[The origin of elementary units of multicellularity and development of a spatial organization of cell layers].

The concept of the elementary unit of multicellularity, the histion, which also serves as a morphofunctional unit of cell layers, is introduced. Histions are cell groups formed as a result of division of labor between cells. Cell layers are regarded as regular cell networks (lattices) formed through polymerization of histions. The theory constructed based on this concept allows the composition and structure of a multitude of histions to be calculated; their development to be quantified; and families of topological and geometrical models for the histoarchitecture of cell layers to be constructed, visualized with computer programs, and experimentally verified. In addition, this model can predict previously unknown topological variants of the histoarchitecture of epithelial tissues, as well as their presence in normal development and pathology.

[Modeling of processes of specialization and integration as a basis for development of multicellularity].

The formalized description of the procedure of division of labor as the most important invariant of progressing development is presented. The concept of histion is introduced--the element of the elementary unit that arises as a result of such division and represents the so far overlooked independent level of biological organization. Based on the division of labor there is proposed the theory of progressing development, which allows calculating the composition and structure of multitude of histions and constructing their model. It has been shown that development of these units obeys the periodic law and their classification looks like the periodic table whose parameters have biological meaning and are useful for measuring progressing development. The obtained results constitute the basis for the nomogenetic theory of the progressing development of multicellular organisms.

[Towards the computational three-dimensional histology. Application of computer models to the reconstruction of the three-dimensional structure of the biological tissue with the sensory cochlear acoustic epithelium in birds as an example].

This article presents new efficient method of 3-D structure reconstruction of epithelia. In contrast to existing empirical approaches, this method is based on the use of the families of topological and geometrical models of tissue structure, obtained from the axiomatic theory of biological tissue structure, with the database of model sections obtained by computer simulation. This methodology involves comparison of tissue sections obtained with those taken from the database of theoretically predicted models and the selection of the model, the sections of which best fit the real ones. This approach significantly reduces the amount of necessary tissue sections and eliminates the need for their precise superposition. As a result, new method improves resolution and and the efficiency of the studies of the spatial organization of epithelia, at the same time simplifying them. This approach is oriented primarily on examination of tissue topology as the most important aspect of its histoarchitectonics. Application of the models also facilitates the evaluation of geometrical properties of the tissue and even allows to predict their transformations, thus creating the real prerequisite for transition to the 3-D histology.

[Principles of spatial organization of cellular sheets]. / Printsipy prostranstvennoi organizatsii kletochnykh plastov.

The principles of the spatial organisation of epithelial sheets are described, and a new approach to studying their histoarchitecture is proposed. The approach is based on the concept of modular structure of tissues and consists in constructing a family of topological and geometrical models of tissue structure and their experimental verification. Theoretical evidence was obtained that at least 11 topological variants of cell mosaic patterns can be realized in simple epithelia but not one as has been suggested so far. Nine variants of epithelial mosaics predicted have been found experimentally in various animals, and the discovery of the other two is expected in the future. New thus far unknown properties of tissues such as translation symmetry and stoichiometry of the composition were described. By using this approach, it is possible to predict and find new variants of topology of multirow and multilayer epithelia and prognose their changes during normal and pathological morphogenesis.

[Theory of spatial organization of epithelial layers (using neuroepithelia as an example)]. / Teoriia prostranstvennoi organizatsii épitelial'nykh plastov (na primere neiroépiteliev).

New principles of spatial organization of epithelial layers and highly productive approach for studying their tridimensional histoarchitecture have been proposed for the first time. This approach was based on conception of module structure of tissues and represents a family of topological and geometrical models of tissue structure and their experimental aprobation. This approach allows to create theoretical histology of epithelial layers, allowing to predict and define experimentally new variants of multi-row and multi-serie epithelia and to forecast their changes in development and pathology. According to this conception a family of new tridimensional tissue models was created. It was demonstrated that the structures studied are characteristics for real epithelial. Possibility of existence of a new type epithelia was predicted and a complex of new informative signs for their spatial organization was presented.

