-34.4) and 20.3 (5.7-72.6) for HBsAg; and (c) 5.5 (3.1-9.7) and 4.6 (1.5-13.8) for alcohol intake. No association was found with HGV or TT virus infections or tobacco. This study has shown that most HCC cases arising in the area are due to HBV, HCV, or alcohol intake, in both the presence and absence of cirrhosis.

Clinical features, treatment and outcome in a series of 93 patients with low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma.

The purpose of this paper is to report the clinical characteristics and treatment outcome following different therapeutic approaches in a large series of patients with primary low-grade MALT lymphoma of the stomach. A total of ninety-three patients (median age 63 years) were reviewed. The patients were treated by different modalities (local treatment alone, combined treatment, chemotherapy, antibiotics alone); seven patients refused any treatment. The antibiotic-treated group of patients was prospectively followed with regular endoscopic biopsies, and their responses were histologically evaluated. The 5-years projected overall survival is 82% (95% C.I.; 67%-91%) in the series as a whole. Second tumors were observed in 21.5% of the patients in this series (95% CI 14%v to 31%). There was no apparent difference in overall survival and event-free survival between patients who received different treatments. In the antibiotic-treated group histologic regression of MALT lymphoma was documented in 67% of patients (95% CI 51% to 80%). In conclusion the indolent nature of the disease justifies a conservative approach. The use of antibiotics as first-line therapy may avert or at least postpone the indication for surgical resection in the majority of patients.

[Clinico-pathological study of microcarcinoma of the thyroid]. / Studio clinico-patologico del microcarcinoma della tiroide.

We have analysed the results of surgical treatment for microcarcinoma of the thyroid (MCT). In sixteen patient clinical and follow-up data were retrospectively evaluated during a 35.1-month follow-up. Thyroid hyperfunctional state us was present in two subjects. A single nodule was detected by echotomography in 11 patients, while multinodular diffuse goitre was revealed in 3 patients. In the last two subjects, thyroid gland appeared completely normal at ultrasonography, despite laterocervical lymph node metastases. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed in 6 patients and its diagnostic accuracy was high (83,3%). MCT was classified as "incidental" in 12 patients and "occult" in the remaining 4 patients. Eight subjects underwent total thyroidectomy and 8 hemithyroidectomy plus isthmectomy. No postoperative complications were recorded. In 10 patients MCT histotype was papillar adenocarcinoma, in 5 was follicular adenocarcinoma and in the remaining case it was medullary carcinoma. Goitre was associated in 75% of the cases. Only in a patient disease progressed to death because of hematogenous metastases. In conclusion, we believe that incidental MCT is a low-grade malignancy with a benign biological behaviour. Occult MCT is a potentially lethal disease. We did not observe differences in the long-term results between different surgical treatments of MCT.

Autoantibodies to gastric mucosa in Helicobacter pylori infection.

BACKGROUND: Although Helicobacter pylori is recognized as the main cause of chronic gastritis and its associated diseases, very little is known about the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to intestinal metaplasia and atrophic gastritis. METHODS: We reviewed the data regarding the possible pathogenetic role played by the anti-H. pylori immune responses in the genesis of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. RESULTS: Although only type A (corpus-restricted atrophic gastritis), often associated to pernicious anemia, is considered autoimmune in nature, abundant evidence supports the presence of cellular and humoral autoimmune responses also in patients with H. pylori infection. In a mechanism known as antigenic mimicry, highly conserved immunogenic molecules expressed by infectious pathogens may act as a trigger for the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses that cross-react with host cellular antigens. Numerous studies support the view that H. pylori is very effective in inducing antigenic mimicry, and antibodies against H. pylori have been found to cross-react with both antral mucosal cells (the membrane of the secretory canalicular structures of the parietal cells) and gastrin-producing cells. Such autoantibodies were detected both in human infections and in experimental work in rodents. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of antibodies that cross-react with H. pylori and various components of the gastric mucosa provides strong support to the view that immune responses against H. pylori not only participate in the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to atrophy in the progressive atrophic gastritis associated with Helicobacter infection but also in the corpus-restricted autoimmune gastritis.