Frontal Theta Asymmetry as a Biomarker of Depression.

INTRODUCTION: Electroencephalography (EEG) has been used extensively to study affective disorders. Quantitative spectral analysis of an EEG scan has been used to assess the biological basis of emotional disorders such as depression as well as to investigate biomarkers of affective disorders. Inter-hemispheric asymmetries in both baseline and stimulus-evoked frequencies (alpha, beta, theta, and delta) are potential biomarkers of depression. The role of frontal alpha asymmetry has been established, but other spectral frequencies such as frontal theta remain elusive. We compared the hemispheric differences in frontal theta power in depressed patients and controls before and during listening to music to study the correlation of frontal theta asymmetry with depression. METHODS: To determine whether stimulus-evoked frontal theta asymmetry is a biomarker of depression, we compared 23 patients with mild depression (based on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) with 17 age- and sex-matched controls by conducting EEG at rest and after listening to Indian classical music. RESULTS: In controls without depression, the mean frontal theta power of the left hemisphere and frontal theta asymmetry increased significantly during music listening. In depressed patients, frontal theta asymmetry was reversed during music listening. CONCLUSION: Frontal theta asymmetry is a potential biomarker of depression.

Copper(II) complexes of N-(2-{[(2E)-2-(2-Hydroxy-(5-substituted)-benzylidene)-hydrazino]carbonyl}phenyl)benzamide ligands and heterocyclic coligands.

Some copper(II) complexes of the type [Cu(L1-3)(phen]·CH2Cl2 (1a-3a) and [Cu(L1-3) (bipy)]·CH2Cl2 (1b-3b) (where L1=N-(2-{[(2E)-2-(2-Hydroxy-benzylidene)-hydrazino]carbonyl}phenyl)benzamide, L2=N-(2-{[(2E)-2-(2-Hydroxy-(5-bromo)-benzylidene)-hydrazino]carbonyl}phenyl)benzamide, L3=N-(2-{[(2E)-2-(2-Hydroxy-(5-methoxy)-benzylidene)-hydrazino]carbonyl}phenyl)benzamide; phen=1,10-phenanthroline, bipy=2,2'-bipyridine) have been prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, UV-Vis and EPR spectral studies. IR spectra indicate that the ligand L1-3 exists in the keto form in the solid state, while at the time of complexation, it tautomerises into enol form. The single crystal X-ray diffraction study of the representative complex [Cu(L1) (phen)]·CH2Cl2 (1a) reveals the distorted square pyramidal geometry around copper(II). Crystal data of (1a): space group=P21/n, a=11.5691(16) Å, b=11.0885(15) Å, c=24.890(4) Å, V=3166.2(8) Å(3), Z=4. The electrochemical behavior of all the complexes indicate that the phen complexes appears at more positive potential as compared to those for bipy complexes, as a consequence of its stronger π acidic character. All the complexes exhibit blue-green emission as a result of the fluorescence from the intra-ligand (π→π(*)) emission excited state.

Synthesis, spectral characterization, thermal and photoluminescence properties of Zn(II) and Cd(II)-azido/thiocyanato complexes with thiazolylazo dye and 1,2-bis(diphenylphoshino)ethane.

A series of complexes of the type [M(L)(dppe)X2]; where M=Zn(II) or Cd(II); L=4-(2'-thiazolylazo)chlorobenzene (L1), 4-(2'-thiazolylazo)bromobenzene (L2) and 4-(2'-thiazolylazo) iodobenzene (L3); dppe=1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane; X=N3- or NCS- have been prepared and characterized on the basis of their microanalysis, molar conductance, thermal, IR, UV-vis and 1H NMR spectral studies. IR spectra show that the ligand L is coordinated to the metal atom in bidentate manner via azo nitrogen and thiazole nitrogen. An octahedral structure is proposed for all the complexes. The thermal behavior of the complexes revealed that the thiocyanato complexes are thermally more stable than the azido complexes. All the complexes exhibit blue-green emission with high quantum yield as the result of the fluorescence from the intraligand emission excited state.

Synthesis, structural characterization, thermal and electrochemical studies of mixed ligand Cu(II) complexes containing 2-phenyl-3-(benzylamino)-1,2-dihydroquinazoline-4-(3H)-one and bidentate N-donor ligands.

Some mixed ligand Cu(II) complexes of the type [Cu(L)(en)X(2)] (1a-3a), [Cu(L)(en)](ClO(4))(2) (4a), [Cu(L)(phen)X(2)] (1b-3b) and [Cu(L)(phen)](ClO(4))(2) (4b) [where L = 2-phenyl-3-(benzylamino)-1,2-dihydroquinazoline-4-(3H)-one; en = ethylenediamine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; X = Cl(-), N(3)(-) and NCS(-)] have been prepared. The complexes were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic moment, IR, UV-vis, mass, ESR and thermal studies. On the basis of electronic spectral data and magnetic susceptibility measurement octahedral geometry has been proposed for 1a-3a and 1b-3b and square-planer geometry for 4a and 4b. The ESR spectral data of complexes provided information about their structure on the basis of Hamiltonian parameters and degree of covalency. The electrochemical behaviour of mixed ligand Cu(II) complexes was studied which showed that complexes of phen appear at more positive potential as compared to those for corresponding en complexes.

Characterization and electrochemical studies of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes with 2-mercapto-3-substituted-quinazolin-4-one and 1,10-phenanthroline or ethylenediamine as ligands.

Some mixed ligand complexes of the type [M(L(1) or L(2))(phen or en)(H(2)O)Cl], where M=Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II); HL(1)=2-mercapto-quinazolin-4-one; HL(2)=2-mercapto-3-phenyl-quinazolin-4-one; phen=1,10-phenanthroline; en=ethylenediamine have been prepared. All complexes were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, UV-vis, ESR and powder X-ray diffraction studies. IR spectra of these complexes reveal that the complex formation occurred through both nitrogen and sulphur atoms. On the basis of electronic spectral data and magnetic susceptibility measurement octahedral geometry has been proposed for the complexes. The ESR spectral data of the Cu(II) complexes showed that the metal-ligand bonds have considerable covalent character. X-ray diffraction studies of Cu(II) complexes are used to elucidate the crystal structure. The electrochemical behaviour of mixed ligand Ni(II) complexes was studied which showed that complexes of phen appear at more positive potential as compared to those for corresponding en complexes.