Post-extubation continuous positive airway pressure improves oxygenation after pediatric laparoscopic surgery: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Effects of intraoperative recruitment maneuvers (RMs) on oxygenation and pulmonary compliance are lost during recovery if high inspired oxygen and airway suctioning are used. We investigated the effect of post-extubation noninvasive CPAP mask application on the alveolar arterial oxygen difference [(A-a) DO2 ] after pediatric laparoscopic surgery. METHODS: Sixty patients (1-6 years) were randomly allocated to three groups of 20 patients, to receive zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP group), RM with decremental PEEP titration only (RM group), or followed with post-extubation CPAP for 5 minutes (RM-CPAP group). Primary outcome was [(A-a) DO2 ] at 1 hour postoperatively. Secondary outcomes were respiratory mechanics, arterial blood gas analysis, hemodynamics, and adverse events. RESULTS: At 1 hour postoperatively, mean [(A-a) DO2 ] (mm Hg) was lower in the RM-CPAP group (41.5 ± 13.2, [95% CI 37.6-45.8]) compared to (80.2 ± 13.7 [72.6-87.5], P < 0.0001] and (59.2 ± 14.6, [54.8-62.6], P < 0.001) in the ZEEP and RM groups. The mean PaO2 (mm Hg) at 1 hour postoperatively was higher in the RM-CPAP group (156.2 ± 18.3 [95% CI 147.6-164.7]) compared with the ZEEP (95.9 ± 15.9 [88.5-103.3], P < 0.0001) and RM groups (129.1 ± 15.9 [121.6-136.5], P < 0.0001). At 12 hours postoperatively, mean [(A-a) DO2 ] and PaO2 were (9.6 ± 2.1 [8.4-10.8]) and (91.9 ± 9.4 [87.5-96.3]) in the RM-CPAP group compared to (25.8 ± 5.5 [23.6-27.6]) and (69.9 ± 5.5 [67.4-72.5], P < 0.0001) in the ZEEP group and (34.3 ± 13.2, [28.4-40.2], P < 0.0001) and (74.03 ± 9.8 [69.5-78.6], P < 0.0001) in the RM group. No significant differences of perioperative adverse effects were found between groups. CONCLUSIONS: An RM done after pneumoperitoneum inflation followed by decremental PEEP titration improved oxygenation at 1 hour postoperatively. The addition of an early post-extubation noninvasive CPAP mask ventilation improved oxygenation at 12 hours postoperatively.

Effect of two different doses of dexmedetomidine on the incidence of emergence agitation after strabismus surgery: a randomized clinical trial / Efeito de duas doses diferentes de dexmedetomidina na incidência de agitação ao despertar após cirurgia para correção de estrabismo: um ensaio clínico randômico

Abstract Background and objective: Emergence agitation is a postoperative negative behavior that affects mainly children. We studied the effect of two different doses of dexmedetomidine on the incidence and degree of EA in children undergoing strabismus surgery. Methods: 90 patients were allocated into three equal groups; patients received 0.5 µg.kg−1 of dexmedetomidine in high Dex group, 0.25 µg.kg−1 of dexmedetomidine in low Dex group, or normal saline in the placebo group. All drugs were received with the closure of the conjunctiva before the end of the surgery. Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale was used to evaluate the agitation, and Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale was used for pain assessment. Adverse effects of dexmedetomidine and recovery times were recorded. Results: The incidence of agitation was significantly lower in high Dex group compared to other groups and it was significantly lower in low Dex group compared to placebo group. The median (range) of FLACC score was significantly lower in both Dex groups compared to placebo group. Recovery times; time from removal of laryngeal mask to eye opening and time stay in post anesthesia care unit was significantly longer in high Dex group compared to other groups. No significant bradycardia or hypotension was recorded. Recovery time was significantly longer in high Dex group compared to the other two groups. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine (0.5 µg.kg−1) before emergence from general anesthesia resulted in a reduction in the incidence of emergence agitation compared to a dexmedetomidine (0.25 µg.kg−1) but on the expense of recovery times without adverse effects.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivo: A agitação ao despertar é um comportamento pós-operatório negativo que afeta principalmente as crianças. Avaliamos o efeito de duas doses diferentes de dexmedetomidina na incidência e no grau de agitação ao despertar em crianças submetidas à correção de estrabismo. Métodos: Noventa pacientes foram alocados em três grupos iguais: receberam 0,5 µg.kg−1 de dexmedetomidina (grupo Dex-alta), 0,25 µg.kg−1 de dexmedetomidina (grupo Dex-baixa) ou solução salina normal (grupo placebo). Todos os medicamentos foram administrados com o fechamento da conjuntiva antes do fim da cirurgia. A escala pediátrica de delírio ao despertar da anestesia (PAED - Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium) foi usada para avaliar a agitação e a escala dos padrões de face, pernas, atividade, choro e consolabilidade (FLACC - Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) para avaliar a dor. Os efeitos adversos de dexmedetomidina e os tempos de recuperação foram registrados. Resultados: A incidência de agitação foi significativamente menor no grupo Dex-alta em comparação com os outros grupos, foi significativamente menor no grupo Dex-baixa em comparação com o grupo placebo. A mediana (variação) do escore FLACC foi significativamente menor em ambos os grupos Dex em comparação com o grupo placebo. O tempo de recuperação, o tempo transcorrido desde a remoção da máscara laríngea até a abertura dos olhos e o tempo de permanência na sala de recuperação pós-anestesia foram significativamente maiores no grupo Dex-alta em comparação com os outros grupos. Não houve registro de bradicardia ou hipotensão significativa. O tempo de recuperação foi significativamente maior no grupo Dex-alta em comparação com os outros dois grupos. Conclusão: Dexmedetomidina (0,5 µg.kg−1) antes do despertar da anestesia geral resultou em uma redução da incidência de agitação ao despertar em comparação com dexmedetomidina (0,25 µg.kg−1), mas em detrimento dos tempos de recuperação sem efeitos adversos.