[The 3-dimensional organization of the sensory epithelium of the cochlea in birds]. / Trekhmernaia organizatsiia sensornogo épiteliia ulitki ptits.

Using authors' original approach to studying histoarchitecture of cellular layers three-dimensional structure of bird helix sensory epithelium was studied theoretically and experimentally. The composition of its elementary morphofunctional unit, AB3 (one sensory cell per three supporting cells) was established. Three dimensional model of this unit was worked out that described shape and arrangement of cells at apical, basal and intermediate levels of the layer. The presence of its translation symmetry was demonstrated. Comparison of theoretical model and results of morphological research of sensory epithelium allowed to conclude that the model corresponds with the real tissue. The model assists in three-dimensional reconstruction of sensory epithelium. And allows to deal with minimum number of sections and also gives an opportunity to forecast its developmental changes.

[Modelling of the 3-dimensional structure of the epithelia, constructed of bi-, tri and tetracellular modules]. / Modelirovanie trekhmernoi struktury épiteliev, postroennykh iz dvukh-, trekh- chetyrekhkletochnykh modulei.

A new approach for studying 3-dimensional histoarchitectonics of cellular layers is suggested. It is based on (1) development of theoretical concepts on module structure of tissues; (2) working out topological and geometrical models of tissue structure and; (3) their experimental testing using this approach. Spatial organization of certain stratified and pseudostratified epithelia was analysed and it was shown that their topology may be principally calculated. Such previously unknown characteristics of epithelia as translation symmetry and structure stoichiometry were described. This approach was shown to add to concept system of histology, reveal regularities of tissue spatial organisation and prognostic factors for their developmental changes. Cellular layers were shown to consist of a relatively small number of standard fragments (slices)--alone and arranged in different combinations thus providing a certain quantity of types of spatial organisations that is amenable to calculation.

[Three-dimensional histoarchitectonics of the larval epidermis of the grass frog]. / Trekhmernaia gistoarkhitektonika épidermisa lichinki travnoi liagushki.

We have conducted theoretical and experimental study of the three-dimensional structure of epidermis in the larva of the grass frog. Three-dimensional modeling of cell shape and mutual arrangement yielded several variants of cell-to-cell connections at the apical, basal, and intermediary levels of the cell sheet. Concepts of the normal and inverted orientation of the epithelial sheet have been introduced, and arguments for the existence of translation symmetry in this sheet were presented. At least two topological variants of three-dimensional organization can be found in the larval epidermis of the grass frog. Comparison of theoretical concepts and experimental results allowed us to conclude that the models developed by us are in good agreement with actual existing patterns of the epithelial structure; these models contribute to better reconstruction of their three-dimensional structure.

[The translation symmetry in cell mosaics of amphibian embryonic ectoderm as a manifestation of their modular structure]. / Translatsionnaia simmetriia kletochnykh mozaik éktodermy zarodysha amfibii kak proiavlenie ikh modul'nogo stroeniia.

A theoretical proposition that the cell mosaics possess translation symmetry has been experimentally confirmed by scanning electron microscopy of the common frog embryonic ectoderm. This symmetry is a manifestation of the tissues modular structure and it provides new data for quantitative estimation of composition and structure of tissue morphofunctional element as well as for diagnostics and prediction of tissue development.

[Theory of mosaics of the squamous epithelium]. / Teoriia mozaik ploskikh épiteliev.

Formalization of existing quantitative notions on module structure of tissues and, in particular, squamous epithelium++ has been performed. An idea has been developed on the elementary tissue unit (ETU), appearing as a consequence of divergence ++ of functions among cells. The tissue is considered as a result of polymerization of the ETU. According to cell composition in the ETU, the tissues are proposed to be divided into simple and complex ones. Certain sets of rules have been formulated concerning polymerization of the ETU, they allow to find a lot of all possible constructions of simple and complex tissues and, in this way, prognosticate their development in phylo- and ontogenesis. A part of theoretically found constructions are demonstrated to be realized in some animals. New informative signs are suggested for studying tissues in normal development and in pathological conditions.

[ATPase activity and ATP-dependent accumulation of Ca2+ in skeletal muscle nuclei. Effects of denervation and electric stimulation]. / Issledovanie ATPaznoi aktivnosti i ATP-zavisimoi akkumuliatsii Ca2+ iadrami skeletnykh myshts. Effekty denervatsii i élektricheskoi stimuliatsii.

The dependence of the ATPase activity of skeletal muscle nuclei on divalent cations was studied. An addition of Ca2+ significantly increased the activity of nuclear ATPase. Mg2+ exerted an activating effect in the presence of 10(-5) M Ca2+ and an inhibiting effect in the presence of 2 x 10(-3) M Ca2+. Predominant localization of Ca-ATPase in the nucleoli and in the internal nuclear envelope was demonstrated by an electron microscopic histochemical technique. ATP increased the uptake of 45Ca by muscle nuclei; the optimal conditions for this incorporation were established. The changes in Ca-ATPase activities and in the ATP-dependent uptake of 45Ca induced by denervation and electric stimulation were found to be synchronous and unidirectional.

[Ultrastructure of the polysome-lamella complexes in ovarian cancers]. / Ob ul'trastrukture polisomo-lamelliarnykh kompleksov v rakakh iachnikov.

Electron-microscopy was used to study the intraoperative material in 37 patients with serous (24), mucinous (8) and endometroid (5) ovarian neoplasms of benign, boundary and malignant forms. It was shown that the polysome-lamellae complexes are characteristic only of the carcinoma epithelium and practically are observed neither in benign nor in boundary analogs. This may serve an additional criterion of a malignant nature of neoplasms at the ultrastructural level. Taking into account the architectonics 3 variants of the polysome-lamellae complexes should be distinguished: polysome-lamellae, lamellae and lattice structures. All these variants may be encountered in one and the same tumor.

[Electron microscopic characteristics of serous and endometrioid neoplasms of the ovaries]. / Elektronno-mikroskopicheskaia kharakteristika seroznykh i éndometrioidnykh novoobrazovanii iaichnikov.

Using electron microscopy the authors have studied the operation material of 15 patients with serous (9 cases) and endometrioid (6 cases) ovarian neoplasms. It was demonstrated that the epithelium of endometrioid neoplasms differs from that of serous ones by less polymorphism, the absence of cilia, the signs of secretory activity and more intense development of tonofibrils in the cytoplasm.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of experimental tumors of the intestine]. / Ul'trastrukturnaia kharakteristika éksperimental'nykh opukholei kishechnika

Tumors of the rat large intestine induced by subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine were studied by the method of electron microscopy. Adenocarcinomas retained histiotypical differentiation and at the same time consisted mostly of cells with a low rate of differentiation. Just on the contrary, in mucous and signet-ring cell carcinomas the picture of an advanced cell differentiation was observed in a complete loss of organogeny. The greatest malignancy of neoplasms (signet-ring carcinoma), which cells are characterized by a high degree of cytological differentiation, is a manifestation of independence of tumor progression signs.

[The ultrastructure of lymph node cells in lymphogranulomatosis]. / Ul'trastruktura kletok limfaticheskikh uzlov pri limfogranulematoze

An electron-microscopic study of lymph node cells in patients with lymphogranulomatosis has shown that the ultrastructure of these cells undergo some changes consisting in increased variability of the form and size of cellular organoids, and also being manifested in reticular cells to a greater degree than in lymphoid ones. A compparative study of cell ultrastructure at different stages of maturation and the analysis of literature data on ultrastructural changes in the process of differentiation of various cell types enabled to pinpoint further a conception of the morphological basis of differentiation at a subcellular level and to represent it schematically.