[Effect of two different doses of dexmedetomidine on the incidence of emergence agitation after strabismus surgery: a randomized clinical trial]. / Efeito de duas doses diferentes de dexmedetomidina na incidência de agitação ao despertar após cirurgia para correção de estrabismo: um ensaio clínico randômico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Emergence agitation is a postoperative negative behavior that affects mainly children. We studied the effect of two different doses of dexmedetomidine on the incidence and degree of EA in children undergoing strabismus surgery. METHODS: 90 patients were allocated into three equal groups; patients received 0.5µg.kg-1 of dexmedetomidine in high Dex group, 0.25µg.kg-1 of dexmedetomidine in low Dex group, or normal saline in the placebo group. All drugs were received with the closure of the conjunctiva before the end of the surgery. Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale was used to evaluate the agitation, and Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC) scale was used for pain assessment. Adverse effects of dexmedetomidine and recovery times were recorded. RESULTS: The incidence of agitation was significantly lower in high Dex group compared to other groups and it was significantly lower in low Dex group compared to placebo group. The median (range) of FLACC score was significantly lower in both Dex groups compared to placebo group. Recovery times; time from removal of laryngeal mask to eye opening and time stay in post anesthesia care unit was significantly longer in high Dex group compared to other groups. No significant bradycardia or hypotension was recorded. Recovery time was significantly longer in high Dex group compared to the other two groups. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine (0.5µg.kg-1) before emergence from general anesthesia resulted in a reduction in the incidence of emergence agitation compared to a dexmedetomidine (0.25µg.kg-1) but on the expense of recovery times without adverse effects.

Comparison of intrathecal versus intra-articular dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine on postoperative pain following knee arthroscopy: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pain is a common, distressing symptom following arthroscopic knee surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the potential analgesic effect of dexmedetomidine after intrathecal versus intra-articular administration following arthroscopic knee surgery. METHODS: Ninety patients undergoing unilateral elective arthroscopic knee surgery were randomly assigned into three groups in a double-blind placebo controlled study. The intrathecal dexmedetomidine group (IT) received an intrathecal block with intrathecal dexmedetomidine, the intra-articular group (IA) received an intrathecal block and intra-articular dexmedetomidine, and the control group received an intrathecal block and intra-articular saline. The primary outcome of our study was postoperative pain as assessed by the visual analogue scale of pain (VAS). Secondary outcomes included the effect of dexmedetomidine on total postoperative analgesic use and time to the first analgesic request, hemodynamics, sedation, postoperative nausea and vomiting, patient satisfaction, and postoperative C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. RESULTS: Dexmedetomidine administration decreased pain scores for 4 h in both the intrathecal and intra-articular groups, compared to only 2 h in the control patient group. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in pain scores for 6 h in the intra-articular group. The time to the first postoperative analgesia request was longer in the intra-articular group compared to the intrathecal and control groups. The total meperidine requirement was significantly lower in the intra-articular and intrathecal groups than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Both intrathecal and intra-articular dexmedetomidine enhanced postoperative analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery. Less total meperidine was required with intra-articular administration to extend postoperative analgesia to 6 h with hemodynamic stability.